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19. YÜZYILIN YÜKSELEN BOĞAZİÇİ MEDENİYETİ’NDEN 1930’LARIN ÇÖKEN BOĞAZİÇİ’NE: BOĞAZİÇİ’NDE SOSYO-MEKÂNSAL DEĞİŞİM Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 41 – 71, 16.07.2024
Özge Bilge Kara
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1516924
Öz The Bosphorus is an important area of study in Istanbul’s urbanization history that exemplifies the changing socio-spatial experiences of the city, yet has not received sufficient attention. The Bosphorus as a favorite resort area for the palace and the wealthy in the 19th century gradually lost its former importance due to various changes that Istanbul experienced in the 20th century. This paper aims to analyze the architectural, demographic, and cultural status of the rising “Bosphorus Civilization” of the 19th century, which turned into a decadent state in the 1930s, through various sources from the period. Suat Derviş’s “Collapsing Bosphorus” interviews published in Son Posta newspaper in 1936 and the Boğaziçi Mecmuası published by Şirket-i Hayriye between 1936 and 1938, Refik Halid Karay and Nazım Hikmet’s columns published in various newspapers in the 1930s and 1940s are significant in terms of presenting the devastation of the region through the testimonies of people of this period. The research shows that the Bosphorus experienced a process of urban and demographic decline in the 1930s and various publications emerged to draw attention to the Bosphorus when the regime started to be interested in the reconstruction of Istanbul at that time. However, these efforts did not have expected effect, and the Bosphorus will follow a different course of urbanization in the long term.
Anahtar Kelimeler Bosphorus, Early Republican Period, Bosphorus Civilization, Istanbul, urbanization.
Kaynakça Akın, Günkut, “20. yüzyıl başında İstanbul: Toplumsal ve Mekânsal Farklılaşma”, Osmanlı Başkentinden Küreselleşen İstanbul’a: Mimarlık ve Kent 1910-2010, (haz. İpek Yada Akpınar), Osmanlı Bankası Arşiv ve Araştırma Merkezi, İstanbul 2011, s.20-30. Akyıldız, Ali, “Şirket-i Hayriye”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 39, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul: 2010, s.201-203. Aysu, Çiğdem, Boğaziçi’nde Mekânsal Değişim, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 1989. Boğaziçi Kanunu, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2960.pdf, son erişim tarihi: 15.06.2023. “Boğaziçi Şarkısı”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 4, 1937, s. 27-30. “Boğaziçi’nde Mehtap Âlemi”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, 1936, s.22-23. “Boğaziçi’nde Bayındırlık Hareketi”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 3, 1936, s.4-5. Bozdoğan, Sibel, Modernizm ve Ulusun İnşası: Erken Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi’nde Mimari ve Kültür, (çev.) Tuncay Birkan, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul 2012. Çelik, Zeynep, 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Başkenti Değişen İstanbul, (çev.) Selim Deringil, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 1986. Çubuk, Mehmet, “Boğaziçi”, Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 2, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, İstanbul 1993, s.266-286. Daver, Abidin, “Boğazı İmar İçin”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 3, Sayı 16, 1938, s.5-6. Derviş, Suat, Çöken İstanbul – Röportajlar, İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul 2021. Eldem, Edhem, “İstanbul: İmparatorluk Payitahtından Periferileşmiş Bir Başkente”, Doğu ile Batı Arasında Osmanlı Kenti: Halep, İzmir, İstanbul, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 2000, s.152-230. Eruz, A. Fulya, “Sahilsaray”, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 35, İsam Yayınları, İstanbul 2008, s.530-532. Enlil, Zeynep M., İclal Dinçer ve Zekai Görgülü, “Görkemli Su Bulvarı’nın Dönüşümü: Boğaziçi’nin Yönetimi ve Kötü Yönetimi”, İstanbul, Sayı 39, 2001, s.57-63. Eyice, Semavi, Eski İstanbul’dan Notlar, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul 2015. Gökbilgin, M. Tayyip, “Boğaziçi”, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 6, İsam Yayınları, İstanbul 1992, s.251-262. Gül, Murat, Modern İstanbul’un Doğuşu: Bir Kentin Dönüşümü ve Modernizasyonu, (çev.) Büşra