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ZÜBEYR b. BEKKÂR Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh ez-Zübeyr b. Bekkâr b. Abdillâh el-Kureşî el-Esedî ez-Zübeyrî el-Medenî el-Mekkî (ö. 256/870)
Kadı, ensâb âlimi, tarihçi ve hadis râvisi.
172’de (789) Medine’de doğdu. Mensup olduğu kabileye nisbetle Kureşî, Esed b. Abdüluzzâ boyuna nisbetle Esedî, büyük ceddi Zübeyr b. Avvâm’ın ailesine mensubiyeti dolayısıyla Zübeyrî, doğduğu ve kadılık yaptığı yerlere nisbetle de Medenî ve Mekkî diye anılır. Zübeyr’in mensup bulunduğu ulemâ ailesinin Medine’de özel bir yeri vardı. Abbâsî Halifesi Mehdî-Billâh bu aileye yakın ilgi göstermiş, Bağdat’a davet ettiği bazı aile mensuplarına Bâbülbasra civarındaki araziyi iktâ etmiş ve kendilerini “ensar” olarak adlandırmıştır. Bunların arasında büyük bir şair ve hatip, aynı zamanda Mehdî’nin yakın dostu ve sohbet arkadaşı olan dedesi Abdullah b. Mus‘ab Yemâme’ye, daha sonra da Hârûnürreşîd tarafından Medine’ye vali tayin edilmiştir. Onun 184’te (800) vefatı üzerine yerine “Bekkâr” diye meşhur oğlu Ebû Bekir getirilmiş, o da vefatına kadar (195/811) bu görevde kalmış, dirayeti ve iyilik severliğiyle bölge halkının sevgisini kazanmıştır (Zübeyr b. Bekkâr, Cemheretü nesebi Ḳureyş , I, 132, 163-165; Mus‘ab b. Abdullah ez-Zübeyrî, s. 242). İyi bir eğitim aldığı kabul edilen Zübeyr’in çocukluğu ve yetişmesiyle ilgili kaynaklarda hemen hiçbir bilgi yoktur. Ailesinin siyasî ve idarî hayattaki mevkii yanında amcası ile birlikte onun ilimde temayüz ettiğine bilhassa işaret edilmelidir. Kitâbü Nesebi Ḳureyş müellifi amcası Mus‘ab b. Abdullah ez-Zübeyrî (ö. 236/851) ailenin tarih ve bilhassa ensâb alanında ilk mümessilidir. Aynı zamanda Zübeyr’in yetişmesinde önemli rol oynamış ve yeğeninin iyi bir âlim olacağını ifade etmiştir (Hatîb, VIII, 468). Medine gibi önemli bir ilim merkezinde yetişmesi de Zübeyr’in ilmî şahsiyeti üzerinde derin etkiler bırakmıştır. Zübeyr’in babası ve amcasından başka İbn Zebâle, Muhammed b. Dahhâk b. Osman, İbrâhim b. Münzir el-Hizâmî, Ebû Damre Enes b. İyâz el-Leysî, Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Medâinî, Nadr b. Şümeyl el-Mâzinî gibi sayıları kırka ulaşan ilim adamından faydalandığı bilinmektedir. Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’ın birkaç defa Bağdat’a gittiği, Abbâsî saray çevresine girdiği, oradaki âlimlerle görüşüp kendilerinden rivayet konusunda icâzet aldığı, ayrıca hadislerini rivayet ve eserlerini kıraat ettiği kaydedilmektedir. Zübeyr’in Irak’a gidiş sebebi hakkında bilgi veren tek tarihçi olan İbnü’l-Esîr onun Medine’deki Alevîler’le arasının açıldığını ve kendisini tehdit etmeleri üzerine 227 (841-42) yılında Irak’taki amcasının yanına sığındığını, bu durumunu Halife Mu‘tasım-Billâh’a anlatıp bir çare bulmasını istemeyi düşündüğünü, ancak amcasının halifenin esasen kendilerini himaye ettiğini ve ona tekrar başvurmayı uygun görmediğini söylediğini belirtir (el-Kâmil , VI, 526).
