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ZÜFER b. HÜZEYL Skip to content Ebü’l-Hüzeyl Züfer b. el-Hüzeyl b. Kays el-Anberî el-Basrî (ö. 158/775)
Ebû Hanîfe’nin öğrencisi, Hanefî mezhebinin imamlarından biri.
110 (728) veya 111 (729) yılında babasının İsfahan valiliği sırasında bu şehirde doğdu. Babası, Temîm kabilesinin Anberoğulları kolundan Basra’ya yerleşmiş önde gelen bir aileye mensuptur, annesi İranlı bir câriyedir. Aynı zamanda akrabası olan Basra Kadısı Haccâc b. Ertât’ın belirttiğine göre Züfer’in dili/konuşması Arapça idi, ancak siması Acem’e benziyordu (Hüseyin b. Ali es-Saymerî, s. 112). Hayatının ilk dönemi hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur. Kevser, Herseme ve Sabah adında üç erkek kardeşinin olduğu kaydedilmiştir (M. Zâhid el-Kevserî, s. 5). Kûfe’ye ne zaman geldiği belli değilse de kendi ifadesine göre yirmi yıldan fazla bir süre Ebû Hanîfe’nin halkasına devam ettiği bilindiğinden 130 (748) yılından yani yirmi yaşından önce buraya gelmiş olmalıdır. Muhtemelen babasının 128’de (746) vefatını müteakip İsfahan’dan ayrılıp Irak’a (Basra-Kûfe) dönmüştür.
Önceleri ehl-i hadîs meclislerine devam etti ve hadis alanında oldukça ilerledi. Kendisine sorulan fıkha dair sorular karşısında içinde bulunduğu ehl-i hadîs çevresinin yetersiz kaldığını görünce dönemindeki pek çok parlak öğrenci gibi, Ebû Hanîfe’nin Kur’an ve Sünnet üzerinde tahliller yaparak çıkarımlarda bulunma şeklindeki fıkıh/re’y yöntemine ilgi duydu ve onun ilim halkasına katılmaya karar verdi. Bu sebeple hem ehl-i hadîs hem ehl-i re’y kaynaklarında kendisi için, “Başlangıçta hadis ashabındandı, sonra fıkıh/re’y ona galip geldi” ifadesi geçer. Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî ise başta re’y ashabından olduğunu, hayatının sonuna doğru bu anlayıştan vazgeçip kendini ibadete verdiğini söyler (Ẕikru aḫbâri İṣbahân , I, 317). Ancak Hanefî menâkıb kaynaklarında Züfer “Fıkıhla ibadeti birleştirdi” denilerek övülür. Ebû Nuaym’ın ifadesini yorumlayan Kevserî de ibadetle re’yi karşıt gören anlayışı eleştirir, ayrıca Ebû Hanîfe ashabından fıkhı bırakıp ibadete yönelen kişinin Züfer’in yakın arkadaşı Dâvûd et-Tâî olduğunu söyler. Kevserî, Züfer’in ölüm hastalığı sırasında bile fıkhî meseleleri tartışmayı sürdürdüğünü gösteren bir anekdota dayanarak onun hayatının sonuna kadar fıkıhla meşgul olmaya devam ettiğini kaydeder (Lemeḥâtü’n-naẓar , s. 15-16).