Helvacıoğlu, Sel Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2011. Hamadeh, Shirine, Şehr-i Sefa: 18. Yüzyılda İstanbul, (çev.) İlknur Güzel, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2010. Hikmet, Nazım, Yazılar-3 (1935), (ed.) Güven Turan, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2004, 4. Baskı. Hisar, Abdülhak Şinasi, Geçmiş Zaman Köşkleri, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2012, 1. Baskı, Varlık Yayınları, İstanbul 1956. ———, Boğaziçi Yalıları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2010, 1. Baskı, Varlık Yayınları, İstanbul 1954. ———–, Boğaziçi Mehtapları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2006, 1. Baskı, Hilmi Kitabevi, İstanbul 1942. ———, Boğaziçi Yalıları- Geçmiş Zaman Köşkleri, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul 1978. Işın, Ekrem, İstanbul’da Gündelik Hayat: İnsan, Kültür ve Mekân İlişkileri Üzerine Toplumsal Tarih Denemeleri, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 1995. İleri, Selim, “Edebiyatta Boğaziçi”, Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 2, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul 1993, s.286-288. “İlk Sayımız Nasıl Karşılandı?”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 1936, s.25-26. “İstanbul Boğazı’nın İkinci Memnu Mıntıkaya Dâhil Olan Yerleri”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, 1936, s.6. Kaplanoğlu, Raif, İlk Nüfus Sayımlarına Göre İstanbul’da Nüfus ve Kentsel Gelişme (1826- 1935), Avrasya Etnografya Vakfı Yayınları, Bursa 2015. Karay, Refik Halid, Memleket Yazıları 1- Hep İstanbul, (ed.) Tuncay Birkan, İnkılap Yayınları, İstanbul 2016. ————-, “Boğaziçi Olduğu Gibi”, Yenigün Mecmuası, Sayı:12, 27 Mayıs 1939. Kiper Nilgün, “Osmanlı İstanbulu’nda Kentsel Mekânın Değişim Süreci”, Antik Çağ’dan XXI. Yüzyıla Büyük İstanbul Tarihi, (ed.) Coşkun Yılmaz, Cilt 1, İBB Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları, İstanbul 2015, s.428-454. Koraltürk, Murat, “Şirket-i Hayriye’nin Gayrimüslim ve Yabancı Çalışanlarının Sicil Kayıtları Hakkında Bir Araştırma” Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Süreklilik ve Değişim: Zafer Toprak Armağanı, (ed. Mehmet Ö. Alkan), Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 2022, s.145-226. ———, İstanbul’da Şehir İçi Ulaşımında Şirket-i Hayriye (1850-1945), Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 1992. Kuban, Doğan, İstanbul: Bir Kent Tarihi, (çev.) Zeynep Rona, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul 2010. ———, “Artık Başka Bir Boğaziçi Düşünsek”, İstanbul, Sayı 39, 2001, s.55-56. ———, İstanbul: Bir Kent Tarihi, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul 1996. ———, “Osmanlı Çağında Boğaziçi Yerleşmesi”, İstanbul Armağanı: Boğaziçi Medeniyeti, (haz.) Mustafa Armağan, İBB Kültür İşleri Daire Başkanlığı Yayınları, İstanbul 1996, s.119-126. Morkaya, Burhan Cahit, “Yarınki Boğaziçi”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 3, Sayı 16, 1938, s.11-12. Ortaylı, İlber, “İstanbul’un Mekânsal Yapısının Tarihsel Evrimine Bir Bakış”, Amme İdare Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, 1977, s.77-97. Örik, Nahid Sırrı, İstanbul Yazıları, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 2001. Safa, Peyami, “Boğazların ve Boğaziçi’nin Müdafaası”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 3, 1936, s.8. Sezen, Raşit Vecihi, “Canım Boğaziçi”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 5, 1937, s.10-11. Tanpınar, Ahmet Hamdi, Beş Şehir, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2010. ———-, Sahnenin Dışındakiler, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 1990, 2. Baskı. Tekeli, İlhan, İstanbul’un Planlanmasının ve Gelişmesinin Öyküsü, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 2013. ———-, Modernizm, Modernite ve Türkiye’nin Kent Planlama Tarihi, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 2009. Türe, Fatma (Haz.), İstanbul’un Dört Çağı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 1996. Yalçın, Hüseyin Cahit, “Boğaziçi”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 1936, s.5-6. ——–, “Boğaziçi’nin İmar ve Tezyini”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 3, Sayı 18, 1938, s.5-7. Yarış, Sümeyra, İstanbul’un 100 Sanayi Kuruluşu, İBB Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları, İstanbul 2012.
