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ZINKEISEN, Johann Wilhelm Skip to content (1803-1863)
Osmanlı tarihine dair eseriyle tanınan Alman tarihçi.
12 Nisan 1803’te Altenburg’da doğdu. Yüksek öğrenimine önce Jena ve Göttingen’de ilâhiyat tahsiliyle başladı, ancak Dresden’de doktorasını tarih sahasında yaptı (1826, Commentatio historico-critica de Francorum Majore domus ). Ardından Münih’e yerleşti. 1831’de Leipzig’de doçentlik çalışmasını (Samnitica Dissertation historico-critica ) bitirerek tarih ve siyasal bilimler alanında üniversite dışından doçent unvanını aldı. Daha sonra Yunan tarihiyle ilgilenmeye başladı. Kadim zamanlardan Sicilya Kralı Rogers’in Yunanistan seferine kadar gelen (1146) Yunanistan Tarihi ’nin ilk cildini yayımladı (Geschichte Griechenlands vom Anfange geschichtlicher Kunde bis auf unsere Tape , Leipzig 1832). Bunun üzerine Sachsen-Altenburg Dükü Friedrich tarafından profesör unvanıyla ödüllendirildi. Bu çalışmasında Zinkeisen, Mora’da Helen varlığının ortadan kalkıp bunun yerine başta Arnavutlar olmak üzere Slav halklarının iskânıyla etnik yapının tamamen değiştiğini ileri süren Fallmerayer’e karşı çıktı. 1840’ta genelde, İngiliz yazarı Thomas Gordon’un History of the Greek Revolution adlı iki ciltlik eserinin (Edinburg-London 1832) tercümesine dayanarak Yunanistan Tarihi ’nin III ve IV. ciltlerini yayımladı. Eserin, Kapodistrias’ın Yunanistan’a gelişinden Bavyera Prensi Otto’nun Yunan kralı olmasına (1835) kadar gelen son kısmı kendi kaleminden çıkmış, XII. yüzyılın ortalarından Yunan isyanına kadar gelen II. cildi ise neşredilmeden kalmıştır.
1832’de, geniş bir Avrupa devletleri tarihi projesiyle yola çıkan ve kendisinin de eski hocalarından olan Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren ve Friedrich August Ukert tarafından yapılan bir Osmanlı tarihi yazımıyla ilgili teklifi kabul etti (Zinkeisen, V, s. VI). Yedi cilt halinde yaklaşık 7000 sayfayı bulan bu zorlu iş Zinkeisen’e tarihçiler arasında seçkin bir yer kazandırdı. Başta Atina Üniversitesi olmak üzere Yunanistan’dan gelen davetleri oraların ilmen semeresiz durumunu göz önüne alarak geri çevirdi. Araştırma amacıyla 1836-1840 yıllarında Paris’te bulundu ve 1839’da burada evlendi. Almanya’daki çeşitli yayın organlarında Versay, Lafayette, Yakobinler ve genelde Fransa hakkında pek çok yazı neşretti; bu arada Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Avrupa’daki Tarihi (Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa [GOR]) adı altında hazırladığı sipariş eserin ilk cildini 1840’ta Hamburg’da yayımladı. Bu cildin hazırlanışında Paris’teki kütüphanelerin zengin mevcudundan, Bizans tarihçilerinin eserlerinden, ayrıca Venedik elçilerinin raporlarından istifade etti. Zinkeisen Türkçe bilmiyordu. Bu eksikliğini, Türk kaynak eserlerinin Joseph von Hammer’in de baş kaynağı olan Hoca Sâdeddin’e ait Tâcü’t-tevârîh ’in Antoine Galland tarafından yapılan çevirisi gibi az sayıdaki tercümelerden (Zinkeisen, I, s. IX) ve Joseph von Hammer’in Osmanlı Tarihi ’nden telâfi etmek zorunda kaldı. Yunanca ve Latince yanında hemen bütün Avrupa dillerindeki kaynakları rahatlıkla kullanabilen Zinkeisen, Osmanlı Devleti’nin ağırlıklı olarak Avrupa’daki tarihini ele almakla beraber Hammer’in, Osmanlı tarihinin ancak bu devletin kaynaklarının dilini bilenler tarafından yazılabileceğine dair görüşünü haksız çıkardı (Kreiser, s. 31).