Züfer’den sünen sahibi pek çok kişi rivayette bulunduğu gibi birkaç istisna dışında muhaddisler onu sika, mütkın, sadûk gibi sıfatlarla nitelemişlerdir. Bu sebeple Züfer, hadis rivayetinde muhaddisler nezdinde diğer ehl-i re’y mensuplarına nisbetle daha olumlu bir konumdadır. Yahyâ b. Maîn, Fazl b. Dükeyn, Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh gibi hadis hâfızları ve İbn Hibbân, İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Zehebî gibi tabakat müellifleri Züfer’i sika saymıştır. A‘meş, Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Ensârî, İbn İshak, Yahyâ b. Abdullah et-Teymî, İsmâil b. Ebû Hâlid, Eyyûb es-Sahtiyânî, Zekeriyyâ b. Ebû Zâide ve Saîd b. Ebû Arûbe Züfer’in kendilerinden hadis rivayet ettiği hocalarından bazılarıdır. Ondan hadis rivayet edenler arasında Abdullah b. Mübârek, Şakīk-ı Belhî, Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî, Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh, Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Hakem b. Eyyûb, Şeddâd b. Hakîm, Ebû Âsım en-Nebîl, Ebû Vehb Muhammed b. Müzâhim el-Mervezî, Fazl b. Dükeyn gibi önemli isimler mevcuttur. Şakīk-ı Belhî’nin fıkıh ilmini Züfer’den tahsil ettiğine dair bir rivayet vardır (Zehebî, s. 230). Hadis rivayeti açısından Züfer’i eleştirenler bulunmakla birlikte onların bu eleştirileri muhtemelen, herhangi bir somut delilden ziyade onun re’y taraftarı olmasından ve başlangıçta ehl-i hadîsin yanında iken saf değiştirmesinden kaynaklanmıştır. Çünkü erken dönem muhaddisleri arasında re’y taraftarlığı bir cerh sebebi olarak görülürdü. Kevserî bunu dönemsel bir olgu diye yorumlamaktadır (Lemeḥâtü’n-naẓar , s. 21-25). Züfer’in hadis rivayetlerinden örnekler Ebû Nuaym’ın Târîḫu İṣbahân (Ẕikru aḫbâri İṣbahân ), Ebü’ş-Şeyh’in Ṭabaḳātü’l-muḥaddis̱în bi-İṣbahân ve Hatîb’in Târîḫu Baġdâd ’ı gibi onun hal tercümesine yer veren eserlerde mevcuttur. Züfer’in Ebû Hanîfe’den el-Âs̱âr adıyla bir rivayet eseri naklettiği ve Ebû Vehb ile Şeddâd b. Hakîm vasıtasıyla rivayet edilen kendisine ait iki hadis nüshası bulunduğu kaynaklarda belirtilmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 13).
Ebû Hanîfe’nin ders halkasına katıldıktan sonra bu ilim meclisinin Ebû Yûsuf’la birlikte en önemli iki üyesinden biri olan Züfer hocasının 150 (767) yılında vefatından sonra meclise başkanlık etmeye başladı. Ebû Hanîfe’nin fıkhı kendileriyle beraber tedvin ettiği öğrencileri arasında öne çıkan Ebû Yûsuf ile Züfer hakkında karşılaştırmalı birçok değerlendirme aktarılmakta, menâkıb tarzındaki bu hikâyeler -doğruluğu bir yana- ikisi arasında bir tür çekişmenin bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ebû Hanîfe’nin ölümünün ardından Züfer’in en azından meclis üyeleri nezdinde daha üstün tutulduğu, muhtemelen bu sebeple Ebû Yûsuf’un kendisine ait ayrı bir grup oluşturduğu söylenebilir. Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh’tan yapılan bir nakle göre başlangıçta Züfer’in meclisi dolup taşarken Ebû Yûsuf birkaç kişi ile ders yapmak zorunda kalıyordu. Vekî‘in Ebû Hanîfe’nin vefatından sonra sabahları Züfer’in, öğleden sonra Ebû Yûsuf’un ilim halkasına devam ettiği, fakat ardından sadece Züfer’i tercih ettiği, yine Vekî‘in Züfer için, “Sen Allah’ın imamdan bize mirasısın” dediği rivayet edilir. Fazl b. Dükeyn de, “İmam ölünce Züfer’e mülâzım oldum, çünkü Züfer, Ebû Hanîfe ashabının en sağlamı ve en ince nazara sahip olanıydı” demiştir (a.g.e. , s. 9-11).