19. YÜZYILIN YÜKSELEN BOĞAZİÇİ MEDENİYETİ’NDEN 1930’LARIN ÇÖKEN BOĞAZİÇİ’NE: BOĞAZİÇİ’NDE SOSYO-MEKÂNSAL DEĞİŞİM Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 41 – 71, 16.07.2024
Özge Bilge Kara
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1516924
Öz Boğaziçi, İstanbul’un kentleşme tarihi içinde şehrin değişen sosyo-mekânsal deneyimlerine örnek teşkil eden, buna mukabil yeterli ilgiyi görmemiş önemli bir çalışma alanıdır. 19. yüzyılda saray çevresi ve varlıklı kesim tarafından gözde bir sayfiye alanı hâline gelen Boğaziçi, İstanbul’un 20. yüzyılda yaşadığı ekonomik, siyasî, askerî, toplumsal ve kültürel değişmelere bağlı olarak eski önemini giderek kaybetmiştir. Bu makale, 19. yüzyılın yükselen “Boğaziçi Medeniyeti”nin 1930’larda çöküntü hâline gelen mimarî, demografik ve kültürel durumunu, döneme ait çeşitli kaynaklar üzerinden analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Suat Derviş’in 1936’da Son Posta gazetesinde yayımlanan “Çöken Boğaziçi” röportajları, Şirket-i Hayriye’nin 1936-1938 arasında çıkardığı Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Refik Halid Karay ve Nazım Hikmet’in 1930’lu ve 1940’lı yıllarda çeşitli gazetelerde yayımlanmış köşe yazıları bölgenin yaşadığı harabiyeti, o dönemi yaşayanların tanıklıkları yoluyla vermesi bakımından oldukça kıymetlidir. Kendine has bir kimlik ve kültür oluşturmuş Boğaziçi Medeniyeti’nin Birinci Cihan Harbi’nden sonra yaşadığı kırılma evresini, sonrasındaki sınıfsal dönüşüm ve mekânsal çöküş süreçlerini ele alan bu çalışmada, Erken Cumhuriyet döneminde yeni rejimin İstanbul’a yönelik kent politikalarının ekonomi-politik açıdan değerlendirmesi de yapılmaktadır. Araştırmada Boğaziçi’nin 1930’larda kentsel ve demografik bir çöküş süreci yaşadığı, 1930’ların ikinci yarısından itibaren rejimin İstanbul’un imarı ile ilgilenmeye başlamasıyla birlikte Boğaziçi’ne dikkat çekme amacıyla çeşitli yayınların ortaya çıktığı ancak bu çabaların beklenen etkiyi yaratmadığı, uzun vadede Boğaziçi’nin farklı bir kentleşme seyri izlediği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler Boğaziçi, Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi, Boğaziçi Medeniyeti, İstanbul, Kentleşme.
