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HARİM Skip to content HARİM (الحريم) İhya edilen arazinin ve kamu mallarının hak sahipleri lehine hukukî koruma altına alınan çevresi anlamında İslâm hukuku terimi.
Müellif: Salim Öğüt
Sözlükte harîm “yasaklanan, korunan, dokunulmayan, mukaddes olan ve saygı duyulan şey” anlamına gelir. Bu mânalara uygun olarak kadınlar için harim kelimesi kullanıldığı gibi bir evin haremlik denilen hanımlara mahsus iç kısmına ya da harem dairesine -özellikle Suriye ve Mısır’da- harim adı verilmektedir. Terim olarak ise ihya edilen araziden, bu arazide yapılan tesisten ve kamu mallarından hak sahiplerinin gerektiği şekilde faydalanabilmesi maksadıyla bunların çevresinde oluşturulan ve hukukî korumaya alınan bölge ve müştemilât mânasında kullanılır. Kökleri İslâm öncesi döneme uzanan ve Hz. Peygamber zamanında ana hatlarıyla hukukî bir düzenlemeye tâbi tutulan mevât araziyi ihya anlayışının tabii bir uzantısı olarak böyle bir arazide açılan bir kuyunun, akarsuyun, kanalın, dikilen ağacın, inşa edilen evin veya tarıma elverişli hale getirilen arazinin çevresinde bunlardan tam olarak faydalanmaya imkân veren bir alanın bulunması zarureti ortaya çıkmış ve bu amaçla çevredeki belli bir alan, sahibinin mülkü gibi telakki edilerek başkalarının müdahale ve kullanımına kapatılmıştır. Aynı şekilde nehir, köy, yol gibi kamuya ait malların çevresindeki belli bir alan da mevât arazi statüsünden çıkarılarak başkalarının tasarrufuna karşı hukuken koruma altına alınmış ve umumun istifadesine açık tutulmak istenmiştir. Böyle bir ihtiyaç ve anlayışın sonucu olarak görünürde mevât araziyi ihya eden lehine, esasında ise ihya edilen gayri menkule bağlı bir hak şeklinde tezahür eden harim kavram ve uygulaması hem Hz. Peygamber’in sözlü ve fiilî düzenlemelerine konu olmuş, hem de ilk dönemden itibaren fıkıh literatürüne teori ve uygulama yönüyle aksetmeye başlamıştır (İbn Zencûye, II, 653-659). Harimin başkaları tarafından kullanılması veya ihya edilmesinin câiz olmadığında fakihler ittifak halinde olmakla birlikte hangi tür ihya ve tesise harim gerektiği ve bunun ölçüsünün ne olduğu konusunda aralarında görüş ayrılığı vardır. Bu sebeple fıkıh literatürünün özellikle mevât arazinin ihyası bölümlerinde kuyu ve pınarların, su kanallarının, ev ve tarım arazilerinin ve benzerlerinin harimiyle ilgili ayrıntılı bilgilere rastlanır.
