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SAFİYYÜDDÎN-i ERDEBÎLÎ Skip to content SAFİYYÜDDÎN-i ERDEBÎLÎ (صفيّ الدين أردبيلي; Ebü’l-Feth Safiyyüddîn İshâk b. Emîniddîn Cebrâîl b. Sâlih b. Kutbiddîn Ebî Bekr Erdebîlî, ö. 735/1334) Safeviyye tarikatının kurucusu ve Safevî Devleti’ni kuran ailenin atası.
Müellif: Reşat Öngören
650 (1252) yılında Erdebil’de doğdu. Soyunun Arap, Türk, Fars ya da Kürt olduğu yolunda değişik görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Hayatına dair en geniş bilgi, vefatından yirmi dört yıl sonra oğlu Sadreddîn-i Erdebîlî’nin İbn Bezzâz’a hazırlattığı Ṣafvetü’ṣ-ṣafâʾ (Mevâhibü’s-seniyye fî menâḳıbi’ṣ-Ṣafeviyye) adlı eserde bulunmaktadır. Safevî Hükümdarı Şah I. Tahmasb’ın emriyle yeniden düzenlendiği belirtilen bu eserin Mirza Abbaslı tarafından incelenen bir nüshasında Safiyyüddin’in soyunun yedinci imam Mûsâ el-Kâzım vasıtasıyla Hz. Ali’ye ulaştığını gösteren şecere kaydedilmiş, bizzat Şeyh Safiyyüddin’in kendi neslinde seyyidlik bulunduğunu, fakat Alevî mi (Hz. Hüseyin soyundan) yoksa şerîf mi (Hz. Hasan soyundan) olduklarını araştıramadığını söylediği ifade edilmiştir (TTK Belleten, XL/158 [1976], s. 290-291). Mirza Abbaslı, müellif nüshası olduğunu belirttiği bu yazmadaki (nerede bulunduğu belirtilmemiştir) Safiyyüddin’in soyu ile ilgili kısmın sonradan eklendiğini ileri sürmüştür. Şeyh Safiyyüddin’in seyyidlikle ilgili ifadesi Ṣafvetü’ṣ-ṣafâʾnın hemen bütün nüshalarında yer almakla birlikte soy şeceresi hepsinde kayıtlı değildir. Eserin en eski yazmalarından biri olan Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki 18 Cemâziyelevvel 896 (29 Mart 1491) tarihli nüshasında (Ayasofya, nr. 3099) şecere sonradan kapağa kaydedilmiştir. Aynı kütüphanede 5 Zilhicce 914 (27 Mart 1509) tarihli nüsha ile (Ayasofya, nr. 2123, vr. 15a ) 15 Şâban 947 (15 Aralık 1540) tarihli nüshada (Hekimoğlu, nr. 775, vr. 13a ) ve İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı’ndaki 1 Zilkade 1037 (3 Temmuz 1628) tarihli nüshada (Muallim Cevdet, nr. 1, vr. 24a ) şecere bazı farklılıklarla birlikte eserin ilgili bölümünde yer almıştır. Eserin bazı nüshalarında şecerenin olmaması, olanların da birbirini tutmaması sebebiyle Safiyyüddin’in seyyidliği, dolayısıyla Arap ırkına mensubiyeti şüpheyle karşılanmışsa da şeyhin kendi nesebinde seyyidlik olduğuna dair ifadesinin bütün nüshalarda yer alması bu şüpheyi ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Hândmîr, Mîr Yahyâ Kazvînî, Gaffârî ve İskender Bey Münşî gibi tarihçiler Ṣafvetü’ṣ-ṣafâʾya dayanarak Safiyyüddin’in seyyid olduğunu belirtmiş, Mîr Yahyâ Kazvînî ile Gaffârî ayrıca İmam Mûsâ el-Kâzım’a kadar çıkan soy şeceresini kaydetmiştir. Ancak Şeyhülislâm Kemalpaşazâde bu hususta yayımladığı bir fetvada Safevîler’in sonradan seyyidlik iddiasına kalkıştıklarını ileri sürmüştür. Osmanlı tarihçisi Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Dede, Mîr Yahyâ ve Gaffârî’yi kaynak göstererek şecereyi kaydetmiş, ancak başına “Safevî meliklerinin yanlış zan ve iddialarına göre” şeklinde kayıt koymuştur. Halvetî-Gülşenî şeyhlerinden Cemâleddin Hulvî ise Safiyyüddin’in kendi soyunda seyyidlik bulunduğuna dair sözünü kaydettikten sonra, “Seyyid olduğunu kabul edenler onun soyunu İmam Mûsâ el-Kâzım’a bağlar” deyip şecereyi vermiş, ardından İbn Îsâ Risâlesi’nden alıntı yaparak Şeyh Safiyyüddin’in önceleri yeşil imâme ve kisve giydiğini, daha sonra seyyidliğinde şüpheye düşüp beyaz kisve giymeye başladığını yazmıştır. Muahhar kaynaklardan Tibyân’da ve Sefîne’de ise hiçbir tartışmaya yer verilmeksizin Safiyyüddin, ataları ve çocukları seyyid olarak kaydedilmiştir.
