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ZÎRÎLER Skip to content Kuzey Afrika’da ve Endülüs’te iki devlet kuran Berberî hânedanı.
1/2 Müellif: CUMHUR ERSİN ADIGÜZEL Bölüme Git
Sanhâce’nin en önemli kabilelerinden olan Zîrîler, İfrîkıye ile Mağrib-i Evsat arasında yerleşmiştir. Adını Zîrî b. Menâd’dan alan Zîrîler’in biri IV….
2/2 Müellif: CUMHUR ERSİN ADIGÜZEL Bölüme Git
Endülüs Zîrîleri (1013-1090). Endülüs’te Gırnata’da (Granada) Zâvî b. Zîrî b. Menâd es-Sanhâcî tarafından kurulmuştur. Hâcib Abdülmelik b. Mansûr’un, …
Sanhâce’nin en önemli kabilelerinden olan Zîrîler, İfrîkıye ile Mağrib-i Evsat arasında yerleşmiştir. Adını Zîrî b. Menâd’dan alan Zîrîler’in biri IV. (X.) yüzyılda Kuzey Afrika’da, diğeri V. (XI.) yüzyılın başında Endülüs’te devlet kuran iki kolu vardır.
Kuzey Afrika Zîrîleri (972-1148). Kuzey Afrika’da kurulan ilk büyük Berberî hânedanıdır. Hânedanın kurucusu Bulukkîn b. Zîrî’nin babası Zîrî b. Menâd bölgede Ağlebîler’in hizmetinde bulunmuş bir aileden gelmekteydi ve kendisi Fâtımîler’in hizmetinde çalışıyordu. Zîrî’nin mensup olduğu Sanhâce kabilesiyle Berberîler’in diğer önemli kolu Zenâte eskiden beri birbirine düşmandır. Bölgenin kontrolünü elinde tutmak isteyen Fâtımîler bundan faydalanarak, batıda Zenâte ile mücadelelerinde sınır güvenliğini sağlamak amacıyla Zîrî b. Menâd’dan 328’de (940) Eşîr’de bir şehir kurmasını istediler. Burayı mâmur bir şehir haline getiren Zîrî, Fâtımî başşehri Mehdiye’yi ele geçiren Ebû Yezîd en-Nükkârî öncülüğündeki Hâricî ayaklanmasına karşı yürütülen mücadelede 500 kişilik bir Sanhâce kuvvetiyle Fâtımî Halifesi Mansûr-Billâh’ın yanında yer aldı (334/945), bu hizmetinin karşılığında kendisine hil‘at verildi. Fâtımî hizmetinde çalışan oğlu Bulukkîn, Mağrib-i Evsat’ta Fâtımîler için tehlikeli duruma gelen Muhammed b. Hazer el-Mağrâvî ile mücadele etmekle görevlendirildi. Bulukkîn şiddetli geçen savaşın sonunda rakibine üstünlük sağladı. Bu başarısı üzerine Fâtımî Halifesi Muiz-Lidînillâh, Bulukkîn’i Mağrib valiliğine tayin ederek Kayrevan’a yerleştirdi (361/972) ve devletin idare merkezini Mısır’a naklederek bölgeden ayrıldı (İbn Haldûn, VI, 183). Bu tarihten itibaren Zîrîler şeklen Fâtımîler’e bağlı kalsalar da fiilen bağımsız hareket ettiler. Bulukkîn b. Zîrî’nin Trablus, Surt (Sirte) ve Ecdâbiye’nin kendisine verilmesi isteği de kabul edildi. 367’de (978) Trablus ve Sicilya dışındaki İfrîkıye ve Mağrib valilikleri Bulukkîn’e bırakıldı. Aynı yıllarda Endülüs Emevîleri bölgede nüfuzunu arttırmaya çalışıyordu. Nitekim 368’de (979) Zenâte hükümdarı olan Zîrî b. Atıyye, Endülüs Emevîleri adına bölgede biat almaya başladı. Dolayısıyla Zîrîler’in Zenâte ile mücadelesi Fâtımîler ile Endülüs Emevîleri’ni doğrudan ilgilendiriyordu. Bu sebeple Halife Muiz, Zîrîler’in daha fazla hizmet etmesini sağlamak için Zenâte’den alınacak toprakları Bulukkîn’in idaresine bırakacağını vaad etti. Bulukkîn b. Zîrî’nin 368-373 (979-984) yıllarında Zenâte’ye karşı düzenlediği seferler bunun bir sonucudur. Zenâte’yi mağlûp eden Bulukkîn, Fas ve Sicilmâse’yi ele geçirdi. Dönüş yolunda öldüğünde (373/984) yerine geçen oğlu Mansûr b. Bulukkîn (ö. 386/996) bağımsız bir hükümdar gibi hareket etmeye başladı. 374’te (985) ordusunu Sanhâce ile Zenâte arasında sürekli el değiştiren Fas ve Sicilmâse’ye gönderdi, fakat başarılı olamadı.
