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2003 Sonrası Yeniden Yapılandırılan Irak Siyasetinde Sünni Arapların Konumu Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 28, 199 – 216, 30.06.2024
Sümeyra Ulus , Pınar Özden Cankara
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1440590
Öz Since 1932, Iraq has been unable to successfully complete the process of nation-building. The country is therefore described as a failed-fragile state. The country’s various sub-identities have not been harmoniously integrated into the system. Sunni Arabs, Shia Arabs, Turkmen and Kurds could not be united under a common Iraqi identity, and Sunnis had a privileged position in the country’s politics during the Saddam Hussein era. In 2003, the US-led “Operation Freedom and Democracy” not only aimed to destroy Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction, but also opened the doors to political change in the country. The participation of Shia Arabs in the political arena was seen as necessary for the construction of a pluralist democracy. After the intervention, Iraqi Shiites were given political space, while Sunni Arabs were negatively affected. The hypothesis of this study is that Sunni Arabs experienced a loss of power in Iraqi politics after the 2003 intervention. The study concludes that, as a result, some Sunni Arabs began to make contact with radical Islamist organisations emerging in the region. Moreover, as Iraq tried to rebuild itself, political instability increased with the emergence of al-Qaeda and ISIS organisations in the country, and security problems were experienced in every election period. Today, 21 years after the intervention, Iraq has still not resolved its political problems. Since 2019, mass demonstrations have increased in the country and the people are once again against the regime.
Anahtar Kelimeler Iraq, Sunni Groups, Shiites, Kurds, Intervention
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Minority Rights. (2018). Iraq. https://minorityrights.org/country/iraq/, adresinden 16.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi. Omar, M. A (2017). Suudi Arabistan’ın Iraklı Sünnilere Karşı Tutumu. Ankara Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Merkezi. https://www.ankasam.org/suudi-arabistanin-irakli-sunnilere-karsi-tutumu/ adresinden 19.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi. ORSAM. (2010). Irak’tan Irağa: 2003 Sonrası Irak’tan Komşu Ülkelere ve Türkiye’ye Yönelik Göçler, https://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/irak-tan-iraga-2003-sonrasi-irak-tan-komsu-ulkelere-ve-turkiye-ye-yonelik-gocler/ adresinden 21.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi. Özdağ, Ü. (2013). İkinci Çaldıran Savaşı Mı? Orta Doğu’da Sünni-Şii Gerilimi ve Ankara. 21. Yüzyıl Dergisi, 0(56), 5-10. Phillips, D. L. (2005). Power-sharing in Iraq. Council on Foreign Relations. New York, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/14813/2005-04_Iraq_CSR.pdf adresinden 02.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi. Rûdaw (2023). 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2003 Sonrası Yeniden Yapılandırılan Irak Siyasetinde Sünni Arapların Konumu Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 28, 199 – 216, 30.06.2024
Sümeyra Ulus , Pınar Özden Cankara
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1440590
Öz Irak 1932’den beri ulus devlet inşa sürecini başarı ile tamamlayamamıştır. Ülke bu nedenle başarısız-kırılgan devlet olarak etiketlenmektedir. Ülkede bulunan farklı alt kimlikler uyum içerisinde sisteme entegre edilememiştir. Sünni Araplar, Şii Araplar, Türkmenler ve Kürtler ortak Irak kimliği altında toplanamamış, Saddam Hüseyin döneminde Sünniler ülke siyasetinde ayrıcalıklı konumda olmuştur. 2003 yılında ABD öncülüğünde gerçekleştirilen “Özgürlük ve Demokrasi Operasyonu” Irak’ta kitle imha silahlarını yok etmeyi hedeflememiş aynı zamanda ülkede siyasal bir dönüşümün kapılarını aralamıştır. Şii Arapların siyaset arenasına katılmaları çoğulcu demokrasinin inşası için gerekli görülmüştür. Müdahale sonrası Irak Şiilerine siyasal alan açılırken Sünni Araplar bu durumdan negatif etkilenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın hipotezi Sünni Arapların 2003 müdahalesi sonrası Irak siyasetinde güç kaybı yaşadıklarıdır. Çalışmada Sünni Arapların bazılarının bu nedenle bölgede ortaya çıkan radikal İslamcı örgütlerle temas kurmaya başladıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Üstelik Irak yeniden inşa edilmeye çabalanırken ülkede El Kaide ve IŞİD örgütlerinin de yeşermesiyle birlikte siyasal istikrarsızlık daha da artmış, her seçim dönemi güvenlik sorunu yaşanmıştır. Bugün müdahalenin üzerinden 21 yıl geçmiş olmasına rağmen Irak hala siyasal sorunlarını çözümleyememiştir. 2019 yılından beri ülkede kitlesel gösteriler artmış, bir kez daha halk rejim değişikliği taleplerini dile getirmiştir. Siyasal katılımın ve ekonomide gelir dağılımının adilane şekilde sağlanamayışı ülkedeki siyasal ve ekonomik istikrarsızlığı derinleştirmekte, güç kaybına uğrayan Irak siyasetine başta İran olmak üzere bölge ülkelerinin de çeşitli gruplar üzerinden karışmasına yol açmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler Irak, Sünni Gruplar, Şiiler, Kürtler, Müdahale
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Orta Doğu Analiz Dergisi, Ortadoğu Araştırmalar Merkezi, 11(91), 4-7. Y.a.y. (2020b). Orta Doğu’da Sert Gücün Yükselişi. Orta Doğu Analiz Dergisi, Ortadoğu Araştırmalar Merkezi, 11(92), 4-7. Yılmaz, S (2012). Irak Dosyası. Kum Saati Yayın Dağıtım. Zine El Abidin, A. S. (2021). Irak Yönetimindeki Siyasal İstikrarsızlığın Anayasal Süreç Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. Ortadoğu Etütleri, 13(1), 91-118. Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Uluslararası Siyaset Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Sümeyra Ulus BİLECİK ŞEYH EDEBALİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0009-0001-3203-1093 Türkiye
Pınar Özden Cankara BİLECİK ŞEYH EDEBALİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0003-3739-4771 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Şubat 2024 Kabul Tarihi 14 Nisan 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 28
Kaynak Göster APA Ulus, S., & Özden Cankara, P. (2024). 2003 Sonrası Yeniden Yapılandırılan Irak Siyasetinde Sünni Arapların Konumu. Asya Studies, 8(28), 199-216. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1440590
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