Yine 1840 yılı içinde Leopold von Ranke’nin tavsiyesiyle Prusya Hariciye Nezâreti’nden resmî gazetenin (Staatszeitung ) redaktörlüğünü yapma teklifi aldı, böylece Berlin’e yerleşti. 1843’te gazetenin başka bir kimlik (Allgemeine Preussische Zeitung ) altında yayımlanmasında da aynı görevi sürdürdü. 1848 Martında diğer Avrupa merkezlerinde olduğu gibi Berlin’de de patlak veren ihtilâl esnasında evini basan ihtilâlcilerin hışmına uğrayınca istifa edip Berlin’den ayrıldı. Ancak mayıs sonunda geri çağrıldı ve yeni kurulan Prusya Staatsanzeiger gazetesinin başına geçti. Gazetenin 1851’de yayın hayatını sona erdirmesinin ardından kendisine bağlanan işsizlik parasıyla kalabalık ailesiyle mütevazi bir hayat sürmeye başladı ve ilmî çalışmalarına geri döndü. 1854-1857 arasında Gotha’da her yıl birer tanesi çıkmak üzere Osmanlı tarihinin II, III, IV ve V. ciltlerini yayımladı. Bu arada, 1852 ve 1853’te Der Jacobiner-Klub: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Parteien und der politischen Sitten im Revolutions-Zeitalter (Jakobin kulübü) adlı eserlerinin birinci ve ikinci kısımlarını, 1854 yılı içinde ayrıca Drei Denkschriften über die orientalische Frage von Papst Leo X, König Franz I von Frankreich und Kaiser Maximilian I aus dem Jahre 1517 (1517’deki Şark meselesine dair üç lâyiha) isimli kitabını neşretti.
Zinkeisen, şahsen tanıma fırsatı bulamadığı Joseph von Hammer’e (ö. 1856) eserinin pek çok yerinde kaynak olarak değinir ve önsözlerinde bazı değerlendirmeler yapar. Büyük ustanın eserine saygıyla yaklaşmakla beraber bazı tenkitlerde bulunmaktan da kaçınmaz. Hammer’in eserinin düzensiz olduğunu ve önüne gelen her malzemeyi kullanma alışkanlığı bulunduğunu, “pragmatik tarih yazımı” kaygısı taşımadığını, eserinin bir “bilgi ve malzeme deposu” haline dönüştüğünü, bilgi gösterişi yapan büyük tarihçinin zamanla kendi malzemesinin altında ezildiğini ve onu denetleyemez duruma geldiğini ileri sürer (Zinkeisen, V, s. VIII-IX). Zinkeisen tarihsel olayların sebep ve sonuçlarını araştıran, bunlardan bir ders çıkarmaya çalışan pragmatik tarih yazımı usulünden ayrılır; onun pragmatik tarih yazımından anladığı, olayları oluşumlarını gerçeğe uygun biçimde ele alıp kesintisiz anlatmaktır ve bu husus kendi ifadesiyle sabittir (a.g.e. , I, s. VIII; Kreiser, s. 31 vd.). Eserinin VI. cildinde Hammer’in on ciltlik eserinin bitiş sınırını (1774) aşan Zinkeisen, kendi eserini Abdülaziz’in tahta çıkışına (1861) kadar getirmeye niyetlenmekle beraber ölümünden kısa bir müddet sonra basılan (Gotha 1863) VII. cilt 1812 Bükreş Antlaşması’yla sona erer.
Müellif Hammer’i kullanırken ihtiyatı elden bırakmaz, onun kayıtlarını tashih ve tâdil edip tamamlama kaygısı taşır; ancak kaynak dili bilmediği için böyle bir tasarrufta bulunması pek mümkün olmaz. Osmanlı kaynaklarını tenkidî tarzda incelemesi ve böylece kullanması söz konusu edilemediğinden bunların mevcut tercümelerinden faydalanmaya yönelir. Ancak bunlar da ya yarım veya eksik metinler halinde neşredilmiştir yahut büyük kısmının tercümeleri yoktur, olanların da güvenilirliği kesin değildir. Hammer tarafından kullanılan ilk devirlere ait kaynak metinlerin zannedildiğinin aksine pek fazla değer taşımadığı kanaatinde ise de (Geschichte , I, s. IX; Prokosch, s. 435) yine de bunları kullanır, Tâcü’t-tevârîh ’ten iktibaslar yapar (Geschichte , I, 416). Öte yandan Naîmâ Târihi ’nin yetersiz tercümesine itibar etmeyerek eserinin III. cildinde Hammer’in Naîmâ’dan aktardığı bilgileri esas alır. Hammer’in Osmanlı kaynaklarını denetimsiz ve Avrupa kaynaklarıyla karşılaştırmadan kullanmasını eleştiren Zinkeisen, böylece meydana gelen hataların dökümünün müstakil bir kitap hacmine ulaşacağını ileri sürer (Geschichte , V, s. VIII). Osmanlı kaynaklarını kullanamayan Zinkeisen’in bu değerlendirmesi hiç şüphesiz önemli bir iddiadır (Prokosch, s. 436).