Hocasının vefatından sonra bir süre Kûfe’de onun ders halkasını devam ettiren Züfer’in şöhreti anlaşıldığı kadarıyla kabile ve akrabalarının etkin olduğu Basra’ya kadar ulaştı. Bir miras davası için Basra’ya gittiğinde Basra’nın ileri gelenleri orada kalması için kendisine ısrar edince o da bunu kabul etti. Ebû Yûsuf, Kûfe’de Ebû Hanîfe’nin halkasını bundan sonra devralmış olmalıdır. Ebû Hanîfe’den çok kısa bir süre ders alan genç Muhammed b. Hasan önce Züfer’in meclisine katıldı ve muhtemelen onun Basra’ya yerleşmesinin ardından Ebû Yûsuf’a öğrencilik yaptı. Kaynaklarda Züfer’in Basra’da Ebû Hanîfe’nin görüşlerini yaymada çok başarılı olduğu belirtilir. Daha Ebû Hanîfe hayatta iken öğrencisi Yûsuf b. Hâlid es-Semtî’yi Basra’da Kûfe fıkhını anlatmak için görevlendirdiği, fakat Semtî’nin, hocasının kendi ders halkasını kurmada acele etmemesi yönündeki tavsiyesine uymadığı için başarısız kaldığı, öte yandan Züfer’in gelmesiyle durumun tamamen değiştiği rivayet edilir. Züfer’in yöntemi hakkında nakledilen rivayet bu duruma ışık tutmaktadır. Basralılar, Ebû Hanîfe’nin ismine ve görüşlerine hoş bakmazlardı. Züfer hocasının tavsiyesi doğrultusunda, Basra’da hâkim olan fıkıh meclislerine ve özellikle Osman el-Bettî’nin takipçilerine alternatif bir ders halkası oluşturmak yerine bir süre bu meclislere katıldı; buralarda konuşulan meseleler ve özellikle meselelerin dayandırıldığı temeller (usul) hakkında onların yaklaşımını anlamaya çalıştı. Bunları kavradıktan sonra onların cüzi meseleler – genel ilkeler (fürû-usul) ilişkisi konusundaki tutarlılıklarını sorguladı; muhatapları onun ileri sürdüğü tutarsızlıkları kabul edince kendi metot ve görüşlerini açıkladı. Görüşleri benimsenince bunların Ebû Hanîfe’nin görüşleri olduğunu belirtti ve Basra’da mevcut Ebû Hanîfe’nin ismine karşı olumsuz tavrı bu şekilde ortadan kaldırdı (Hüseyin b. Ali es-Saymerî, s. 110; M. Zâhid el-Kevserî, s. 18-19). İbn Abdülber ve muhtemelen onu izleyen Abdülkādir el-Kureşî ile Takıyyüddin et-Temîmî, Züfer’in Basra’da kadılık yaptığını söyleseler de kendisi 158’deki (775) vefatına kadar Basra’da kadılık yapanlar arasında bulunmadığından bu bilgi tarihî gerçeklerle uyuşmamaktadır. Belki de Züfer, Basra kadılığına iki defa tayin edilen öğrencisi Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Ensârî ile karıştırılmıştır (Vekî‘, II, 154, 157; M. Zâhid el-Kevserî, s. 26).
