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ZEYNÜDDİN el-HÂFÎ Skip to content Ebû Bekr Zeynüddîn Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Hâfî (ö. 838/1435)
Sühreverdiyye tarikatının Zeyniyye kolunun kurucusu.
15 Rebîülevvel 757 (18 Mart 1356) tarihinde Horasan’ın Hâf şehrinde doğdu. Ailesi hakkında yeterli bilgi yoktur. Horasan, Mâverâünnehir, Azerbaycan, Irak, Şam, Mısır ve Hicaz bölgelerinde birçok âlimin derslerine devam etti. Celâleddin Fazlullah et-Tebrîzî, Ebû Tâhir Celâleddin Ahmed el-Hucendî el-Medenî, Ebü’l-Berekât Sadreddin Ahmed b. Nasrullah el-Kazvînî, İbnü’l-Cezerî, Zeynüddin el-Irâkī gibi âlimlerden icâzet aldı. Şehâbeddin el-Bistâmî, Şerîfüddin el-İskenderî, Ebû Bekir Zeynüddin et-Tâyebâdî, Şehâbeddin Ahmed el-Fernevî gibi sûfîlerin sohbet meclislerinde bulundu. Bir süre Tebriz’de Şeyh Kemâl-i Hucendî’ye hizmet ettikten sonra Şeyh İsmâil Sîsî’nin hizmetine girdi. Onun tavsiyesi üzerine Mısır’a giderek Sühreverdî şeyhi Nûreddin Abdurrahman eş-Şibrîsî (eş-Şirsî) el-Mısrî’ye mürid oldu. Şibrîsî’nin yanında seyrüsülûkünü tamamlayıp icâzet aldı. İrşad faaliyetinde bulunmak amacıyla memleketine dönerken Bağdat’ta icâzetnâmesini kaybetti. Yıllar sonra tekrar Mısır’a gittiğinde artık hayatta olmayan şeyhinin halvethânesinde icâzetnâmesinin bir başka nüshasını buldu (metni için bk. Lâmiî, s. 548).
Zeynüddin el-Hâfî, Hâf şehrinin Berâbât köyünde yaptırdığı hankah ve ribâtta irşad faaliyetine başladı. 812’de (1409) hazırlayıp 830’da (1427) tescil ettirdiği anlaşılan vakfiyede bu yapıları kendisinin inşa ettirdiğini, ayrıca Bâharz bölgesinin Serbâlâ mezrasında bir tekkenin daha inşasının devam ettiğini belirtmektedir. Hâfî, Herat’ın Dervişâbâd köyü ile Hâf, Bâharz ve Herat’ta bulunan bir kısım mezra, bağ ve su kanallarını bu üç tekke için vakfetti (Mahmûd Fâzıl Yezdî Mutlak, XXII [1989], s. 194-198). Abdürrahîm-i Rûmî’ye Muharrem 832’de (Ekim 1428) verdiği icâzetnâmeden (Lâmiî, s. 554) Herat’ın Dervişâbâd köyünde de bir dergâhının olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Zeynüddin el-Hâfî, kısa bir süre içinde halktan büyük ilgi görmesinin yanı sıra yöneticilerin de dikkatini çekti. Tavsiye ve uyarılarda bulunmak üzere dönemin yöneticilerine mektuplar yazması (Ali Şîr Nevâî, s. 396-397), Timur’un oğlu Şâhruh ile Tebriz Sultanı İskender arasında başlamak üzere olan bir savaşı önlemesi (Sehâvî, IX, 262) onun devlet adamları nezdindeki itibarını göstermektedir.