Zinkeisen’in Osmanlı tarihi kendi ismiyle uyuşmaz. Eser, Osmanlı tarihinden ziyade önde gelen Avrupa devletlerinin Osmanlı Devleti’yle olan münasebetlerine dairdir. XII. Karl’ın Büyük Petro ile amansız mücadelesinde (Geschichte , IV, 351-378), Napolyon’un imparator olarak tanınması gibi konularda (a.g.e. , VII, 361-387, 394) bu anlatım ikinci ve üçüncü devletlerin kendi aralarındaki ilişkilerin ayrıntısına bürünür. Mısır Valisi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa’ya ayrılan uzun sayfaların da (a.g.e. , VII, 163-193) eserin bu anlamda dengesini bozduğu açıktır (Prokosch, s. 436-437). Müellif eserini, genelde yabancı elçilerin raporlarından hareketle kaleme aldığı olayları onların gözüyle yazdığı için Osmanlı Devleti’nin gerçek tarihi asgari boyuta indirgenmiş olarak kalır. Zinkeisen’in binlerce sayfa tutan eserinin Osmanlı isimlerinden ziyade yabancı isimlerle dolu olması bu tesbite haklılık kazandırmaktadır. Özellikle bu sebepten ötürü Zinkeisen, Hammer ile beraber okunmalıdır (a.g.e. , s. 437).
Müellif Osmanlı tarih yazımını ele alışta, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Avrupa devletler topluluğuyla ilişkileri ve Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un diplomatik konumu ve devletin dâhilî durumu ile bunun siyasete etkileri olarak iki büyük amacı öne çıkarır. Böyle bir eserin zorluklarına dikkat çeker ve buna şimdiye kadar teşebbüs edilmediğini vurgular. I. cilt en eski tarihten İstanbul’un fethine kadar gelir ve hıristiyan Avrupa’nın içinde bulunduğu durumun Osmanlı yayılmasında önemli ölçüde yönlendirici bir etki icra ettiği gösterilmeye çalışılır. Bu anlamda Zinkeisen, Osmanlı tarih yazımının Avrupa’dan bağımsız biçimde ele alınmasının mümkün olmadığı düşüncesindedir. I. cildin önsözünden, üstlendiği işin zorluğunun idraki içinde bulunduğu anlaşılır. Zorlukların öncelikle malzeme tedarikinde ortaya çıktığını, tarihini yazmayı deneyeceği toplumun fikrî ve mânevî dünyasına girmenin gerekliliğini dile getirir. Osmanlı tarihinin yazılmasının Avrupa devletlerinden birinin tarihini yazmaya benzemediğini söyler. Bu ilk cildin yalnızca kendi çalışmaları ve araştırmalarının mahsulü olduğunu özellikle vurgular. Türkçe yazmalar ve kaynaklar için Hammer’e dayandığını, Osmanlılar’ın ilk dönemleri için bu tür yerli kaynakların zannedildiği kadar önem taşımadığını belirtir; matbu veya gayri matbu Avrupa kaynaklarının bu sahaya çok daha etkili katkılar sağladığını ifade eder. Bu beyanıyla Zinkeisen’in, yerli kaynaklar kullanılmadan Osmanlı tarihinin yazılamayacağı görüşünü ileri süren Hammer’e dolaylı bir cevap verdiği düşünülse bile bu iddiasında pek de haksız olmadığı açıktır. Konunun bu bağlamı, Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından Osmanlı tarihi yazma görevinin yabancı dil bilmeyen bir tarihçiye havale edilmesinin isabetsizliğini açıkça dile getirmiş olan, Şark’ın ve Garp’ın pek çok önemli kaynak dillerine vâkıf bir büyük tarihçinin itirazını hatırlatmaktadır. Akdes Nimet Kurat, bir dünya tarihi çerçevesinde Osmanlı tarihi yazımı görevinin İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya verilmesine bu gerekçeyle karşı çıkmaktaydı.