Züfer’in tartışma üslûbu ve yöntemi hakkında bilgi veren bazı kaynaklarda onun, “Ben biriyle tartışırken karşımdaki kişi delirinceye kadar devam ederim” dediği ve etrafındakilerin delirmekten neyi kastettiğini sorduklarında, “Karşımdaki kişi söylememesi gereken saçma şeyler söylemeye başlayınca” şeklinde cevap verdiği aktarılır. Bir başka rivayete göre Züfer mescidde bir sütunun yanında, Ebû Yûsuf da onun karşısında oturur, fıkıhla ilgili konularda münazara ederlerdi. Züfer bilgelikte sağlamdı ve yerinde hiç hareket etmeden tartışırdı, dili tatlıydı; Ebû Yûsuf ise münazarada huzursuz olur ve sürekli hareket ederdi (Hüseyin b. Ali es-Saymerî, s. 110-111). Ebû Hanîfe’nin fıkıh meclisinde bulunan öğrencileri ve arkadaşlarını mukayese eden kaynaklar Züfer için ittifakla, “O içlerinde en çok kıyasçı olandı” ifadesine yer verirler. Bu ifade, kıyası iyi kullanmak mânasına gelebileceği gibi istihsan ve kıyasa göre farklı hükümler verilebilen fıkhî meselelerde kıyasa sadık kaldığı mânasına da gelebilir. Zira birçok kıyas-istihsan karşıtlığında Züfer’in diğerlerinin aksine kıyası tercih ettiği bilinmektedir (örnek için bk. Kâsânî, I, 11; İbnü’l-Hümâm, III, 309; VI, 296). Belki de Züfer, Şâfiî gibi kıyası terkedip istihsana gitmenin sakıncalı olduğunu düşünüyordu. Bu durum onun ehl-i hadîs çevrelerinde sevilmesini de izah edebilir; zira ehl-i hadîs çevreleri genelde aklî yöntemlere karşı olmakla beraber özellikle istihsana ve maslahata çok daha şiddetle karşı çıkmışlardır ve pek çoğu aklî yöntemler arasında sadece kıyasa yer vermiştir.
Ebû Hanîfe’nin kendisinden sonra ders halkasını devam ettiren öğrencisi olmasına rağmen Züfer, Hanefî mezhebi imamları arasında ilk sıralarda yer almaz. Mezhebin fetva, usul ve âdâbına ilişkin yerleşik kurallarına göre, Hanefî mezhebinde kendisi mutlak müctehid olmayan bir müftü fetva verirken öncelikle İmâm-ı Âzam’ın görüşünü esas alır; daha sonra Ebû Yûsuf ve ardından Muhammed gelir. Züfer dördüncü sırada, Hasan b. Ziyâd beşinci sıradadır. Bununla birlikte ilk üç imamın görüşlerine muhalefet ettiği, sayısı yirmiye kadar çıkarılan meselede Züfer’in görüşleri mezhepte “müftâ bih” kabul edilmiştir. Nitekim Züfer’in mezhepte tercih edilen görüşlerine dair bir risâle kaleme alan Pîrîzâde İbrâhim, bazı eski kaynaklarda onun mezhep görüşü haline gelen sekiz meselenin zikredildiğini, Şelebî’nin ise on dört meseleden söz ettiğini kaydetmekte (el-Ḳavlü’l-ezher , s. 37), kendisi risâlesinde on sekiz meseleyi ele almaktadır. Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hamevî’nin ʿUḳūdü’d-dürer adıyla nazmettiği eser günümüze ulaşmış olup Abdülganî en-Nablusî bu manzumeyi Nuḳūdü’s-sürer şerḥu ʿUḳūdi’d-dürer , İsmâil Ebü’ş-Şâmât ise Sülûkü üli’n-naẓar bi-ḥalli ʿuḳūdi’d-dürer adıyla şerhetmiştir (Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, II, 1201-1202). Kendisi de bu konuda manzume kaleme alan İbn Âbidîn, Züfer’in görüşlerinin mezhep görüşü kabul edildiği meselelerin sayısını yirmiye çıkarmış (Pîrîzâde İbrâhim, s. 52-54), Abdüllatîf b. Abdurrahman el-Molla, İbn Âbidîn’in eserini dikkate alarak bu yirmi meseleyi açıklayan bir risâle yazmıştır.