822 (1419) yılında hacca gitmek niyetiyle Horasan’dan ayrılan Zeynüddin el-Hâfî, Mısır’a vardığında kendisini karşılayanlar arasında Molla Fenârî de vardı. Hâfî’nin Fenârî ile birlikte Kudüs üzerinden hacca gidip tekrar Kudüs’e döndükleri kaydedilmektedir. Hâfî iki yıl sonra tekrar Mısır’a gittiğinde bu defa kendisini İbn Hacer el-Askalânî övücü bir beyit okuyarak karşıladı, o da İbn Hacer’e yine şiirle karşılık verdi. Kahire’de bulunduğu sırada Şâfiî fakihi Yahyâ b. Muhammed el-Münâvî, Cemâleddin el-Mürşidî el-Mekkî, Cemâl b. Celâl en-Neyrîzî ve Ebü’l-Fütûh Nûreddin Ahmed b. Abdullah gibi âlimler onun sohbetlerine katıldı. Kahire’den Kudüs’e geçtiği anlaşılan Hâfî, bir kısım risâleleriyle tarikat prensipleri açısından en önemli eseri olan el-Veṣâya’l-Ḳudsiyye ’yi 825 (1422) yılında burada tamamladı. Zeyniyye tarikatını Anadolu’ya getiren Abdüllatîf el-Kudsî muhtemelen aynı yıl onu evinde misafir ederek sohbetlerinden faydalandı. Kudsî, hac için Kudüs’ten Mekke’ye giden Hâfî’ye annesinin rahatsızlığı sebebiyle refakat edemedi, ancak dönüşte onunla birlikte Horasan’a gitti. Taşköprizâde, Zeynüddin el-Hâfî’nin Anadolu’ya gelmediğini söyler (eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ , s. 71). Evliya Çelebi’nin, Bursa’ya geldiğini ve önemli halifelerinden Abdürrahîm-i Rûmî’nin ona burada talebe olduğunu kaydetmesi (Seyahatnâme , II, 399) ihtiyatla karşılanmalıdır. Zeynüddin el-Hâfî 2 Şevval 838 (1 Mayıs 1435) tarihinde Herat’ta vefat etti ve Mâlîn’de defnedildi. Kabri daha sonra Dervişâbâd’a nakledilmiş, buradan da Herat’ın Masla mahallesindeki Îdgâh’a (Îdgâh-ı Herat) götürülmüştür. Kabrinin yanına büyük bir imarethâne yapılmış, türbesi Timurlu Hükümdarı Ebû Said Mirza Han tarafından genişletilmiştir.
Zeynüddin el-Hâfî bölgede faaliyet gösteren Nakşibendî şeyhleriyle samimi ilişkiler kurmuş, Nakşibendiyye’nin pîri Bahâeddin Nakşibend ikinci hac yolculuğunda Herat’ta onu ziyaret etmiştir. Nakşibend’in önde gelen halifelerinden Muhammed Pârsâ ile Hâfî arasında ileri derecede bir dostluk oluşmuştur. Pârsâ 822’de (1419) hac sonrası uğradığı Medine’de vefat ettiğinde o sırada Mısır’da bulunan Hâfî onun için bir mezar taşı hazırlatmış ve kabri başına götürüp dikmiştir. Bir diğer Nakşibendiyye şeyhi Nizâmeddin Hâmûş’un, müridi Sa‘deddîn-i Kâşgarî’yi rüyalarını yorumlatması için Hâfî’ye gönderdiği belirtilir. Bununla birlikte Nakşibendiyye’nin etkili şeyhlerinden Ubeydullah Ahrâr’ın bazı görüş farklılıkları sebebiyle Hâfî’ye mesafeli durduğu görülmektedir.
Hâfî’ye intisap edenler arasında yeğeni Alâeddin b. Seyyid Afîfüddin, Hâce Şemseddin Muhammed Kûsevî, Mevlânâ Şemseddin Muhammed b. Esed, meşhur âlim Şemseddin es-Serahsî’nin oğlu Mevlânâ Ebü’l-Hayr Ahmed, “allâme” lakabıyla anılan Ahmed b. Şa‘bân b. Şehâbeddin, Seyyid Ali Horasânî, İzzeddin Hanbelî, Ebü’l-Feth Şemseddin İskenderî, Celâleddîn-i Kâyinî, Hızırnâme adlı manzum Türkçe eserin müellifi Muhyiddin Çelebi gibi önemli şahsiyetler vardır. Oğlu Şeyh Nizâmeddin Yahyâ da muhtemelen babasının yanında yetişmiştir. J. F. von Hammer-Purgstall, Halvetiyye’den Pîr İlyâs Amâsî’yi, H. J. Kissling ile D. S. Margoliouth, Nakşibendiyye’den Sa‘deddîn-i Kâşgarî’yi, J. S. Trimingham, Akşemseddin’i Zeynüddin el-Hâfî’nin müridleri arasında saymıştır. Kaynaklarda bu üçünün Hâfî’ye mürid olmak için teşebbüs ettiklerinden söz edilmekte, ancak hiçbirinin ona intisabının gerçekleşmediği belirtilmektedir.