Mansûr’dan sonra hükümdar olan oğlu Bâdîs’in saltanatını sağlamlaştırmaya çalıştığı sırada Zenâteliler, Zîrî b. Atıyye liderliğinde Sanhâce topraklarına saldırdı. Bâdîs, büyük amcası Hammâd b. Bulukkîn’i Zîrî b. Atıyye ile mücadele için görevlendirdi ve zaptedeceği toprakları kendi idaresine bırakacağını vaad etti. Fakat Bâdîs ile amcası arasındaki anlaşmazlık bu sırada onları karşı karşıya getirdi. Bâdîs karşısında yenilgiye uğrayan Hammâd geri çekilmek zorunda kaldıysa da Zenâte üzerine giderek Mağrib-i Evsat’taki başarılı mücadelenin sonunda İfrîkıye’nin doğu bölgesinde Hammâdîler adıyla bağımsız bir devlet kurdu (405/1015). Böylece Zîrî b. Menâd soyundan ikinci bir hânedan ortaya çıkmış oldu. Bâdîs b. Mansûr 406 (1016) yılında Hammâdîler’in merkezi Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd’ın kuşatılması esnasında öldü. Yerine geçen oğlu Muiz devrinde (1016-1062) Zîrîler, Kuzey Afrika’daki en güçlü dönemlerini yaşadılar. Fâtımî halifeleri Hâkim-Biemrillâh ve Zâhir el-Fâtımî, Muizz’e elçi heyetleriyle hil‘at ve çeşitli hediyeler yollayıp “Şerefüddevle, Şerefüddevle ve Adudühâ” lakaplarını verdiler. 420’lerden (1029) itibaren Zîrîler eski rakipleri Zenâte karşısında önemli başarılar elde ettiler ve bölgedeki hâkimiyetlerini pekiştirdiler. Öte yandan Zîrîler donanma inşa ederek Sicilya üzerine seferler düzenlediler. 416’da (1025) Normanlar’ın Sicilya’da müslümanlara ait bazı yerleri alması üzerine Muiz hemen 400 parçalık bir donanma oluşturdu. Ancak Zîrî donanması Sicilya’ya giderken Kavsara adasına (Pantelleria) yaklaştığı sırada fırtınaya tutuldu ve büyük kayıp verdi. 417-426 (1026-1035) arasında Zîrî donanması Adriyatik’te ve Ege’de Bizans sahillerine hücum etti.