Safiyyüddin’in Türk olduğunu ileri sürenler, bunu Ṣafvetü’ṣ-ṣafâʾda kendisinden “Türk pîri, Türk oğlu” şeklinde söz edilmesine dayandırır. Zeki Velidi Togan, Arap asıllı olduklarını iddia etmekle birlikte Safevîler’in atalarının Âzerî Farsçası konuştuklarını ve İlhanlılar döneminde Türkleştiklerini (İA, II, 112), Ahmed-i Kesrevî başta olmak üzere çağdaş bazı İranlı araştırmacılar, Safiyyüddin’in Âzerî lehçesinde Farsça şiirlerinin bulunduğunu ve atalarının bu dili kullandığını belirterek soyunun aslen Fars olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir. Kürt asıllı olduğunu söyleyenler ise Ṣafvetü’ṣ-ṣafâʾda “es-Sincânî el-Kürdî” nisbesiyle kaydedilen büyük dedesi Zerrinkülâh Fîrûzşah’ın Azerbaycan’a Diyarbekir’in güneyinde Kürtler’in bulunduğu Sincan (Sincar) bölgesinden göç etmiş olmasını dikkate almışlardır.
Franz Babinger, Safiyyüddin’in babasını Hoca Kemâleddin Arabşah diye kaydetmişse de (a.g.e., X, 64) bu doğru değildir. Babası Emînüddin Cebrâil, dedesi, Ṣafvetü’ṣ-ṣafâʾnın Ayasofya nüshalarında (nr. 2123, 3099, vr. 6b , 14b ) Sâlih Kutbüddin Ebû Bekir, Hekimoğlu nüshasında (nr. 775, vr. 13a ) Sâlih b. Kutbüddin şeklinde kayıtlıdır. Bu sonuncusuna göre Sâlih dedesi, Kutbüddin büyük dedesi olmaktadır. Tarih kaynaklarının çoğunda bu şekilde kayıtlıdır. Safiyyüddin altı yaşında iken babasını kaybetti. Kaynaklarda öğrenimi ve hocalarıyla ilgili bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte Türkçe, Arapça, Farsça, Moğolca ve Gîlân dilini bildiğinin belirtilmesi iyi bir öğrenim gördüğünü göstermektedir. Genç yaşında tasavvuf eğitimi almak için arayış içine girdi. Erdebil’de uzun süre kendi meşrebine uygun bir şeyh bulamayınca Şîraz’da yaşadığını duyduğu Necîbüddin b. Büzgaş’ın yanına gitmeye karar verdi, ancak Şîraz’a gittiğinde şeyhin vefat ettiğini öğrendi. Burada Necîbüddin’in yerine geçen oğlu Şeyh Zahîrüddin Abdurrahman, Şeyh Sa‘dî-i Şîrâzî, Mevlânâ Radıyyüddin el-Mâlikî, Rükneddin el-Mâlikî, Şeyh Rükneddin Beyzâvî ve Emîr Abdullah Farsî gibi âlim ve mutasavvıflarla görüştü. Mevlânâ Radıyyüddin el-Mâlikî’nin tefsir derslerine katılarak icâzet aldı. Emîr Abdullah Farsî’nin tavsiyesi üzerine Geylân bölgesinde faaliyet gösteren Şeyh İbrâhim Zâhid-i Geylânî’nin yanına gitti. Bu sırada yirmi beş yaşında olduğu, şeyhin de altmış yaşında bulunduğu belirtildiğine göre şeyhe intisabı 1276 veya 1277 yılında gerçekleşmiş olmalıdır. 1301’de vefat eden şeyhin yanında yirmi beş yıl kaldığının belirtilmesi de bu tarihleri teyit etmektedir. Ancak Geylân’a, Şâban 678’de (Aralık 1279) öldüğü belirtilen Necîbüddin b. Büzgaş’ın vefatından sonra gittiği dikkate alınırsa şeyhe mürid oluşunun 1279 yılından sonra gerçekleştiğini kabul etmek gerekir.