Kaynakça Akın, Günkut, “20. yüzyıl başında İstanbul: Toplumsal ve Mekânsal Farklılaşma”, Osmanlı Başkentinden Küreselleşen İstanbul’a: Mimarlık ve Kent 1910-2010, (haz. İpek Yada Akpınar), Osmanlı Bankası Arşiv ve Araştırma Merkezi, İstanbul 2011, s.20-30. Akyıldız, Ali, “Şirket-i Hayriye”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 39, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul: 2010, s.201-203. Aysu, Çiğdem, Boğaziçi’nde Mekânsal Değişim, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 1989. Boğaziçi Kanunu, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2960.pdf, son erişim tarihi: 15.06.2023. “Boğaziçi Şarkısı”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 4, 1937, s. 27-30. “Boğaziçi’nde Mehtap Âlemi”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, 1936, s.22-23. “Boğaziçi’nde Bayındırlık Hareketi”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 3, 1936, s.4-5. Bozdoğan, Sibel, Modernizm ve Ulusun İnşası: Erken Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi’nde Mimari ve Kültür, (çev.) Tuncay Birkan, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul 2012. Çelik, Zeynep, 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Başkenti Değişen İstanbul, (çev.) Selim Deringil, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 1986. Çubuk, Mehmet, “Boğaziçi”, Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 2, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, İstanbul 1993, s.266-286. Daver, Abidin, “Boğazı İmar İçin”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 3, Sayı 16, 1938, s.5-6. Derviş, Suat, Çöken İstanbul – Röportajlar, İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul 2021. Eldem, Edhem, “İstanbul: İmparatorluk Payitahtından Periferileşmiş Bir Başkente”, Doğu ile Batı Arasında Osmanlı Kenti: Halep, İzmir, İstanbul, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 2000, s.152-230. Eruz, A. Fulya, “Sahilsaray”, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 35, İsam Yayınları, İstanbul 2008, s.530-532. Enlil, Zeynep M., İclal Dinçer ve Zekai Görgülü, “Görkemli Su Bulvarı’nın Dönüşümü: Boğaziçi’nin Yönetimi ve Kötü Yönetimi”, İstanbul, Sayı 39, 2001, s.57-63. Eyice, Semavi, Eski İstanbul’dan Notlar, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul 2015. Gökbilgin, M. Tayyip, “Boğaziçi”, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 6, İsam Yayınları, İstanbul 1992, s.251-262. Gül, Murat, Modern İstanbul’un Doğuşu: Bir Kentin Dönüşümü ve Modernizasyonu, (çev.) Büşra Helvacıoğlu, Sel Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2011. Hamadeh, Shirine, Şehr-i Sefa: 18. Yüzyılda İstanbul, (çev.) İlknur Güzel, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2010. Hikmet, Nazım, Yazılar-3 (1935), (ed.) Güven Turan, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2004, 4. Baskı. Hisar, Abdülhak Şinasi, Geçmiş Zaman Köşkleri, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2012, 1. Baskı, Varlık Yayınları, İstanbul 1956. ———, Boğaziçi Yalıları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2010, 1. Baskı, Varlık Yayınları, İstanbul 1954. ———–, Boğaziçi Mehtapları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2006, 1. Baskı, Hilmi Kitabevi, İstanbul 1942. ———, Boğaziçi Yalıları- Geçmiş Zaman Köşkleri, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul 1978. Işın, Ekrem, İstanbul’da Gündelik Hayat: İnsan, Kültür ve Mekân İlişkileri Üzerine Toplumsal Tarih Denemeleri, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 1995. İleri, Selim, “Edebiyatta Boğaziçi”, Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 2, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul 1993, s.286-288. “İlk Sayımız Nasıl Karşılandı?”