Zeynüddin el-Hâfî ile birlikte Sühreverdiyye tarikatında Zeyniyye adıyla bir kol teşekkül etmiştir. Hâfî’nin şeyhi Nûreddin Abdurrahman eş-Şibrîsî’nin Rifâiyye’den de icâzetli olması sebebiyle Zeyniyye, Sühreverdiyye ve Rifâiyye’yi birleştiren bir tarikat olarak kabul edilmiştir (Harîrîzâde, II, vr. 107b ; Hüseyin Vassâf, I, 264). Hâfî’nin önde gelen halifelerinden Muhammed Tebâdegânî, Sadreddin Revvâsî, Derviş Ahmed Semerkandî, Mahmûd Hisârî, Horasan bölgesi ve civarında; Sirâcüddin el-Mültânî, Abdülmelik el-Gaznevî Hindistan’da; Abdülmu‘tî el-Mağribî, Ebü’l-Fütûh Nûreddin Ahmed Hicaz bölgesinde, Abdülkerîm b. Abdülazîz Suriye’de, Seyyid Safiyyüddin el-Îcî, Ahmed b. Fakīh Ali ed-Dimyâtî, ünlü âlimlerden Kemâleddin İbnü’l-Hümâm ile Emînüddin Aksarâyî Mısır’da; Ayasuluklu Şeyh Mehmed, Abdürrahîm-i Rûmî, Abdüllatîf el-Kudsî ve Kudsî’nin birçok halifesi ağırlıklı olarak Anadolu ve Rumeli’de faaliyet göstermiştir (bk. ZEYNİYYE ).
Tasavvuf anlayışını şeriat-tarikat-hakikat birlikteliği üzerine kuran Zeynüddin el-Hâfî, şeriat kurallarına riayet etmeden tasavvuf yolunda ilerlemenin mümkün olamayacağını vurgulamıştır. Ona göre bid‘atlarla kirlenen kalbin ibadet ve taatle nurlanması mümkün değildir. Bütün ârifler Ehl-i sünnet çizgisini takip etmek suretiyle yüksek derecelere ulaşmıştır. Dervişler mümkünse dört Sünnî mezhebin görüşünü cemederek uygulamalıdır. Sâlik zühde aykırı şeylerden feragat etmeli, şeyhine tam bir teslimiyet ve sevgiyle bağlanmalı, diğer şeyhlerin de hak olduğunu kabul etmekle birlikte Allah’tan kendisine feyzin sadece şeyhi vasıtasıyla geleceğine inanmalıdır (el-Veṣâya’l-Ḳudsiyye , vr. 4b , 5b -6a , 25b -27a ). Vahdet-i vücûd karşısında eleştirel bir tavır alan Hâfî’ye göre İbnü’l-Arabî’nin el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye ’sinde ve Fuṣûṣü’l-ḥikem ’inde ortaya koyduğu vahdet-i vücûd görüşü isabetli bir anlayış değildir (Menhecü’r-reşâd , vr. 76a-b ). Hâfî ayrıca, İbnü’l-Arabî’nin “hatm-i velâyet” (velîliğin en son mütekâmil temsilcisi) görüşüyle firavunun imanlı öldüğüne dair görüşüne de karşı çıkmış, onun kendisini hatm-i velâyet şeklinde takdim etmesini bir şathiye kabul etmiş, velîliğin en son mütekâmil temsilcisinin geleceği vaad edilen Muhammed el-Mehdî olduğunu söylemiştir (el-Veṣâya’l-Ḳudsiyye , vr. 22a ). Ona göre “îmân-ı ye’s” mahiyetindeki firavunun imanı makbul değildir (Menhecü’r-reşâd , vr. 76a-b ). Zeynüddin el-Hâfî’nin rüya tabirinde hayli mahir olduğu görülmektedir. el-Veṣâya’l-Ḳudsiyye ’sinde kaydettiği rüya yorumları derlenerek Ta‘bîrü’r-rü’yâ adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (TDK Ktp., A 37/1, vr. 1b -41a ). Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devri âlimlerinden Kutbüddinzâde İznikî de rüya yorumlarıyla ilgili et-Taʿbîrü’l-münîf ve’t-teʾvîlü’ş-şerîf adlı eserinde (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 1733) Hâfî’den pek çok alıntı yapmıştır.
Eserleri. 1. Mühimmâtü’l-vâṣılîn . 821’de (1418) kaleme alınan eserde akaid ve tasavvufa dair konular anlatıldıktan sonra tasavvuf ehlinde bulunması gereken özelliklere ve sapkın zümrelerin hatalarına işaret edilmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1391, vr. 11a -72b ).