Halife Mütevekkil-Alellah, Zübeyr’i oğlu Ebû Ahmed Talha’nın eğitimiyle görevlendirdi; ona çeşitli ihsanlarda bulunduktan sonra Sâmerrâ’ya gitmesini emretti; oğluna da Medine fıkhını öğrenmesi için Zübeyr’in yanından ayrılmamasını tembih etti. Zübeyr, Zenc isyanındaki başarılarından dolayı kendisine “el-Muvaffak-Billâh” lakabı verilen, ancak halife olamadan vefat eden bu öğrencisinin adını el-Aḫbârü’l-muvaffaḳıyyât adlı kitabıyla ebedîleştirmek istedi. Aynı zamanda Sâmerrâ’da ders takrirlerinde büyük ihtimalle Medine’de yazdığı Cemhere’sini okutmaya devam etti. Zübeyr’in bu dönemde kabile şeceresi esasına göre Kureyş’in tarihini yazdığı ve kitabın ilim çevrelerinde ilgi uyandırdığı bilinmektedir. Nitekim onun bu eserini okuyan İshak el-Mevsılî kendisine eserinin aslında bir ensâb değil ahbâr (tarih) kitabı olduğunu söyledi, Zübeyrî de cevabında onun yazdığının “egānî” değil “meânî” kitabı olduğunu bildirdi (Hatîb, VIII, 469). 242’de (857) hacca gitmek için Feth b. Hâkān el-Fârisî vasıtasıyla Mütevekkil’den izin alan Zübeyr daha sonra Mekke’ye kadı tayin edildi. Bu arada bir sened kaydında, Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’ın Mekke kadısı bulunduğu sırada Sâmerrâ şehrinde 246 (861) yılında İbn Zebâle’den naklen onun Hz. Peygamber’in hanımlarına dair risâlesini tahdis etmesi dikkat çekmekte ve kendisinin Irak seyahatlerine devam ettiğini göstermektedir (el-Münteḫab min Kitâbi Ezvâci’n-nebî , nşr. Sekîne eş-Şihâbî, s. 23). İbnü’n-Nedîm, Zübeyr’in vefatından üç yıl önce Bağdat’ı son defa ziyaret ettiğini kaydeder (el-Fihrist , I/2, s. 341). Zübeyr b. Bekkâr, Mekke’de kadılık yaparken Ahmed b. Süleyman et-Tûsî’nin ifadesine göre ensâb kitabını birlikte okuduktan üç gün sonra Zilkade 256 (Ekim 870) tarihinde seksen dört yaşında vefat etti ve Hacûn Mezarlığı’nda Ali b. Îsâ el-Hâşimî’nin yanına defnedildi.
Zübeyr b. Bekkâr ensâb ve ahbârü’l-Arab sahasında büyük bir âlim, aynı zamanda hadis râvisi, fakih, edip ve şair olarak temayüz etmiştir. Dârekutnî, Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Begavî ve Zehebî gibi âlimler kendisini sika kabul etmiştir. Sadece Ahmed b. Ali el-Bîkendî es-Süleymânî, Zübeyr’i hadis uydurmakla itham edip “münkerü’l-hadîs” diye nitelemiştir. İbn Hacer, Zübeyr’in ensâb konusunda İbn Zebâle, Âmir b. Sâlih ez-Zübeyrî gibi zayıf râvilerden haber almasından dolayı Ahmed b. Ali’nin bu suçlamayı yaptığını, Zehebî ise Süleymânî’nin görüşüne itibar edilemeyeceğini söylemiştir (Cemheretü nesebi Ḳureyş , neşredenin girişi, I, 55-57). Ahmed b. Hanbel, İbn Mâce, İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ gibi muhaddisler kendisinden hadis rivayet etmiştir. Kureyş tarihine dair haberleriyle şairlerin hayatı ve başka kaynaklarda bulunmayan şiirleri hakkında birçok tarihçi ve tabakat âlimi onun çalışmalarından faydalanmıştır. Sened usulüyle rivayetlerini eserlerine alanlar arasında İbn Kuteybe, Belâzürî, İbn Cerîr et-Taberî, Ahmed b. Süleyman et-Tûsî, talebesi Sa‘leb, İsmâil b. Abbas el-Verrâk, Ebû Hâtim Muhammed b. İdrîs er-Râzî, Vekî‘, Ali b. Hüseyin el-Mes‘ûdî, Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî, İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî, Yâkūt el-Hamevî, İbn Abdürabbih, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî ve Süyûtî gibi isimler zikredilebilir. Bu müellifler içinde, el-Eġānî adlı eserinde onun kitaplarından şairler ve şiirleriyle ilgili 600’den fazla yerde iktibaslar yapan Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî’nin ayrı bir yeri vardır. Eserlerinden yapılan nakiller incelendiğinde kendisinin geniş bir ilmî birikime sahip olduğu, dikkati ve edebî ifadeleriyle temayüz ettiği anlaşılır.