Mevât arazide açılan kuyunun harimi konusunda farklı ölçülerden söz eden hadislerin varlığı yanında fakihlerin de bu konuda birbirinden oldukça farklı görüşler ileri sürmeleri bir yönüyle kuyuların kullanım amacı, eski veya yeni oluşu, genişlik ve derinliği, toprağın su tutma özelliği gibi hususların göz önünde bulundurulmasıyla, bir yönüyle de bölgeler arası örf ve teamül farklılığıyla açıklanabilir. Fakihler, insan ve hayvanların su içmesi amacıyla açılan kuyularla ziraat amaçlı kuyular arasında, hatta eskiden beri var olan kuyularla yeni açılan kuyular arasında genelde ayırım yaparlar. Hanefîler, “Bir kimse kuyu kazdığında çevresindeki 40 arşınlık (zirâu’l-yed) alan hayvanlarının ayak basması için ona ait olur” (İbn Mâce, “Rühûn”, 22; Dârimî, “Büyûʿ”, 82) meâlindeki hadisi esas alır ve hayvan sulama amaçlı kuyuların hariminden söz ettiği anlaşılan bu hadisi mevât arazide açılan kuyular için genel bir ölçü olarak benimserler (Mecelle , md. 1281). Hadiste zikredilen 40 arşınlık (yaklaşık 20 m.) sınırı, kuyunun dört yönünden 10’ar arşın şeklinde anlayan zayıf bir görüş de bulunmakla birlikte Hanefî mezhebinde hâkim görüş, kuyunun her yönden 40’ar arşınlık, yani kırk arşın yarıçapında hariminin bulunduğudur. Böyle bir alanın harim adıyla kuyu sahibinin istifadesine tahsis edilmesinin temelinde, hem emek sarfederek kuyu açan kimsenin kuyudan gerektiği şekilde faydalanmasını sağlamak, dolayısıyla ihyayı özendirmek, hem de çok yakınında yeni kuyuların açılmasına engel olunarak kuyu sahibinin zarar görmesini önlemek düşüncesi yatar. Hanefîler’in kuyunun su içme ve hayvanları sulama amaçlı olması ile ziraat amaçlı olması arasında genelde ayırım yapmayışları, kuyuların genelde birinci amaç için açılmasının mûtat oluşuyla açıklanabilir. Ancak yine de mezhep içinde farklı yaklaşımlar mevcuttur. Meselâ Ebû Hanîfe, suyu elle ve hayvanla çekilen kuyuların (atan, nâdıh) harimlerinin çapı arasında fark görmezken Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî pınarın hariminin 500, atan kuyusununkinin kırk ve nâdıh kuyusununkinin ise 60 arşın olduğunu bildiren hadisi (Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, IV, 292) esas almışlardır. İki kuyunun harimi arasındaki fark, ikinci tür kuyuların ziraatta da kullanılması (Ebû Yûsuf, s. 100) ve su çeken hayvanın rahat hareket edeceği daha geniş bir alana ihtiyaç hissettirmesi sebebiyle olmalıdır. Bazı Hanefîler’e göre ise toprağın sertliği yani suyu tutma özelliği kuyu hariminin çapını belirlemede göz önünde bulundurulur.
Mâlikî ve Şâfiî mezhepleri kuyu hariminin belli bir ölçüsü bulunmadığı, bunun tesbitinde toprağın su tutma özelliği yanında kuyunun hacminin ve suyundan faydalanan hayvan veya insan yoğunluğunun da belirleyici birer unsur olduğu görüşündedir. Şâfiîler’den, hariminin yarıçapının kuyunun derinliğiyle eşit olduğunu söyleyenler de vardır. Mâlikîler’den Kādî İyâz bir başka etkeni de değerlendirmekte ve kuyu hariminin, civarda açılabilecek bir atık su haznesinden gelecek sızıntı ile suyunun kirlenmesinin önüne geçilebilecek kadar geniş olması gerektiğini ileri sürmektedir.
Hanbelî mezhebi, Saîd b. Müseyyeb’den gelen, “Sünnet harimin eski kuyuda elli arşın, yeni kuyuda yirmi beş arşın, bostan kuyusunda üç yüz arşın olmasıdır” (İbn Kudâme, VI, 181) şeklindeki rivayeti esas almaktadır. Eski kuyu, suyu kaçtıktan sonra yeniden kazılan kuyu şeklinde tarif edilmiştir. Bir kuyuda suyunun bolluğu yanında çevresinde kendisinden istifadeye imkân verecek kadar geniş bir alanın, bostan kuyularında ise etrafta işletilebilir bir tarım arazisi bırakılması aranmaktadır. Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ ile Ebü’l-Hattâb el-Kelvezânî’ye göre bu ölçüler belli bir standart getirmemektedir. Kuyunun kullanım maksadına ve suyunu çekme tekniğine uygun olan mesafe harim sayılmalı, “Kuyunun harimi ipinin boyu kadardır” (İbn Mâce, “Rühûn”, 22) meâlindeki hadis de bu şekilde anlaşılmalıdır (Ebû Ya‘lâ, s. 218; İbn Kudâme, VI, 180).