Muiz b. Bâdîs’in hutbeyi Fâtımî halifesi yerine Abbâsî Halifesi Kāim-Biemrillâh adına okutmaya başlaması ve kestirdiği sikkelerden Fâtımî halifesinin adını çıkartması Zîrîler’in düşüşünün başlangıcı oldu (441/1049 veya 443/1051). Fâtımî Halifesi Müstansır-Billâh, Muizz’i cezalandırmak için Araplar’dan Benî Hilâl ve Benî Süleym kabilelerini Kuzey Afrika’ya göç ettirdi. Böylece bir taraftan Zîrîler’den intikam alırken diğer taraftan kontrol altında tutulması zor olan bu kabilelerden gelebilecek zararları bertaraf etmeyi başardı. 11 Zilhicce 443’te (14 Nisan 1052) Kābis ile Kayrevan arasındaki Hayderan’da meydana gelen savaşta Muiz ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı. Kayrevan’ın Hilâlîler tarafından kuşatılması üzerine de 449 (1057) yılında buradan ayrılıp oğlu Temîm’in valilik yaptığı sahildeki Mehdiye’ye gitti. Ardından Kayrevan bedevî Araplar tarafından yağmalandı ve sahil şeridi hariç ülkenin tamamı Benî Hilâl’in eline geçti. İbn Haldûn, çekirge sürülerine benzettiği bu kabilenin istilâ hareketinin yıkıcı etkilerine dikkat çeker (el-ʿİber , VI, 193).
Temîm b. Muiz döneminde (1062-1108) Benî Hilâl’in istilâsı Zîrîler’i Sûse ve Kābis arasındaki sahil şeridine hapsetti. Zîrî donanmasının akınlarına misilleme olarak 480’de (1087) Ceneviz-Piza müttefik donanması Mehdiye ve Zevîle’yi işgal etti. Temîm bu saldırıyı durdurmak için 100.000 (veya 30.000, 80.000) dinar ödemek zorunda kaldı. Bu dönemin önemli olaylarından biri de 484’te (1091) Normanlar’ın Sicilya adasını ele geçirip İslâm hâkimiyetine son vermeleridir. Temîm’den sonra oğlu Yahyâ güçlü bir donanma inşa edip Cenova ve Sardinya üzerine çok sayıda akın yaptı. Onun ölümünden sonra oğlu Ali’nin Murâbıt Hükümdarı Ali b. Yûsuf’un Sicilya’ya düzenlediği sefere destek vermesi Zîrîler ile Sicilya Kralı II. Roger arasındaki ilişkileri bozdu. 516’da (1122) Murâbıtlar’a ait küçük bir filo Killevriye’deki (Calabria) Nikutra’yı (Nicotera) ele geçirdi. Bu hareketin arkasında Zîrîler’in olduğunu düşünen II. Roger, ertesi yıl Zîrîler’in elindeki Dîmâs Kalesi’ne saldırıp buradaki müslümanları öldürdü. Ali b. Yahyâ’nın ardından hükümdarlığa gelen Hasan b. Ali (1121-1148) Mehdiye surlarını tahkim ettirdi. II. Roger’in baskını bölgedeki Hilâlî Arapları’nın güçlü savunması karşısında sonuç vermedi. Zîrîler, II. Roger’in 530 (1136) veya 531 (1137) yılında Cerbe’yi ele geçirmesini de engelleyemediler.