Zâhidiyye tarikatının kurucusu sayılan İbrâhim Zâhid-i Geylânî’nin yanında seyrüsülûkünü tamamlayıp icâzet alan Safiyyüddin şeyhinin kızı Bîbî Fâtıma ile evlendi. İbrâhim Zâhid, Şîraz’da faaliyet gösterdiği sırada onu irşad göreviyle Merâga’ya gönderdi. Daha sonra Erdebil’de yaptırılan büyük dergâha halife olarak tayin etti. 700 (1301) yılında Güştâsfî’de hastalanan İbrâhim Zâhid’in vasiyeti üzerine Safiyyüddin onu Lâhîcân’ın bir nahiyesi olan Siyâvrud’a getirdi; şeyh burada iki hafta sonra vefat etti. İbrâhim Zâhid’in büyük oğlu Cemâleddin Ali ile Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî arasında husumet doğduğu, kendisini babasının mânevî vârisi gören Cemâleddin Ali’nin Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’ye birkaç defa suikast düzenlediği, fakat başarılı olamadığı ileri sürülmektedir (Aubin, XXI-XXIII [1991], s. 49-50).
Erdebil’deki tekkede faaliyetlerini sürdüren Şeyh Safiyyüddin’in henüz İbrâhim Zâhid-i Geylânî hayatta iken ünü geniş bir çevreye yayılmış, İlhanlı yöneticilerinin büyük güvenini kazanmıştı. Mektûbât-ı Reşîdüddîn’de belirtildiğine göre Erdebil’deki dergâh 697’de (1298) şehrin mânevî hayatında önemli bir yer tutmakta, Safiyyüddin’in faaliyetleri İlhanlı Hükümdarı Gāzân Han ile veziri tarafından desteklenmekteydi. Vezir Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Erdebil valisi olan oğlu Mîr Ahmed’e yolladığı mektupta şeyhe hürmet göstermesini ve sağlığı ile yakından ilgilenmesini istemişti. Dönemin tarihçilerinden Hamdullah el-Müstevfî’nin kaydettiğine göre Erdebil halkının çoğu şeyhe mürid olmuştu (Nüzhetü’l-ḳulûb, s. 81). İlhanlı hükümdarlarından Ebû Said Bahadır Han ile Melikü’l-ümerâ Emîr Çoban b. Melik de şeyhin müridleri arasına katılmıştı. Bir gün Emîr Çoban’ın Şeyh Safiyyüddin’e, “Bizim askerlerimiz mi çok yoksa senin müridlerin mi?” diye sorduğu, şeyhin de ona, “Sizin askerleriniz de bizim müridimizdir” şeklinde cevap verdiği kaydedilmektedir. Hamdullah el-Müstevfî, Şeyh Safiyyüddin sayesinde halktan pek çok kimsenin İlhanlı yöneticilerinin baskı ve zulmünden kurtulduğunu belirtmektedir (Târîḫ-i Güzîde, s. 675).
Faaliyetlerini Erdebil dışında da sürdüren Şeyh Safiyyüddin müridleriyle birlikte Deştikıpçak ve Kırım gibi bölgelere gidip halkı irşada çalıştı. Azerbaycan, Gîlân, Taberistan (Mâzenderan), Horasan, Buhara, Türkmenistan, Türkistan, Karahıtay, Çin Türkistanı, Hindistan, Serendib (Seylan), İran, Irak, Suriye, Lübnan, Hicaz, Anadolu ve Rumeli bölgelerinde bulunan birçok şehirden binlerce mürid edindi. Anadolu’da özellikle Niksar, Amasya ve Diyarbekir gibi şehirlerle Dulkadır, Karaman, Varsak, Menteşe beyliklerinden, İran’da Fars bölgesi ve Kirman’dan, Irak’ta Basra’dan, Suriye’de Şam ve Halep’ten, Horasan’da Belh’ten şeyhin ziyaretine gelen müridlerin olduğu ve bütün bu coğrafyada Erdebil’deki merkez tekkeye bağlı tekkelerin kurulduğu kaydedilmektedir. Taşköprizâde, Amasya yakınlarında kurduğu tekkesinde faaliyet gösteren Şeyh Abdurrahman Erzincânî’nin Safiyyüddin’in halifelerinden olduğunu belirtmektedir (eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ, s. 57). Şeyh Safiyyüddin’i ziyaret edenler arasında Rükniyye tarikatının kurucusu Alâüddevle-i Simnânî de vardır.