İmam Züfer’in mezhepte fetvaya esas alınan görüşlerinden bazıları şunlardır: Namazı kıyam, rükû ve secde ile kılmaktan âciz olan kimse Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre kolayına geldiği şekilde oturarak kılar; Züfer ise namazda kabul edilmiş bir oturma biçimi bulunması sebebiyle teşehhüddeki gibi oturulması gerektiğini savunur. Ancak fetvada esas alınan görüşün Züfer’e ait olduğuna bazı itirazlar vardır (İbn Nüceym, II, 199-200). Zâhirü’r-rivâyeye göre bir kimsenin dava vekili aynı zamanda dava sonunda malı teslim almaya da (kabz) vekildir. Züfer ise dava vekilliğiyle kabz vekilliğinin ayrı şeyler olduğunu söylemiştir. Dava vekillerinin malı teslim almaları bazı suistimallere yol açtığından mezhepte Züfer’in görüşü tercih edilmiştir (Pîrîzâde İbrâhim, s. 39). Osmanlı döneminde de zaman zaman Züfer’in görüşlerinin benimsendiği görülür. Molla Yegân bir meselede Züfer’in görüşünü benimsediği için eleştirilmiş, fakat daha sonra haklı bulunmuştur. Şeyhülislâm Kemalpaşazâde, mebîin teslimi konusunda zamanın şartlarının Züfer’in görüşüne göre fetva vermeyi gerektirdiğini söylemiş, aynı şekilde çokça tartışılan para vakıflarının meşruiyetinde Züfer’in görüşüne atıf yapılmıştır. Haremeyn fakirleri için kurulan bir vakfın gelirinin Hanefî mezhebinin üç imamına göre başka fakirler için de harcanabileceği kabul edildiği halde Ebüssuûd Efendi bir fetvasında Züfer’in görüşünü tercih edip bunun başkasına harcanmasını kabul etmemiştir (Mahmûd b. Süleyman el-Kefevî, vr. 106b , 107a-b ).
Züfer fıkhî görüşlerinde genellikle hocası Ebû Hanîfe’nin usulünü izlemiştir; hatta, “Ben hangi görüşte Ebû Hanîfe’ye muhalefet ettiysem biliniz ki benim o görüşüm Ebû Hanîfe’nin daha önceki bir görüşüdür” ve, “Ben Ebû Hanîfe’nin görüşlerine nasıl aykırı görüş beyan ederim? O hayatta iken ne zaman ondan farklı bir görüş ileri sürsem benimkinin hatalı olduğuna beni her zaman ikna etmiştir” dediği nakledilir (M. Zâhid el-Kevserî, s. 20). Züfer’in imamların tamamına aykırı görüşler de beyan ettiği, bunlardan bir kısmının benimsendiği dikkate alınırsa onun yukarıdaki sözlerini Ebû Hanîfe’nin öncü rolünü vurgulamak amacıyla söylenmiş sözler olarak anlamak gerekir. Züfer’in, hocasına fürû meselelerindeki muhalefeti bir yana diğer imamlardan farklı ilkeleri de (usul) mevcuttur. Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar ’da onun İmâm-ı Âzam ve İmâmeyn’e dokuz asılda muhalefet ettiği belirtilir. “Bir şey bir hükümde başka bir şeyin yerine geçtiğinde bütün hükümlerde o şeyin yerine geçmiş kabul edilir”; “Bir akdin geçerliliği veya geçersizliği sonradan oluşacak şeylere bağlı olarak değişmez, yani fâsid akid sahihe inkılâp etmez”; “Bölünemeyen bir şeyin bir kısmının varlığı bütününün varlığı mânasına gelmez, sadece o kısmın varlığı mânasındadır”; “Az ve ufak şeyler af (yok) hükmünde değildir” şeklindeki ilkeler bunlardan bazılarıdır.