Mevât arazide çıkarılan kaynak sularının harimi konusunda da kuyularınkine benzer görüş ayrılıkları vardır. Mâlikî ve Şâfiî mezhepleri, naslarda bu hususta bir ölçü konulmadığı için maslahata dayanan örfe itibar edileceğini söylerken Hanefîler ile Hanbelîler, pınarların hariminin her yönden 500 arşın olduğunu ifade eden hadisi esas almışlardır (Ebû Yûsuf, s. 100). Çünkü pınarlar genellikle arazi sulamada kullanılmakta ve bunun için önce suyun toplanacağı bir havuza, sonra da taşınacağı su kanallarına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Hanbelî mezhebindeki bir başka görüşe göre ise sahibinin ihtiyaç duyduğu alan 1000 arşınlık bir mesafe bile olsa harimden sayılır.
Haklarında nas bulunmayan su kanallarıyla ilgili olarak ya kuyu ve pınarların hükmüne kıyas yapılmakta ya da maslahat prensibine dayanılarak konu örfün hakemliğine veya yetkili mercilerin takdirine havale edilmektedir. Bu sebeple fıkıh mezhepleri ve aynı mezhebe mensup fakihler arasında çok farklı görüşlere rastlamak mümkündür. Nitekim Ebû Hanîfe’ye nisbet edilen bir görüş, kanalların nehirlere benzediği ve harimlerinin bulunmadığı şeklindedir. Muhammed b. Hasan’a göre kanalların harimi kuyularınki gibidir. Ayrıca Hanefî mezhebinde, hakkında hüküm bulunmadığı için kanal hariminin devlet başkanının ictihadına tâbi bulunduğu, kanal sularının boşaldığı yerlerin hariminin pınarlarınki gibi olduğu, boşalma noktasından önceki kısmın devlet başkanı tarafından belirleneceği veya kanal temizlendiğinde dışarı atılan çamur ve mıcırın kapladığı alan kadar olduğu şeklinde farklı görüşler de ileri sürülmüştür. Hanbelîler ise kanalları pınar gibi telakki etmişlerdir.
Hanefî fakihleri, nehirlerin mevât topraklardan geçen kısımlarının kural olarak harimi bulunduğu görüşündedir. Ancak Ebû Hanîfe, nehirlerin mülk arazilerde kalan kısımlarının içinden geçtikleri toprakların hükmüne tâbi olup aksini belgeleyen bir delil bulunmadıkça harimlerinin olmayacağını söylemektedir. Ebû Hanîfe’nin kanal ve nehirler için harimi gerekli görmediği şeklindeki mutlak ifadeler, muhtemeldir ki onun mülk topraklardan geçen kanal ve nehirlerle ilgili bu görüşünün genellenmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan’a göre ise pınar ve kuyu sahipleri gibi nehre mücâvir arazi sahipleri de sudan tam olarak istifade edebilmek için harime ihtiyaç duyar. Dolayısıyla maslahata binaen nehrin her iki yakasında da harimi olmalıdır. Ebû Yûsuf, harimin her iki yakadaki mesafesinin nehir genişliğinin yarısı, Muhammed b. Hasan ise tamamı kadar olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Kuhistânî, her yıl temizlenmesi icap eden ırmakların harimi olmasının gerekliliği üzerinde görüş birliği bulunduğunu söylemektedir. Mâlikîler, nehirden faydalanmak üzere gelen insan ve hayvanların izdihamını önlemek için 2000 arşınlık bir mesafenin harim olarak tayin edilmesini uygun görmüşlerdir. Şâfiîler ve Hanbelîler, kanalların hariminin belirlenmesinde temizlik esnasında dışarı atılan çamur ve mıcırın kaplayacağı alanın, ırmaklarınkinde ise örfün göz önünde bulundurulacağını söylemektedirler.