Ömrünün son yıllarında hacca giden Safiyyüddin 12 Muharrem 735 (12 Eylül 1334) tarihinde Erdebil’de vefat etti ve dergâhının avlusuna defnedildi. Vasiyeti gereği yerine oğlu ve halifesi Sadreddin Mûsâ geçti. Sadreddin Mûsâ tarafından yaptırılan türbesi Safevî sanatının en görkemli eserlerinden biridir. Lemezât-ı Hulviyye’de (vr. 129b ) ölümüyle ilgili olarak kaydedilen 760 (1359) tarihi doğru değildir. Safiyyüddin’in çağdaşı olan tarihçi Hamdullah el-Müstevfî, Târîḫ-i Güzîde adlı eserinde (s. 675) şeyhin hayatta olduğunu belirtirken 740’ta (1340) tamamladığı eseri Nüzhetü’l-ḳulûb’da (s. 81) şeyhi rahmetle anması onun bu tarihte hayatta olmadığını göstermektedir. Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’nin ilk hanımı Bîbî Fâtıma’dan Muhyiddin, Sadreddin Mûsâ ve Ebû Saîd adlı üç oğlu, ikinci hanımından Alâeddin, Şerefeddin isimli iki oğlu ve bir kızı olmuş, kızını şeyhi İbrâhim Zâhid-i Geylânî’nin küçük oğlu Şeyh Şemseddin ile evlendirmiştir. Şeyh Safiyyüddin’in, babasından sonra posta oturmasına karşı çıkan İbrâhim Zâhid’in büyük oğlu Cemâleddin Ali’nin bir kısım vakıf arazilerini kontrolünde tutan oğlu Bedreddin ile bu arazileri ele geçirmeye çalışan Şeyh Safiyyüddin’in damadı Şemseddin arasında ihtilâf çıktığı, ancak 720 (1320) yılında İlhanlı Emîri Ebû Saîd Bahadır Han’ın müdahalesiyle meselenin halledildiği belirtilmektedir (Minorsky, XVI/3 [1954], s. 519-520).
Safeviyye tarikatının pîri olan Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’nin soyundan gelen ve İran’da 1501 yılında Safevîler Devleti’ni kurup Şiî İsnâaşeriyye’yi resmî mezhep olarak ilân eden Şah İsmâil ile babası Haydar ve dedesi Cüneyd’in durumu şeyh hakkında bazı tereddütler doğurmuşsa da görüşlerinin geniş bir şekilde yer aldığı Ṣafvetü’ṣ-ṣafâʾnın tahrif edilmemiş nüshalarındaki bilgiler onun Ehl-i sünnet inancına sahip olduğunu açıkça göstermektedir. Ayrıca Hamdullah el-Müstevfî’nin Erdebil halkıyla ilgili, “Çoğu Şâfiî mezhebinden olup Şeyh Safiyyüddin’in mürididirler” şeklindeki ifadesi de (Nüzhetü’l-ḳulûb, s. 81) bunu teyit etmektedir.
Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’nin hayatına dair Garîbî ve Begāî tezkirelerinde şeyhin Kara Mecmua isimli bir eserinin olduğu ve bu eserin Safevî hükümdarlarının hazinesinde saklandığı belirtilmiştir (M. Ali Terbiyet, s. 234). Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’ye nisbet edilen Menâḳıbü’l-esrâr behcetü’l-aḥrâr, Safevî Hükümdarı Şah Tahmasb zamanında Bisâtî adlı bir kişi tarafından kaleme alınmıştır (Gölpınarlı, s. 178). XVII. yüzyılın İranlı Şiî sûfîlerinden Necîbüddin Tebrîzî’nin Nûrü’l-hidâye ve maṣdarü’l-vilâye adlı eserinin kaynakları arasında Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’nin Maḳālât adlı kitabının da bulunduğu kaydedilmekte (DİA, XXXII, 491), Erdebîlî’nin türbesiyle ilgili 1139 (1727) tarihli vakıf defterinde de bu kitaba ait kayıt bulunmaktadır (Özgüdenli, sy. 10 [2001], s. 50). Harîrîzâde, Safiyyüddin’in sözlerinin bir kitapta toplandığını belirtir (Tibyân, II, vr. 221b ). Ancak burada işaret edilen kitabın oğlu tarafından hazırlatılan Ṣafvetü’ṣ-ṣafâʾ mı yoksa başka bir kitap mı olduğu belli değildir. Öte yandan Şeyh Safiyyüddin’e nisbet edilen “Şeyh Safî Buyruğu”, “Şeyh Safî Vasiyetnâmesi” gibi büyük ölçüde Şiî-Alevî anlayışı çerçevesinde hazırlanmış eserler geç dönemlerin ürünleri olup bunların Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî ile ilgisi yoktur. Bazı kaynaklarda Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’ye Farsça şiirler nisbet edilmektedir. Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî hakkında müridlerinden Mevlânâ Bedîuddin Mahmûd Kādî Erdebîlî’nin bazı şiirleri, Ahmed Meddah Erdebîlî’nin 114 kasidesi vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 476-478 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.