II. Roger, Zîrîler’in denizden saldırılara devam etmeleri üzerine Zîrî topraklarına karadan hücum etmeye karar verdi. Kuraklık ve kıtlıkla geçen birkaç yılın sonunda Zîrîler’in daha da zayıfladıkları bir dönemde hazırlıklara başladı. 543’te (1148) Norman donanmasının kuşattığı başşehir Mehdiye bir süre sonra teslim oldu, böylece Kuzey Afrika’da Zîrîler dönemi nihayete erdi. Zîrîler’in son emîri Hasan b. Ali, Mehdiye’den ayrılıp Hammâdî hükümdarı kuzeni Yahyâ b. Azîz’e sığındı. Ardından Merakeş’i ele geçirip Murâbıtlar Devleti’ne son veren Muvahhid Hükümdarı Abdülmü’min el-Kûmî’ye katıldı (547/1152). Hasan b. Ali, Merakeş’te Muvahhid hükümdarını Mehdiye’yi Normanlar’dan geri alması için teşvik ediyordu. 10 Muharrem 555 (21 Ocak 1160) tarihinde Mehdiye geri alınınca şehre bir Muvahhid valisi yerleştirildi, Hasan b. Ali’nin de Zevîle’de oturmasına izin verildi. Burada sekiz yıl kalan Hasan b. Ali’yi Muvahhid Hükümdarı Yûsuf b. Abdülmü’min Merakeş’e çağırdı. Ancak Hasan, Merakeş yolunda 563’te (1167) öldü. Kazzâz, Rakīk el-Kayrevânî, Ebû İmrân el-Fâsî, Mekkî b. Ebû Tâlib, Mehdevî, İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, İbn Şeref el-Kayrevânî, Mücâşiî, Ali b. Abdülganî el-Husrî ve Abdülazîz b. Şeddâd dönemin tanınmış edip, tarihçi, şair ve âlimleri arasındadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Bessâm eş-Şenterînî, eẕ-Ẕaḫîre , IV/2, s. 613-615.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , I, 202.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil (nşr. M. Yûsuf ed-Dekkāk), Beyrut 1987, VIII-IX, tür.yer.
İbn İzârî, el-Beyânü’l-muġrib , I, 247-314.
İbn Ebû Zer‘, el-Enîsü’l-muṭrib , Rabat 1972, s. 107.
İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , I, 431-432.
a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-Maġribi’l-ʿArabî fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-vasîṭ: Aʿmâlü’l-aʿlâm (nşr. Ahmed Muhtâr el-Abbâdî – M. İbrâhim el-Kettânî), Dârülbeyzâ 1980, s. 59-84.
İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber , Beyrut 1413/1992, VI, 183-193.
H. R. Idris, La Berbérie orientale sous les Zīrīdes Xe -XIIe siècles , Paris 1962, I-II.
G. Marçais, “Zîrîler”, İA , XIII, 575-576.
Amin Tibi, “Zīrids”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 513-515.
Abdülkerim Özaydın, “Bulukkîn b. Zîrî”, DİA , VI, 414.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 460-462 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Endülüs Zîrîleri (1013-1090). Endülüs’te Gırnata’da (Granada) Zâvî b. Zîrî b. Menâd es-Sanhâcî tarafından kurulmuştur. Hâcib Abdülmelik b. Mansûr’un, Endülüs’ün kuzeyindeki hıristiyan krallıklara karşı yapılan uzun seferlere destek sağlamak için Kuzey Afrika’dan Endülüs’e davet ettiği Zâvî b. Zîrî, kardeşi Mâksen’in iki oğlu Hubâse ve Habbûs ile birlikte 388’de (998) Endülüs’e geçti. Endülüs’te Âmirîler dönemini sona erdiren iç isyanların ortaya çıkmasının ardından Zâvî b. Zîrî’ye ve beraberindekilere Kuzey Afrika’ya dönmeleri söylendiyse de İlbîre (Elvira) halkının onun himayesini istemesi üzerine Zâvî Endülüs’te kaldı. Önde gelen bazı Berberîler’le birlikte 402’de (1012) harekete geçen Hubâse b. Mâksen şiddetli bir mücadele neticesinde Kurtuba’da (Córdoba) çok sayıda kişiyi öldürdü. Ancak Hubâse bu esnada ağır biçimde yaralandı, ardından esir düştü ve feci şekilde öldürüldü. Ertesi gün Habbûs ile Zâvî kumandasındaki Zîrîler de Hubâse’nin intikamını ağır bir şekilde aldılar (İbn İzârî, III, 111-112). Endülüs Emevî Halifesi Süleyman b. Hakem 403’te (1013) Endülüs’ün bazı bölgelerini Berberî reisleri arasında taksim ederken İlbîre’yi Sanhâce’ye verdi (a.g.e. , III, 113). Ardından Halife IV. Abdurrahman kendisine tâbi olması için Zâvî b. Zîrî’ye mektuplar gönderdiyse de bir sonuç alamadı; ordusuyla Zâvî’nin üzerine yürümesi de netice vermedi. Zâvî b. Zîrî 403 (1013) yılında yeğeni Habbûs’u İlbîre’de bırakarak Gırnata’ya geçti ve burayı kendisine merkez edindi. Gırnata’da el-Kasaba’yı (Alcazaba) inşa ettirip idare merkezi yaptı ve surlarını tahkim ettirdi. Zîrîler’den önce küçük bir yerleşim yeri olan Gırnata onların döneminde mâmur bir şehir haline geldi (Himyerî, s. 45).