İmam Züfer’in mezhepte merkezî bir yer işgal etmemesi, onun farklı görüşlere sahip olmasından veya mezhebin esası haline gelen istihsana karşı kıyasta ısrar etmesinden ziyade Hanefî mezhebinin oluşum süreciyle açıklanabilir. Çünkü Hanefîliğin bir mezhep olarak ortaya çıkması, Muhammed b. Hasan’ın eserlerinin mezhebin esasları ve temeli (zâhirü’r-rivâye) kabul edilmesinin bir neticesidir. Dolayısıyla Züfer’in erken bir dönemde Kûfe’den ayrılıp Basra’ya yerleşmesi ve genç yaşta ölmesi muhtemelen Muhammed b. Hasan üzerindeki etkisinin sınırlı olmasına yol açmıştır. Muhammed b. Hasan, Ebû Hanîfe’nin yaklaşımını ve mirasını büyük ölçüde Ebû Yûsuf kanalıyla öğrenmiş, eserlerine aldığı görüşleri de Ebû Hanîfe-Ebû Yûsuf-Muhammed üçlüsü çerçevesinde tasarlamıştır. Dolayısıyla Züfer’in veya Hasan b. Ziyâd’ın görüşleri mezhebin zâhirü’r-rivâyede değil nâdirü’r-rivâye olarak adlandırılan ikinci derecede görüşler arasında yer bulabilmiştir.
Günümüze Züfer’in herhangi bir eseri ulaşmamıştır, ancak kaynaklarda ondan rivayet edilen bazı hadis/eser mecmuaları zikredilmektedir. Ayrıca Hanefî mezhebinin temel kitaplarında ve özellikle nâdirü’r-rivâye literatüründe görüşleri sıkça nakledilir (meselâ Serahsî, I, 6, 39, 47; Nâtıfî, s. 38, 40, 102). Bunların önemli bir kısmı İḫtilâfü Züfer ve Yaʿḳūb adlı bir eserden alınmıştır (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 32). Serahsî ve Nâtıfî eserin adını bazan Şerḥu İḫtilâfi Züfer ve Yaʿḳūb şeklinde (el-Mebsûṭ , IV, 92; el-Ecnâs , s. 102), Cessâs ise “şerh” kelimesini eklemeden İbn Şücâ‘a nisbet etmiştir (Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân , V, 363). Bu durumda kitabın adında geçen şerh kelimesinin yanlış olduğu ve aynı kitaptan söz edildiği kanaati ağır basmaktadır. İbn Şücâ‘, Hasan b. Ziyâd’ın talebelerinden İbnü’s-Selcî olmalıdır. Ayrıca Necmeddin en-Nesefî, fıkhî ihtilâflara dair Manẓûmetü’l-ḫilâfiyyât adlı eserinde Züfer’in diğer imamlardan ayrıldığı hemen hemen bütün konulardaki görüşlerini müstakil başlık altında toplamıştır (vr. 74b -89b ).
Züfer’in öğrencisi Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Ensârî hocasının görüşlerini aktarmada önemli kanallardan biri olsa da Ensârî’nin kendisinin de hiçbir eseri günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Ancak Nâtıfî’nin el-Ecnâs ve’l-furûḳ ’unun vakıf bölümünde onun bir eserinden bol alıntılar mevcuttur. Meselâ Züfer’in para vakfına dair görüşü Ensârî’nin Kitâbü’l-Vaḳf adlı bir eserinden nakledilmiştir. Ancak alıntılar bu görüşün Züfer’e mi yoksa Ensârî’nin kendisine mi ait olduğunu açıkça ortaya koymamakta, hatta el-Ecnâs ’ta ilgili meselede (s. 410) Züfer’in adı hiç geçmemektedir. Bununla birlikte söz konusu görüş literatürde Züfer’e nisbet edilmiş, Osmanlı hukukçuları arasındaki para vakfıyla ilgili tartışmada cevaz görüşünü savunan Ebüssuûd Efendi ve sonraki hukukçular Züfer’in görüşüne dayandıklarını belirtmiştir. Ebüssuûd’un yine Züfer’in görüşüne dayanıp geliştirdiği para vakıflarını tescil usulü Osmanlı hukuk uygulamalarında yaygın bir yöntemdir (Mahmûd b. Süleyman el-Kefevî, vr. 632b -633b ). Çağdaş dönemde Züfer’in hayatına ve görüşlerine dair ilk defa M. Zâhid el-Kevserî müstakil bir eser yazmış, ardından yüksek lisans ve doktora düzeyinde çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmış, bunların bir kısmı yayımlanmıştır (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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