Eserleri. İbnü’n-Nedîm, Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’ın çoğu tarih, ensâb, şiir ve edebiyatla ilgili otuz üç kitap ve risâlesinin adını vermekte, bu isimler diğer kaynaklarda da tekrarlanmaktadır. Bu arada onun eserlerinden yapılan iktibaslar sebebiyle beş ayrı kitabının varlığına dikkat çekilmiştir (el-Fihrist , I/2, s. 341-342; ayrıca bk. Sezgin, I/2, s. 147-149; Varol, sy. 15 [2003], s. 193-195). Ancak aşağıdaki üç kitabı dışında bu eserlerden hiçbiri zamanımıza ulaşmamıştır. Zübeyrî kitaplarının isimlerinden anlaşıldığına göre Mekke ve Medine tarihiyle yakından ilgilenmiştir. Bazı şairlerin hayatını ve şiirlerini “ahbâr” başlığı altında ele almak suretiyle Câhiliye devri ve İslâmî dönemdeki Hicaz Arap edebiyatına çok değerli katkılarda bulunmuştur.
1. Cemheretü nesebi Ḳureyş ve aḫbâruhâ (Kitâbü’n-Neseb ). Zübeyr’in bu eseri, amcasının eserinden farklı bir formatta Kureyş kabilesinin ensâbı esasına göre yazılmış çok daha geniş bir ahbâr kitabıdır. Bu anlamda Belâzürî’nin Ensâbü’l-eşrâf ’ına öncülük eden eser, onun kaynakları arasında yer aldığı gibi bu telif türünün de öncüsü olmuştur. Müellif amcasının kitabından geniş biçimde faydalanmış, oradan aldığı haberleri açıkça zikretmiştir. Eserinde kabile kurucusundan önce çocuklarının şeceresini kaydedip hayatlarını anlatmış ve kabile tarihini bu şekilde yazmıştır. Amcasının kitabındaki kısa bilgileri genişletmiş, şairlerin günümüzde başka kaynaklarda bulunmayan şiirlerine yer vermiş, bazı yanlış bilgileri düzeltmiş, şiir tenkidini ilgilendiren açıklamalar yapmış, bilhassa kadınların soylarını kaydetmeye itina gösterip onlardan rivayet almıştır. Yirmi üç bölümden meydana gelen Cemhere’nin zamanımıza tam bir nüshası ulaşmamıştır. Oxford Bodleian Kütüphanesi’ndeki yazma kitabın ikinci yarısını, 13-23. bölümleri ihtiva etmektedir. İstanbul Köprülü Kütüphanesi’nde bu bölümlerin beşte birini içine alan bir başka nüsha vardır. Eserin 13-17. bölümleri Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’ın kabilesi Esed b. Abdüluzzâ oğullarına tahsis edilmiş, büyük dedesi Abdullah b. Zübeyr b. Avvâm’ın çocuklarına, ardından diğer Kureyş kollarına yer verilmiştir. Mahmûd Muhammed Şâkir 13-17. bölümleri tahkik edip I. cilt olarak yayımlamış (Kahire 1381), ancak müsvedde halinde hazırladığı II. cildi neşre muvaffak olamamıştır. Bu baskının sonunda yer alan “el-Müstedrek”te (s. 529-570) Mahmûd Muhammed Şâkir ve Hamed el-Câsir’in metinde yer alan bazı eksik ve yanlışlıkları düzelttikleri notları eklenmiştir. Abdüddâr b. Kusay oğullarının, bunların arasında Hz. Ebû Bekir, Abdurrahman b. Avf, Hâlid b. Velîd ve Hz. Ömer’in çocuklarının ele alındığı kitabın 17-23. bölümlerini el yazısıyla müsvedde halinde neşre hazırlayan Mahmûd M. Şâkir vefat edince Hamed el-Câsir bu metni de ekleyip kitabın mevcut 13-23. bölümlerinin tamamını iki cilt halinde neşretmiştir (Riyad 1419/1999). Bu baskıda, birinci baskının sonunda bulunan