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 1936, s.25-26. “İstanbul Boğazı’nın İkinci Memnu Mıntıkaya Dâhil Olan Yerleri”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, 1936, s.6. Kaplanoğlu, Raif, İlk Nüfus Sayımlarına Göre İstanbul’da Nüfus ve Kentsel Gelişme (1826- 1935), Avrasya Etnografya Vakfı Yayınları, Bursa 2015. Karay, Refik Halid, Memleket Yazıları 1- Hep İstanbul, (ed.) Tuncay Birkan, İnkılap Yayınları, İstanbul 2016. ————-, “Boğaziçi Olduğu Gibi”, Yenigün Mecmuası, Sayı:12, 27 Mayıs 1939. Kiper Nilgün, “Osmanlı İstanbulu’nda Kentsel Mekânın Değişim Süreci”, Antik Çağ’dan XXI. Yüzyıla Büyük İstanbul Tarihi, (ed.) Coşkun Yılmaz, Cilt 1, İBB Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları, İstanbul 2015, s.428-454. Koraltürk, Murat, “Şirket-i Hayriye’nin Gayrimüslim ve Yabancı Çalışanlarının Sicil Kayıtları Hakkında Bir Araştırma” Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Süreklilik ve Değişim: Zafer Toprak Armağanı, (ed. Mehmet Ö. Alkan), Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 2022, s.145-226. ———, İstanbul’da Şehir İçi Ulaşımında Şirket-i Hayriye (1850-1945), Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 1992. Kuban, Doğan, İstanbul: Bir Kent Tarihi, (çev.) Zeynep Rona, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul 2010. ———, “Artık Başka Bir Boğaziçi Düşünsek”, İstanbul, Sayı 39, 2001, s.55-56. ———, İstanbul: Bir Kent Tarihi, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul 1996. ———, “Osmanlı Çağında Boğaziçi Yerleşmesi”, İstanbul Armağanı: Boğaziçi Medeniyeti, (haz.) Mustafa Armağan, İBB Kültür İşleri Daire Başkanlığı Yayınları, İstanbul 1996, s.119-126. Morkaya, Burhan Cahit, “Yarınki Boğaziçi”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 3, Sayı 16, 1938, s.11-12. Ortaylı, İlber, “İstanbul’un Mekânsal Yapısının Tarihsel Evrimine Bir Bakış”, Amme İdare Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, 1977, s.77-97. Örik, Nahid Sırrı, İstanbul Yazıları, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 2001. Safa, Peyami, “Boğazların ve Boğaziçi’nin Müdafaası”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 3, 1936, s.8. Sezen, Raşit Vecihi, “Canım Boğaziçi”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 5, 1937, s.10-11. Tanpınar, Ahmet Hamdi, Beş Şehir, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2010. ———-, Sahnenin Dışındakiler, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 1990, 2. Baskı. Tekeli, İlhan, İstanbul’un Planlanmasının ve Gelişmesinin Öyküsü, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 2013. ———-, Modernizm, Modernite ve Türkiye’nin Kent Planlama Tarihi, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 2009. Türe, Fatma (Haz.), İstanbul’un Dört Çağı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 1996. Yalçın, Hüseyin Cahit, “Boğaziçi”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 1936, s.5-6. ——–, “Boğaziçi’nin İmar ve Tezyini”, Boğaziçi Mecmuası, Cilt 3, Sayı 18, 1938, s.5-7. Yarış, Sümeyra, İstanbul’un 100 Sanayi Kuruluşu, İBB Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları, İstanbul 2012. Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Özge Bilge Kara İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Haziran 2023 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster Chicago Kara, Özge Bilge. “19. YÜZYILIN YÜKSELEN BOĞAZİÇİ MEDENİYETİ’NDEN 1930’LARIN ÇÖKEN BOĞAZİÇİ’NE: BOĞAZİÇİ’NDE SOSYO-MEKÂNSAL DEĞİŞİM”. Cihannüma Tarih Ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 10, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2024): 41-71. https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1516924.
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