2. el-Veṣâya’l-Ḳudsiyye . Hâfî, tasavvuf ve tarikat anlayışının temel esaslarını açıkladığı bu eserini müridlerin talebi üzerine 825’te (1422) Kudüs’te yazmış, Horasan’a gittiğinde bazı yerlerini değiştirerek son şeklini vermiştir. Birçok nüshası bulunan eserin Üsküdar Hacı Selim Ağa Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshasının (Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî, nr. 3496) müellif hattı olduğu belirtilmektedir. Eser Hâfî’nin önde gelen halifelerinden Muhammed Tebâdegânî tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir. Bir başka tercümesi Hacı Halîfe Bursevî’ye ait olup eserin başka Türkçe tercümeleri de vardır. Mütercimleri tesbit edilemeyen bu tercümelerin bir kısmında metne sadık kalınmış, bir kısmında bazı ilâve açıklamalara yer verilmiş, bazılarında ise kısaltmalar yapılmıştır. Bekir Köle eserle ilgili yüksek lisans çalışması yapmıştır (Zeynüddin Hâfî Hayatı Eserleri Tasavvuf Anlayışı ve el-Vasâya’l-Kudsiyye Adlı Eserinin Tahkîki , 2001, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
3. Menhecü’r-reşâd râ Vâṣıṭa-i Ṣalâḥ-ı İʿtiḳād-ı ʿİbâd . Müellif, Ehl-i sünnet inancını ve buna uygun tarikat anlayışını anlattığı bu Farsça eserini Herat’ta kaleme almıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., İsmihan Sultan, nr. 283, vr. 4b -77a ; Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 2829, vr. 1b -45a ).
4. Mirʾâtü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn (Risâle fi’t-taṣavvuf ). Tarikat ehli için gerekli bazı nasihatleri içeren birkaç sayfalık Arapça risâleyi H. T. Norris kısa bir değerlendirme yazısı ve İngilizce çevirisiyle birlikte yayımlamıştır (“The Mirʾât al-Ṭālibīn by Zain al-Dīn al-Khawāfī of Khurāsān and Herat”, BSOAS , LIII/1 [1990], s. 57-63), Âzer Midhat, Norris’in makalesini ve eseri Farsça’ya çevirmiştir (Mecelle-i Taḥḳīḳāt-ı Târîḫî , IV-V, Tahran 1369 hş., s. 81-99).
5. Ḥâşiye fi’t-taṣavvuf . Şehâbeddin es-Sühreverdî’nin ʿAvârifü’l-maʿârif adlı eserinin hâşiyesi olup (Manisa İl Halk Ktp., nr. 45, Hk. 1156) Ramazan 829 (Temmuz 1426) tarihinde tamamlanan eserde ʿAvârif ’teki bazı kelime ve cümlelerin izahı yapılmıştır.
Zeynüddin el-Hâfî bazı tasavvuf meseleleri, tarikatın silsilesi, seyrüsülûk âdâbı ve mertebeleri, müridin yeme içme, giyim kuşam ve davranış âdâbı gibi konularda çeşitli risâleler kaleme almıştır: Risâle der Maʿrifet-i Tevbe (Çorum Hasan Paşa İl Halk Ktp., nr. 19, Hk. 3237/3); Silsiletü’ṭ-ṭarîḳ ve lübsü’l-ḫırḳa ve’l-muṣâfaḥa (Silsiletü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye ) (İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 243); Der Beyân-i Leṭâʾif-i Sebʿa (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1420); Risâle fî âdâbi’ṣ-ṣûfiyye (Süleymaniye Ktp., Uşşâkī Tekkesi, nr. 23); Âdâb fi’s-sülûk (Süleymaniye Ktp., Murad Buhârî, nr. 210); Risâle fî umûrin lâ-büdde minhâ li-men kâne ʿaliyye’l-himme (Men âne ʿaliyye’l-himme fî sülûki’ṭ-ṭarîḳi’l-muḳarrebîn ; Risâle fi’s-sülûk ) (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1391); Reyḥânü’l-ḳulûb fi’t-tevessül ile’l-maḥbûb (Risâle fî fażîleti’ẕ-ẕikr ) (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Efendi, nr. 797). Hâfî tarikatta okunacak evrâd ve hizbi de derleyip bir araya getirmiş (metin için bk. Gümüşhânevî, II, 612-615), bu evrâd Alâeddin Ali b. Mûsâ Koçhisârî tarafından Şerḥu Evrâdi’z-Zeyniyye (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 200-201), Kutbüddinzâde İznikî tarafından Tenvîrü’l-evrâd (Süleymaniye Ktp., Amcazâde Hüseyin Paşa, nr. 290, vr. 1b -37b ) adıyla şerhedilmiştir. Müellif bunlardan başka Mühimmâtü’l-vâṣılîn adlı eserinin çeşitli bölümlerinde on iki adet risâlesinin daha adını kaydetmiştir. Abdurrahman-ı Câmî onun Emîr Kıvâmüddin Sincânî ile yazışmaları sırasında kaleme aldığı Farsça beyitlerinden birkaçını açıklamalarıyla birlikte yazmıştır (Lâmiî, s. 564). Zeynüddin el-Hâfî’ye dair Bekir Köle tarafından hazırlanan doktora çalışması (Zeynüddin-i Hâfî ve Eserlerinde Tasavvuf Görüşleri , 2009, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) daha sonra Zeynüddin Hâfî ve Tasavvufî Görüşleri adıyla yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 2011).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Zeynüddin el-Hâfî, el-Veṣâya’l-Ḳudsiyye , Süleymaniye Ktp., Murad Buhârî, nr. 210, vr. 4b , 5b -6a , 22a , 25b -27a .
