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SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I Skip to content (ö. 479/1086)
Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı (1075-1086).
Selçuk Bey’in torunu Kutalmış’ın oğludur. Kutalmış, Sultan Alparslan karşısında giriştiği savaşta yenilgiye uğrayıp kaçarken atından düşüp ölmüş (455/1063), çocukları Süleyman Şah, Mansur, Alp İlig ve Devlet (Dolat), Alparslan tarafından esir alınmıştı. Nizâmülmülk, Kutalmış’ın bütün çocuklarının öldürülmesini isteyen Alparslan’a bunun devlete hayır getirmeyeceğini söyleyip engel olmuştu. Süleyman Şah ve kardeşleri bu dönemde Urfa-Birecik taraflarında bir tür sürgün hayatı yaşadılar. Süleyman Şah, Sultan Melikşah tahta çıktığı sıralarda kardeşleriyle birlikte, Bizans hâkimiyetindeki Anadolu’da Fırat ırmağı boylarında ve Urfa dolaylarında fetihlerde bulunduktan sonra Orta Anadolu’ya geçerek fetih harekâtına burada devam etti. Bu dönemde, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’ne tâbi olarak Filistin’de bir Türkmen beyliği kurup fetihlere devam eden Atsız b. Uvak’a karşı bir tavır içinde olan emîrlerinden Şöklü, Fâtımîler yönetimindeki Akkâ’yı fethedip Atsız’dan ayrılarak bir beylik kurmak için bazı girişimlerde bulundu. Süleyman Şah’ın kardeşlerinden birine, kaynaklarda adı verilmemekle birlikte muhtemelen Alp İlig’e mektup göndererek hizmetinde bulunmak istediğini, sultanın ailesinden sayılmayan Atsız’a tâbi olmayacağını, eğer Atsız’ı yenebilirlerse Fâtımîler’in de kendilerine yardımda bulunacağını, böylece Suriye ve Filistin’e kolayca hâkim olacaklarını söyledi ve onu Filistin’e davet etti. Kutalmışoğlu, kardeşi Devlet ve amcası Resul Tegin’in bir oğlu ile beraber Taberiye’ye gidip Şöklü’ye katıldı ve Fâtımî Devleti’ne tâbi olduğunu ilân etti. Bunu haber alan Atsız, harekete geçip Şöklü ve müttefiki Kutalmışoğulları’nı Taberiye’de yenilgiye uğrattı (467 sonları / Temmuz 1075), esir aldığı Şöklü’yü ve oğlunu öldürttü, Kutalmışoğulları’nı koruma altına aldı ve durumu bir elçiyle Sultan Melikşah’a arzetti. Kardeşlerinin ve amcasının oğlunun esir alındığını öğrenen Süleyman Şah, Kuzey Suriye’ye inip Selçuklu vasalı Mirdâsî Emîri Celâlüddevle Nasr b. Mahmûd’un yönetimindeki Halep’i kuşattı. Nasr, bir süre Süleyman Şah’la savaştıktan sonra ona bir mektup göndererek sultanın nâibi olduğunu, eğer ona itaat ediyorsa kendisine vereceği bir miktar mal ve parayla Halep’ten ayrılması gerektiğini söyledi. Bunun üzerine kuşatmayı kaldıran Süleyman Şah daha güneydeki Selemiye’ye gelip karargâh kurdu. Bu arada Emîr Atsız b. Uvak’a haber yollayarak kardeşlerinin ve amcasının oğlunun kendisine gönderilmesini istedi. Atsız, Süleyman Şah’ın bu isteğini yerine getirmeyip durumu Sultan Melikşah’a arzettiğini bildirdi. Ardından sultandan gelen bir emirle Kutalmışoğulları’nı ve amcalarının oğlunu bu sırada Bağdat’ta bulunan Aytekin es-Süleymânî’ye gönderdi, o da başşehir İsfahan’a yollayıp sultana teslim ettirdi. Daha sonra Bizans yönetimindeki Antakya’yı kuşatan Süleyman Şah, Vali Isaakios Komnenos ile 20.000 dinar karşılığında barış yaparak kuşatmayı kaldırdı. Halep civarında Atsız’a yardıma gelmekte olan 3000 Türkmen atlısına saldırdı ve mallarını yağmalayıp Antakya yöresine döndü.