Nehrin harimine cami de dahil olmak üzere bina yapımına izin verilmez, yapılanlar yıkılır. Suyundan faydalananlara hiçbir şekilde zarar vermemesi şartıyla nehrin harimine yük yıkılması, malzeme saklamak için saz veya kamış gibi şeylerden kulübe yapılması câizdir.
Mevât arazide yapılan meskenin harimi konusunda Hz. Peygamber’den gelen herhangi bir rivayetten söz edilmemektedir. Hanefîler, bu durumdaki bir meskenin harim hakkı olmadığı görüşündedir. Fukahanın çoğunluğu ise avlusunun kapladığı, oluğunun aktığı, yolunun geçtiği, her türlü atığının atıldığı yerlerin evin harimine dahil olduğunu söylemekte, bu sebeple de mevât arazide başkalarının yapacağı tasarrufların bu bölgeye taşmamasını gerekli görmektedir. Evin etrafında mülk arazi varsa diğer konularda olduğu gibi burada da bir harimden söz edilemez.
Hanefîler’e göre mevât toprağa devlet başkanının izniyle dikilen bir ağaca, yine kendisinden istifade imkânını tamamlayacağı gerekçesine dayanılarak harim tayin edilmiştir. Bazı Hanefî fakihlerince ağacın hariminin yarıçapı, Hz. Peygamber tarafından belirtildiği üzere (Ebû Dâvûd, “Aḳżıye”, 32) 5 arşın olarak kabul edilmiştir. Söz konusu hadisin mesafe tayin etmediğini ileri süren diğer bazıları da harimin ağacın büyüklüğüne göre değişeceği görüşündedir. Bu görüşe paralel olarak Hanbelîler, Hz. Peygamber’e arzedilen bir davanın sonucuna dayanarak (İbn Mâce, “Rühûn”, 23) ağacın harimini dallarının eriştiği alan şeklinde belirtmektedirler. Şâfiî fakihleri bu konuda da örfe itibar etmekte, Mâlikîler ise maslahatın esas olduğunu ve ölçüsünün bilirkişi tarafından belirleneceğini söyleyerek benzer bir görüşü paylaşmaktadırlar. Bir rivayete göre de Mâlikîler, hurma ağacının hariminin yarı çapının 6 ile 10 arşın arasında değişebileceği görüşündedir.
Mâlikîler’in ifadelerinden, Hanefîler’in de genel yaklaşımından anlaşıldığına göre köylülerin faydalandığı mera ve orman gibi yerler o köyün harimi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ayrıca tarım arazisinin de harimi olup Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre sulanabilen mücâvir alanı içine alır. Buna karşılık Ebû Yûsuf, arazinin sınırlarında durup bağıran bir kişinin sesinin ulaşabildiği alanın harime dahil olduğu görüşündedir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezhepleri ise harimin arazinin sulanması, hayvanların bağlanması, atıkların atılması için ihtiyaç duyulan alan kadar olduğunu kabul etmektedir.
Harim konusunda Hanefî mezhebindeki hâkim görüşler, Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliyye ’nin “Kitâbü’ş-Şerike” bölümünde şirket-i ibâha çerçevesinde on bir madde halinde kanunlaştırılmıştır. Buna göre kuyuların hariminin yarı çapı 40 arşın (md. 1281), pınarlarınki 500 arşın (md. 1282), sürekli temizlenen büyük nehirlerin harimi her iki yakadan nehrin genişliğinin yarısı kadar (md. 1283), üzeri açık kanallarınki her iki taraftan 500’er arşın (md. 1285), sahipsiz araziye devlet başkanının izniyle dikilen ağaçlarınki 5 arşın (md. 1289) olarak tayin edilmiş ve harimin sahibinin mülkü olduğu ve başkalarının burada tasarrufuna izin verilmeyeceği (md. 1286) ifade edilmiştir.