düzeltme ve ilâveler metnin içine dipnotu olarak alınmış, Abbas Hânî el-Çerâh da (al-Charaq) eserin on üç ayrı indeksini hazırlamıştır. İndeksleri Hamed el-Câsir’in isteğiyle hazırlayan Çerâh, Mahmûd M. Şâkir’in mevcut yazmaların önce yüzde kırkını neşrettiğini, kendisinin indeksini yaptığı ikinci baskıda ise müsvedde halindeki metnin yayımlanmasından dolayı birçok okuyuş ve baskı hatasının varlığını tesbit etmiş, bu sebeple metni yeniden neşretmeye karar vermiştir. Kitabın sonuna “Tetimme” başlığı altında, çeşitli kaynaklardan derlediği Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’a ait 100 sayfadan fazla rivayet metinlerini de (II, 193-298) eklemiştir (I-II, Beyrut 2010). İbnü’l-Ecdâbî eseri hem özetlemiş hem de ilâvelerde bulunmuştur.
2. el-Aḫbârü’l-muvaffaḳıyyât . Zübeyr b. Bekkâr bu eserini bir plan ve konu bütünlüğü içerisinde kaleme almamıştır. Müellif kendi zamanında veya daha önceki devirlerde yaşayan halife, emîr, vali, kâtip, edip ve şairlerle âlimlerin başından geçen olayları, ayrıca bazı nükteleri, ilmî ve edebî tartışmaları, bazı hutbe ve mektupları çok kısa diyaloglar halinde şiirlerle süsleyerek bir araya getirmiştir. Eseri tahkik edip yayımlayan Sâmî Mekkî el-Ânî’nin tesbitine göre bu kitapta yer alan haberlerin bir kısmı başka kaynaklarda bulunurken çoğuna herhangi bir kaynakta rastlanmamış, bir kısmı da diğer kaynaklardan daha geniş biçimde ve farklı râviler yoluyla nakledilmiş, haber ve bilgilerin tamamı isnad sistemiyle kaydedilmiştir. Irak bölgesi haberlerine daha fazla yer verilen, Hicaz ve Suriye’den de bahsedilen eserin belli başlı kaynakları arasında amcası Zübeyrî’nin yanı sıra Medâinî, İbn Sellâm el-Cumahî gibi şahsiyetler vardır. Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’ın edip ve şairliğinin izleri bu kitapta da görülmekte, başka kaynaklarda, hatta bazı şairlerin kendi divanlarında bile bulunmayan şiirleri kaydedilmektedir. On dokuz bölüm halinde düzenlenen bu eserin de tam bir nüshası günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Eserin 16-19. bölümleri, ilk defa H. Ferdinand Wüstenfeld’in Ebû Abdullah ed-Dımaşkī’ye nisbet ederek Die Familie el-Zubeir (Üsretü’ [ʿAşîretü] Zübeyr ) adıyla 1878’de Göttingen’de yayımladığı kitabın “Mus‘ab b. ez-Zübeyr” (Muç’ab ben el-Zubeir) başlığını taşıyan ikinci bölümünde (s. 61-112) Almanca tercümesiyle birlikte neşredilmiştir. Sâmî Mekkî el-Ânî 16-19. bölümleri içine alan Göttingen nüshası ile 15-19. bölümleri ihtiva eden Basra’daki Abbâsiye (Âlü Baş A‘yân) Kütüphanesi’nde mevcut nüshaya dayanarak eseri tahkik edip neşretmiş (Bağdat 1392/1972), bu baskının sonuna (s. 573-635) İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd’in Şerḥu Nehci’l-Belâġa ’sı başta olmak üzere İbn Hacer’in el-İṣâbe ’si gibi kitaplarda Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’dan yapılmış iktibasları da eklemiştir. Bu ilâvelere eserin ikinci baskısında yer verilmemiştir (Beyrut 1416/1996).