a.mlf., Menhecü’r-reşâd , Süleymaniye Ktp., İsmihan Sultan, nr. 283, vr. 63a , 76a-b .
Asîlüddin Emîr Abdullah el-Hüseynî, Risâle-i Mezârât-ı Herât (nşr. Fikrî Selcûkī), Kâbil 1965, s. 88-89.
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , IX, 260-262.
Ali Şîr Nevâî, Nesâyimü’l-mahabbe min şemâyimi’l-fütüvve (haz. Kemal Eraslan), İstanbul 1979, s. 246-247, 295, 318-319, 396-397, 399, 408.
Reşehât Tercümesi , s. 91-92, 181-183.
Lâmiî, Nefehât Tercümesi , tür.yer.
Taşköprizâde, eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ , s. 68, 71-74.
Mecdî, Şekāik Tercümesi , s. 92, 269.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , II, 436-437.
Gazzî, el-Kevâkibü’s-sâʾire , I, 14-17, 134-135; II, 145.
Hulvî, Lemezât-ı Hulviyye , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Efendi, nr. 281, vr. 185a-b , 189a .
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 200-201; II, 2012.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , II, 399.
Hammer (Atâ Bey) , II, 153.
Harîrîzâde, Tibyân , II, vr. 59b -60a , 102a , 107a-b .
Hüseyin Vassâf, Sefîne , I, 263-264.
Ahmed Ziyâeddin Gümüşhânevî, Mecmûʿatü’l-aḥzâb , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok], II, 612-615.
Abdülhay el-Hasenî, Nüzhetü’l-ḫavâṭır , IV, 217.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 266.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 711.
J. S. Trimingham, The Sufi Orders in Islam , Oxford 1971, s. 78.
Reşat Öngören, Tarihte Bir Aydın Tarikatı: Zeynîler , İstanbul 2003, s. 11-31, 169-193.
a.mlf., “Zeynüddin, el-Ḥâfî Ebû Bekir b. Muḥammed”, Mv.AU , XI, 452-457.
M. E. Subtelny, Timurids in Transition Turco-Percian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran , Leiden 2007, s. 189, 235-236.
Bekir Köle, Zeynüddin Hâfî ve Tasavvufî Görüşleri , İstanbul 2011, tür.yer.
Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin, “Molla Fenârî”, TTEM , XVI/95 (1926), s. 383; XVII/96 (1928), s. 148.
H. J. Kissling, “Einiges über den Zejnîje Orden im Osmanischen Reiche”, Isl. , XXXIX (1964), s. 151-152.
Mahmûd Fâzıl Yezdî Mutlak, “Vaḳıfnâme-i Zeynüddîn Ebû Bekir Ḥâfî”, Mişkât , XXII, Meşhed 1989, s. 194-198.
H. T. Norris, “The Mirʾāt al-Ṭālibīn by Zain al-Din al-Khawāfī of Khurāsān and Herat”, BSOAS , LIII/1 (1990), s. 58-59.
A. Zeki Velidi Togan, “Herat”, İA , V/1, s. 438.
D. S. Margoliouth – [Ahmet Subhi Furat], “Zeynüddin”, a.e. , XIII, 556.
Hamid Algar, “Bahâeddin Nakşibend”, DİA , IV, 459.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 375-377 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.