Anadolu’da yeniden fetihlere başlayan Süleyman Şah, kısa zamanda Orta Anadolu üzerinden daha önce Selçuklu akıncılarının harekâtta bulunduğu Marmara denizi yönüne hareket ederek İznik’i fethetti ve burasını temellerini atmakta olduğu Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin başşehri yaptı. Azîmî, Süleyman Şah’ın İznik’i 467 (1075) yılında ele geçirdiğini kaydeder (Azimî Tarihi , s. 16, trc. s. 21). Bu rivayeti esas alan bazı Selçuklu tarihçileri Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin bu tarihte, bazıları ise 1078-1081 yılları arasında kurulduğunu kabul etmiş, bu konuda başka görüşler de ileri sürülmüştür (Kafesoğlu, TED , sy. 10-11 [1981], s. 1-28). Sultan Melikşah, Süleyman’a bu başarısından dolayı kendisini Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti hükümdarı olarak tanıyan bir menşur, Abbâsî Halifesi Kāim-Biemrillâh da hil‘at ile “Nâsırüddevle, Ebü’l-fevâris, Rüknüddin” unvan ve lakaplarını verdiğini bildiren bir ferman gönderdi. Süleyman Şah’ın kendi adına para bastırıp hutbe okuttuğuna dair bir kayıt bulunmamaktadır. Bu sebeple kurduğu devletin hukukî bakımdan Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’ne tâbi olduğu söylenebilir. Nitekim kaynaklarda Sultan Melikşah’a tâbiiyetine dair açık ifadeler yer almaktadır.
Süleyman Şah’ın İznik’i fethettiği sıralarda Bizans’ın siyasî durumu karışıktı. Rumeli ordusu kumandanı Nikephoros Bryennios ile Anadolu ordusu kumandanı Nikephoros Botaneiates, İmparator Mikhail Dukas’a karşı ayaklanarak imparatorluklarını ilân etmişlerdi. Kütahya’dan İstanbul’a yürüyen Botaneiates, Sultan Alparslan’a isyan edip Bizans’a sığınan Erbasgan’ı Süleyman Şah’a göndererek ittifak teklifinde bulundu. Süleyman Şah bu teklifi kabul etti ve 2000 kişilik bir kuvvet gönderdi. Botaneiates, Bizans tahtını ele geçirip imparator oldu (1078). Bizans’ın bu karışık durumundan faydalanan Süleyman Şah devletinin sınırlarını Marmara ve Karadeniz yönlerinde genişletti. Kısa zamanda Bursa çevresiyle Kocaeli yarımadasını ele geçirerek Üsküdar ve Kadıköy’e doğru ilerledi, hatta Anadolu kıyılarında gümrük daireleri kurup Boğaz’dan geçen gemilerden vergi almaya başladı. Böylece İstanbul Boğazı, Selçuklu-Bizans sınırlarını oluşturmuş oldu. Süleyman Şah’ın Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’ni kurmasının ardından kalabalık Türkmen kitlelerinin Azerbaycan’dan Anadolu’ya gelmesiyle bu coğrafyada Türk nüfusu çoğalmaya başladı. Bizans’ta ortaya çıkan huzursuzluklar yüzünden çeşitli ırklardan oluşan yerli halklar, Süleyman Şah’ın yönetimini benimsedikleri gibi büyük arazi sahiplerinin hizmetinde çalışan ve esir muamelesi gören köylüler Selçuklu yönetiminde hürriyetlerini kazandılar ve toprak sahibi oldular.
Süleyman Şah devleti ağabeyi Mansur ile birlikte yönetiyordu. Devlete tek başına hâkim olmak isteyen Mansur’un Bizans İmparatoru Nikephoros Botaneiates ile ittifak yapması üzerine Süleyman Şah durumu Sultan Melikşah’a bildirdi. Melikşah, Emîr Porsuk’u bir Selçuklu ordusuyla İznik’e gönderdi ve Mansur bertaraf edildi. Süleyman Şah, daha sonra Bizans’ta taht iddiasında bulunan Nikephoros Melissenos ile İmparator Botaneiates’e karşı ittifak yaptı; buna karşılık Denizli ve Ankara civarındaki şehir ve kaleleri devletinin sınırları içine kattı. Bunun üzerine Botaneiates, Hadım Ioannes kumandasında sevkettiği kuvvetlerle İznik’i kuşattıysa da Eskişehir taraflarında Melissenos ile beraber olan Süleyman Şah’ın hemen yola çıkmasıyla kuşatmayı kaldırmak zorunda kaldı. Melissenos, çok geçmeden yanında Selçuklu kuvvetleri olduğu halde Kadıköy’e kadar ilerledi ancak kendisinden daha önce harekete geçen Aleksios Komnenos, Bizans tahtını ele geçirerek imparatorluğunu ilân etti (1081). Süleyman Şah’ın başarılar kazanıp sınırlarını Bizans aleyhine genişletmesi karşısında çaresiz kalan yeni imparator yüksek miktarda vergi vermek suretiyle onunla bir anlaşma yaptı. Böylece Selçuklular’ın İstanbul Boğazı’nı terketmesini ve Drakon suyuna (Dragos deresi) kadar geri çekilmesini sağlamış oldu. Bu anlaşma sonucunda Süleyman Şah, Marmara denizi kıyılarına kadar hemen hemen bütün Anadolu’ya fiilen hâkim olduğunu Bizanslılar’a kabul ettirmiş oldu. Anadolu’da Selçuklu fetihlerinin Sultan Melikşah’ın buyruğuyla yürütüldüğünü bilen İmparator Aleksios Komnenos, fetihleri durdurmak veya yavaşlatmak için Kuzey Çin hükümdarına elçi gönderip doğudan Selçuklular’a karşı bir askerî harekâta girişmesini teklif etti, fakat bir sonuç alamadı. 1082’de sultan unvanını alan Süleyman Şah, Philaretos Brachamios’un Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde bir Ermeni prensliği kurması üzerine Çukurova bölgesine bir sefer düzenleyerek Tarsus, Adana, Misis, Aynizerbâ ve yörelerini fethetti (475/1082-83), Malatya’yı vergiye bağladı. Bu sırada Trablusşam hâkimi Şiî Celâlülmülk Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Ammâr’a başvurup yeni fethettiği şehirler için kadı ve hatipler göndermesini istedi. Bu şehir ve kalelere vali ve kumandanlar tayin ettikten sonra İznik’e döndü.