Zinkeisen, eserinin on dört yıl aradan sonra çıkan II. cildinin önsözünü 1854 Nisan ayı sonunda Berlin’de yazdı. Devletin yükselme dönemine rastlayan bu cildin de Osmanlı divanının Avrupa devletleriyle diplomatik ilişkileri boyutunda ele alındığı vurgulanır. Hıristiyan Avrupa’nın Osmanlılar karşısındaki perişanlığı, kendi içlerindeki bölünmüşlük ve mücadelenin bu devletin Avrupa istikametinde gösterdiği gelişmenin sebebi olarak öne çıkarılır. Müellif, II. cildin önsözünde Paris’te inceleme fırsatı bulduğu yazma eserler ve belge külliyatı üzerinde durur. İstanbul, Roma, Venedik kaynaklı olayların önemini vurgular. 1855 tarihli III. ciltte, 1856 tarihli IV, 1857 tarihli V ve 1859 tarihli VI. ciltlere yazdığı önsözlerde kullandığı kaynakları tanıtmaya devam eder; VI. ciltte, Berlin Kraliyet Kütüphanesi ve Prusya Mahrem Arşivi malzemelerinin kaynaklar arasında yer aldığını belirtir.
Diğer bir Osmanlı tarihçisi olan Nicolae Iorga (Jorga), kendi eserinin ilk üç cildine yapılan eleştirilerin acısını âdeta Zinkeisen’den çıkartmak istercesine onu Türkçe bilmediğinden ötürü tenkit eder, halbuki aynı şey kendisi için de geçerlidir. Iorga’nın Zinkeisen’in Osmanlı teşkilât tarihini ele alan III. cildine yaptığı eleştirilerin, bu ciltte siyasal ve toplumsal anlatıma yer verilmediğine ve bu açıdan bir Osmanlı tarihi sayılamayacağına dair olan iddiası (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi , I, 37-38) tartışmaya açık olmakla beraber bu cildin eserin en değerli kısmını teşkil ettiği muhakkaktır. Burada devlet teşkilâtına dair verilen bilgiler Hammer’dekilerden çok daha kapsamlı, tertipli ve faydalıdır (Prokosch, s. 440-441). Zinkeisen, eserin VII. cildine yazdığı Ekim 1862 tarihli önsözde Osmanlı-Rus-İngiliz münasebetlerine dair yeni bazı kaynaklara değinir. Abdülaziz’in tahta çıkışına kadar (1861) gelecek olan VIII. cildin kısa zaman içinde hazırlanacağına işaret eden Zinkeisen’in bu tasavvuru 5 Ocak 1863’teki ölümüyle sonuçsuz kalmıştır. Yunanistan Tarihi kısa zamanda unutulmaya terkedilen Zinkeisen’in yakın zamanlarda tıpkıbasımları yapılan ve Türkçe’ye de çevrilen Osmanlı Tarihi ile (I-VII, İstanbul 2011) yaşamakta olduğu muhakkaktır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Zinkeisen, Geschichte , I, s. VIII, IX, 416; IV, 351-378; V, s. VI, VIII-IX; VII, 163-193, 361-387, 394.
E. Friedlaender, “Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen”, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie , Leipzig 1900, XLV, 331-334.
H.-J. Kornrumpf, “Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen”, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas (ed. M. Bernath – F. v. Schroeder), München 1981, IV, 490-492.
K. Kreiser, “Clio’s Poor Relation: Betrachtungen zur osmanischen Historiographie von Hammer-Purgstall bis Stanford Shaw”, Das Osmanische Reich und Europa 1683 bis 1789: Konflikt, Entspannung und Austausch (ed. G. Heiss – G. Klingenstein), Wien 1983, s. 24-43.
N. Jorga, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi (trc. Nilüfer Epçeli), İstanbul 2005, I, 37-38.
E. Prokosch, “Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisens ‘Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa’”, Österreichische Osthefte , III, Wien 2004, s. 433-451.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 446-448 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.