Zâvî b. Zîrî 410’da (1020) İfrîkıye’ye dönmek üzere Endülüs’ten ayrılınca yeğeni Habbûs Gırnata’da idareyi eline aldı (411/1021). Habbûs’un, yahudilerin Endülüs’teki en eski yerleşim birimlerinden Gırnata’nın yahudi tebaasından Ebû İbrâhim İsmâil (Samuel) b. Nağrâle’yi vezirliğe getirmesi ve emirliğin işlerini ona havale etmesi halk arasında tepkiye yol açtı (Makkarî, IV, 322). Habbûs’un ölümünden sonra oğlu Bâdîs’in hükümdarlığı devrinde (1038-1073) Zîrîler en parlak dönemlerini yaşadı ve Endülüs’ün önemli güçlerinden biri oldu. Bâdîs b. Habbûs, kuzeni Yiddîr ile yaptığı taht mücadelesini kazandıktan sonra, babasının ölümünün ardından Gırnata’yı kuşatmak üzere harekete geçen Meriye (Almeria) Emîri Züheyr el-Âmirî ile girdiği mücadelede galip geldi. Bâdîs’in Endülüs’te önemli Berberî liderlerinden biri haline gelmesi Berberî karşıtı siyaset takip eden Abbâdî Hükümdarı Mu‘tazıd-Billâh’ı rahatsız etti. Mu‘tazıd-Billâh, Berberîler’in elindeki Mûrûn (Morón), Erkûş (Arcos) ve Runde’yi (Ronda) bölgenin Abbâdî taraftarı Arap nüfusunun da yardımıyla topraklarına kattı (445/1053). Mu‘tazıd’ın ertesi yıl Cezîretülhadrâ’yı (Algeciras) kuşatması üzerine Bâdîs de Mâleka’yı (Malaga) almak için Abbâdî topraklarına doğru ilerledi ve şehri ele geçirdikten sonra el-Kasaba’nın inşasını tamamladı (Makkarî, I, 196).
Vezir İsmâil b. Nağrâle’nin 448’de (1056) ölümüyle oğlu Yûsuf (Joseph) vezirliğe getirildi. Yûsuf’un yahudileri kayırması Gırnata müslümanlarının tepkisine yol açtı. Ayrıca meşhur âlim İbn Hazm’a yazdığı bir reddiyede kullandığı bazı ifadeler yüzünden müslümanların tepkisini çekti. Endülüs kaynaklarında Yûsuf b. İsmâil, Bâdîs b. Habbûs’un muhtemel veliahdı Bulukkîn’in zehirlenmesi ve kendi hükümdarlığında bağımsız bir yahudi emirliği için yer tahsis etmesi karşılığında Meriye Emîri İbn Sumâdıh Mu‘tasım et-Tücîbî’ye Gırnata’yı teslim etme konusunda onunla anlaşma yapmakla suçlanmaktadır (İbn İzârî, III, 266). Bu süreçte yahudiler Gırnata’ya yakın bazı kaleleri İbn Sumâdıh’a teslim ettiler. Neticede Gırnata’da 459 (1066) yılında büyük bir isyan çıktı ve Yûsuf b. İsmâil ile birlikte çok sayıda yahudi öldürüldü. Bâdîs b. Habbûs’un hükümdarlığının son zamanlarında çıkan iç karışıklıklar Zîrî topraklarını ele geçirmek isteyen komşu emirlikler için bir fırsat teşkil etti. Hemen harekete geçen Mu‘tazıd, Mâleka’yı geri almak istediyse de başarılı olamadı. Bu arada İbn Sumâdıh da Vâdîâş’ı (Guadix) kuşatmıştı. Artan iç sorunlara rağmen Bâdîs, Abbâdîler’i Mâleka’dan uzaklaştırdığı gibi İbn Sumâdıh’tan Vâdîâş’ı ve isyan eden oğlu Mâksen’den de Ceyyân’ı (Jaén) kurtardı.