3. Aḫbâru Ebî Dehbel el-Cumaḥî . Şairin divanına ve hayatına dair bu risâle F. Krenkow tarafından “The Diwan of Abu Dahbal al-Gumahi” adıyla yayımlanmıştır (JRAS [1910], s. 1017-1075).
Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’ın telifleri arasında yer alan Kitâbü Aḫbâri’l-ʿArab ve eyyâmihâ ’nın II. cildinin Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunduğu (Cârullah Efendi, nr. 1579) kaydedilmişse de metinde yer alan bazı müellifler ve râvileri Zübeyr’den sonra yaşadığından bu yazmanın ona ait olmadığı açıktır. Diğer taraftan Şam’da Zâhiriyye Kütüphanesi’nde bir mecmua içindeki (nr. 41, vr. 124b -135a ) el-Münteḫab min Ezvâci’n-nebî adlı risâle Ekrem Ziyâ el-Ömerî tarafından tahkik edilerek İbn Zebâle’nin telifi ve Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’ın rivayeti olarak yayımlanmıştır (Medine 1401/1981). Aynı risâlenin İbn Asâkir’in Târîḫu medîneti Dımaşḳ ’ının önemli kaynakları arasında olduğunu tesbit eden Suriyeli araştırmacı Sekîne eş-Şihâbî ise yazmayı aynı adla Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’ın telifi olarak tahkik edip neşretmiştir (Beyrut 1403/1983). Ancak kaynaklarda Zübeyr’in bu isimle bir risâlesi kaydedilmemiştir. Bu hususu göz önüne alan Sekîne eş-Şihâbî risâlenin Kitâbü Nesebi Ḳureyş ’in bir bölümü olabileceğini ileri sürmüştür (el-Münteḫab min Ezvâci’n-nebî , neşredenin girişi, s. 10). Risâlenin adı İbn Zebâle’nin eserleri arasında da geçmektedir. Yazma nüshasındaki kayıtta Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’ın yalnızca râvi olduğu görüldüğünden risâlenin onun kitapları içinde zikredilmesi doğru değildir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Zübeyr b. Bekkâr, Cemheretü nesebi Ḳureyş ve aḫbâruhâ (nşr. Mahmûd M. Şâkir), Kahire 1381, I, 132, 163-165, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 55-57.
a.mlf., el-Aḫbârü’l-muvaffaḳıyyât (nşr. Sâmî Mekkî el-Ânî), Bağdad 1392/1972, bk. neşredenin girişi.
a.mlf., el-Münteḫab min kitâbi Ezvâci’n-nebî (nşr. Sekîne eş-Şihâbî), Beyrut 1403/1983, bk. neşredenin girişi.
İbn Zebâle, Münteḫab min kitâbi Ezvâci’n-nebî (nşr. Ekrem Ziyâ el-Ömerî), Medine 1401/1981.
Mus‘ab b. Abdullah ez-Zübeyrî, Nesebü Ḳureyş (nşr. E. Lévi-Provençal), Kahire 1953, s. 242.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (nşr. Eymen Fuâd Seyyid), London 1430/2009, I/2, s. 340-343.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , VIII, 467-471.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , XI, 161-165.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , VI, 526.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XII, 311-317.
Fâsî, el-ʿİḳdü’s̱-s̱emîn , IV, 427-429.
Sezgin, GAS (Ar.) , I/2, s. 147-149.
W. Werkmeister, Quellenuntersuchungen zum Kitāb al-ʿIqd al-Farīd des Andalusiers Ibn ʿAbdrabbih , Berlin 1983, s. 391-397.
Hasan Îsâ Ali el-Hakîm, el-Muntaẓam li’bni’l-Cevzî , Beyrut 1985, s. 339-341.
İhsan en-Nas, Kütübü’l-ensâbi’l-ʿArabiyye , Dımaşk 1421/2001, s. 225-241.
S. Leder, “Prosa-Dichtung in der Ahbâr-Überlieferung”, Isl. , LXIV (1987), s. 6-41.
a.mlf., “Zubayr b. Bakkār”, EI2 (Fr.) , XI, 595-596.
M. Bahaüddin Varol, “Zübeyr b. Bekkâr (172-256/789-870): Hayatı, Eserleri ve İslam Tarihçiliğindeki Yeri”, SÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 15, Konya 2003, s. 189-206.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 524-526 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.