Öyle anlaşılıyor ki fıkıh literatüründe bir hayli ayrıntı ile ele alınan harim anlayışı, fakihlerin hem mevât araziyi ihyayı teşvik etme, bu arazide yapılan tarım faaliyetini ve tesisleri daha verimli kılma, hem de böyle bir imkânın suistimalini önleme gayretlerini birlikte yansıtır. Köy, nehir, yol gibi kamu malları etrafında hukuken koruma altına alınan ve fertlerin özel tasarruf ve ihyasına kapatılan bir tampon bölgenin oluşturulması ve mevât arazide açılan kuyu ve yapılan evler için belirli bir koruma alanı ihdas edilmesi böyle bir anlayışın ürünüdür. Öte yandan fakihlerin ifadelerinden, mevât arazide ihya sebebiyle bir yeri temellük eden kimseye o yerin harimi üzerinde de aynı güçte bir mülkiyet hakkı tanınmadığı, o kimsenin şahsına değil ihya edilen yere bağlı olarak irtifak hakkı türü bir ihtisas ve tasarruf hakkı kabul edildiği söylenebilir. Nitekim Nevevî’nin, harimin asıldan ayrı olarak akde konu olamayacağını belirtmesi de böyle bir anlam taşır (Ravżatü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn , IV, 348).
Harim, esasen mevât arazinin ihyası sonunda ihya eden kişiye bu ihya sebebiyle çevredeki mevât arazi üzerinde tanınan bir imtiyaz mahiyetinde olduğundan başkalarının mülk arazileri için bir sınırlama teşkil etmez. Meselâ bir kimsenin kendi mülkünde kazdığı kuyunun harimi olmaz (Mecelle , md. 1291). Bu çerçevede kalmak kaydıyla, yabancı kişilerin bir kimsenin hariminde ihya sayılabilecek veya hak sahibinin faydalanmasına zarar verebilecek bir tasarrufta bulunmasına da izin verilmez.
Süyûtî, “Helâller ve haramlar açıktır. Bunların arasında insanların çoğunun bilmediği şüpheli şeyler vardır…” (Buhârî, “Îmân”, 39, “Büyûʿ”, 2; Müslim, “Müsâḳāt”, 107-108; Ebû Dâvûd, “Büyûʿ”, 3; Tirmizî, “Büyûʿ”, 1; İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 14) meâlindeki hadise dayanarak, “Harimin hükmü harimi olduğu şeyin hükmü gibidir” kuralını koymuş ve bu bağlamda şu meseleleri zikretmiştir: 1. Bir kimsenin mülkiyetinde bulunan nesnenin harimi kendisine ait olup başkası tarafından ihya yoluyla mülk edinilemez. 2. Mescidin hariminin hükmü mescidin hükmü gibidir; içinde itikâfa girmek veya imama uymak câiz iken alışveriş yapmak veya cünüp olarak oturmak câiz değildir (el-Eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir , s. 139).
Bazı fakihlerin harim kavramını fıkhın diğer alanlarına uygulayıp onu bilinen terim anlamının dışında kullandıkları da görülür. Bedreddin ez-Zerkeşî’ye göre vâcip, haram ve mekruhun da harimi vardır. Buna göre haramı kuşatan şeyler haramın, vâcibi tamamlayan şeyler vâcibin harimi olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Meselâ hayızlı bir kadınla ilişkide bulunmak haram olduğu gibi diz kapağı ile göbeği arasından faydalanmak da haramdır; çünkü bu bölge avret mahallinin harimidir. Mubaha ise kapsamı çok geniş olduğu için harim tayin edilmemiştir. Mâlikî fakihlerinden bir kısmı namaz kılan kimsenin önünden bir başkasının geçişine izin verilmeyen mesafeyi namazını bitirene kadar o kimsenin harimi olarak nitelendirir. Mâlikî fakihi İbn Arafe yaklaşık 20 arşın mesafeyi, Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî ise kıyam, rükû ve secde yapmak için yeterli olacak mesafeyi namaz kılan kimsenin harimi kabul eder.
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Ed., “Ḥarīm”, EI2 (İng.), III, 209.
“İḥyâʾü’l-mevât”, Mv.F , II, 244-245.
“Ḥarîm”, a.e. , XVII, 212-221.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 188-190 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.