Bâdîs’in hükümdarlığının sonuna kadar Gırnata, Darro nehrinin batı kıyısına kadar kaleyle çevrili önemli bir şehirdi. Şehrin su ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere şehre getirilen suyu taksim etmek için kanallar ve sarnıçlar yapıldı. Bunlardan bir kısmı günümüze ulaşmıştır. Berberîler, Endülüs’te en geniş ve zengin topraklara Bâdîs b. Habbûs döneminde sahip oldular. Zîrîler saraylarını eski el-Kasaba bölgesinde kurdular, bu bölge zamanımızda Albaizin’in bir parçasıdır. Zîrî kalesinin ve büyük duvarının iki kapısı da zamanımıza intikal etmiştir. Darro nehri üzerinde Gırnata Kadısı Ali b. Muhammed b. Tevbe tarafından 447’de (1055) yaptırılan (İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , IV, 82), halk arasında Kantaratülkādî olarak bilinen ve hemen güneyindeki camiye bitişik olan köprü bugün de Puente del cadi (kadı köprüsü) adıyla anılmaktadır. Bâdîs’in mevlâsı olup Abdullah b. Bulukkîn tarafından vezirliğe getirilen Müemmel de Gırnata’da çok sayıda eser inşa ettirmiştir. Bâbü’l-Fehhârîn’deki halk hamamı ve Şenîl (Genil) nehri kıyısında yapılan, Müemmel’in ölümünden üç asır sonra İbnü’l-Hatîb’in dönemine ulaşan kavak mesireliği bunlardandır.
Bâdîs b. Habbûs hayatta iken torunu Temîm b. Bulukkîn’e Mâleka’nın idaresini vermişti. Onun ölümünün ardından Zîrî hükümdarı olan torunu Abdullah b. Bulukkîn döneminde (1073-1090) Zîrî toprakları iki kardeş arasında paylaşılmış durumdaydı. Abdullah’ın gençliğinden yararlanmak isteyen komşu emirlikler dikkatlerini Zîrî topraklarına yönelttiler. Bu durumu farkeden Abdullah b. Bulukkîn, İbn Abbâd el-Mu‘temid-Alellah’ın saldırısından kendini korumak için Kastilya Kralı VI. Alfonso ile ittifak kurdu ve karşılığında ona yıllık 10.000 dinar ödemek üzere anlaştı. Bu esnada Mu‘temid ile, yakın bir zamanda Kurtuba’yı topraklarına katan Zünnûnî Emîri Me’mûn b. Zünnûn arasındaki gerginlik Abdullah’ı bir süre rahatlattı. Birkaç yıl sonra Mu‘temid, Mürsiye’de (Murcia) bağımsız bir idare kurmaya çalışan veziri İbn Ammâr ile uğraşmak zorunda kaldı (471/1079). Bu arada Abdullah durumunu iyileştirme imkânı buldu ve topraklarına saldıran Mâleka’daki kardeşi Temîm ve Meriye Emîri İbn Sumâdıh’a karşı başarılı seferler düzenledi. Abdullah b. Bulukkîn, 478’de (1085) Tuleytula’yı (Toledo) ele geçiren ve Endülüs’te müslümanlar için gittikçe ciddi bir tehlike haline gelen Kastilya Kralı VI. Alfonso’yu durdurmak amacıyla Murâbıtlar’dan yardım isteyen Abbâdî Emîri Mu‘temid-Alellah ile birlikte hareket etti; Zellâka Savaşı’na (479/1086) ve Aledo Kalesi’nin kuşatılmasına katıldı. Aledo kuşatmasının başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmasının ardından (481/1088) kalelerini güçlendirmeye başladı.
Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’in Endülüs’e üçüncü geçişinden sonra (483/1090) Abdullah b. Bulukkîn’in elindeki kaleler Murâbıtlar’ın hâkimiyetine girmeye başladı. Gırnata halkı bazı vergilerden muaf tutulmak için kapılarını Murâbıtlar’a açtı. Öte yandan Abdullah’ın hizmetindeki Sanhâce birlikleri de Murâbıtlar’ın tarafını tutuyordu. 10 Receb 483’te (8 Eylül 1090) Murâbıtlar’a teslim olmak zorunda kalan Abdullah, Mağrib’in güneyindeki Ağmât’a sürgün edildi. Mâleka’daki kardeşi Temîm de kısa bir süre sonra önce Sûs’a sürüldü, ardından Merakeş’te ikametine izin verildi ve 488’de (1095) burada öldü. Abdullah b. Bulukkîn, Ağmât’ta iken yazdığı et-Tibyân ʿani’l-ḥâdis̱eti’l-kâʾine bi’d-devleti Benî Zîrî fî Ġırnâṭa adlı hâtıratında, Kadı İbnü’l-Küley‘î’nin ve birtakım küskün memurların, kendisini Murâbıtlar’a karşı Kastilya kralı ile ittifak yapmakla itham ederek Murâbıtlar nezdinde karaladığını söyler. Zîrîler’in Endülüs’e gelişinden Endülüs’ün Murâbıt hâkimiyetine girmesine kadar olan süreci kapsayan bu eser özellikle V. (XI.) yüzyılda Endülüs’teki ayrışma ve iki düşman grubun ortaya çıkışı (Endülüslüler ve Berberîler), bazı toprakların Berberî kabile reisleri arasında taksim edilmesi, Habbûs b. Mâksen ve oğlu Bâdîs’i Endülüslüler veya Berberîler yerine yahudi vezir seçmeye iten etkenler gibi konularda önemli bilgiler içermektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Abdullah b. Bulukkîn, et-Tibyân (nşr. Emîn Tevfîk et-Tîbî), Rabat 1995.
İbn Bessâm eş-Şenterînî, eẕ-Ẕaḫîre , I/2, s. 766-769; IV/2, s. 613-615.
İbnü’l-Kerdebûs, Târîḫu’l-Endelüs (nşr. Ahmed Muhtâr Abbâdî), Madrid 1971, s. 67, 104-105.
İbn İzârî, el-Beyânü’l-muġrib , III, tür.yer.
İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , I, 431-443; III, 331-333, 379-381; IV, 82.
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İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber , Beyrut 1413/1992, VI, 210-214.
Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , V, 124-125.
Himyerî, er-Ravżü’l-miʿṭâr , s. 45.
Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , I, 196; IV, 322.
A. Domínguez Ortiz, Historia de Andalucía II: La Andalucía dividida (1031-1350) , Barcelona 1980, s. 22-31.
M. Abdullah İnân, Devletü’l-İslâm fi’l-Endelüs: Düvelü’ṭ-ṭavâʾif , Kahire 1408/1988, s. 120-146.
M. J. Viguera Molís, Los Reinos de taifas. Al-Andalus en el siglo XI , Madrid 1994, VIII/1, s. 39-51.
M. I. Calero Secall – V. Martínez Enamorado, Málaga, ciudad de al-Andalus , Málaga 1995, s. 316-319.
Bilal Sarr, La Granada Zirí: 1013-1090 , Granada 2011.
E. Lévi-Provençal, “Zîrîler”, İA , XIII, 576-577.
Amin Tibi, “Zīrids”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 515-516.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 462-463 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.