Başta Antakya olmak üzere yönetimi altında bulundurduğu şehirlerde halka ve askerlere şiddetli baskı uygulayan, oğlu Barsama’yı dahi hapse atan Philaretos Brachamios’un Urfa’ya gitmesinden faydalanan Antakya şahnesi İsmâil, Barsama’yı hapisten çıkardı ve şehri Süleyman Şah’a teslim etmek için onunla iş birliği yaptı. Süleyman Şah, ileri gelen emîrlerinden Ebü’l-Kāsım’ı İznik’te bırakıp oğulları Kılıcarslan, Dâvud ve 300 atlı ile birlikte Antakya’ya hareket etti. Şehre hâkim olmak isteyen Suriye Selçuklu Devleti Hükümdarı Tâcüddevle Tutuş ile şehirden her yıl Büyük Selçuklu Devleti adına vergi alan Musul Selçuklu Emîri Şerefüddevle Müslim b. Kureyş’in kendisinin Antakya’ya gelmekte olduğunu haber almamaları için geceleri yol alıp gündüzleri konaklamak suretiyle Antakya yakınlarına geldi. Öte yandan İsmâil, Barsama ve burada kuvvetleriyle kendisine katılan Mencekoğlu adlı bir Türkmen beyi ile birlikte 10 Şâban 477’de (12 Aralık 1084) şehri ve 12 Ramazan 477’de (12 Ocak 1085) iç kaleyi fethetti. Askerlerinin hıristiyan halka iyi davranmaları ve evlerine girmemeleri hususunda bir buyruk çıkarttı. Camiye dönüştürdüğü Kawasyana (Mar Cassianus) Kilisesi’nde 15 Şâban 477 (17 Aralık 1084) Cuma günü 110 müezzin tarafından okunan ezandan sonra cuma namazı kılındı. Süleyman Şah, hıristiyan halkın isteği üzerine Antakya’da Meryem Ana ve Aziz Cercis adlarına iki kilisenin inşasına izin verdi. Hıristiyan âleminin kutsal şehirlerinden sayılan Antakya’nın fethini Sultan Melikşah’a bildirdi. Sultan başşehir İsfahan’da fethi kutlamak amacıyla törenler yaptırdı. Devrin ünlü şairi Ebîverdî bu fetih sebebiyle bir kaside kaleme aldı. Süleyman Şah daha sonra Bağrâs, Süveydiye (Samandağı), İskenderun, Derbesak, Artah, Hârim, Telbâşir, Gaziantep şehir ve kalelerini, emîrlerinden Buldacı Elbistan, Göksun, Maraş, Behisni, Ra‘bân şehir ve kalelerini kısa bir süre içinde fethetti. Böylece Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin sınırları Marmara denizinden Fırat ırmağı ve Halep yörelerine kadar ulaştı.
Süleyman Şah’ın Halep kapılarına dayanması Selçuklu vasalı Musul emîri Şerefüddevle Müslim b. Kureyş’i harekete geçirdi. Müslim, Süleyman Şah’a Antakya’nın eski hâkimi Philaretos Brachamios’tan almakta olduğu yıllık vergiyi kendisinin ödemesini, aksi takdirde sultana isyan etmiş sayılacağını bildirdi. Süleyman Şah ise tek amacının fethettiği ülkelerde sultan adına hutbe okutup para bastırmak olduğunu, Antakya ve diğer şehirlerin fethini ancak onun sayesinde gerçekleştirdiğini belirtti. Ayrıca önceki Antakya hâkimi gayri müslim olduğundan kendisine cizye verdiğini, fakat bir müslümanın başka bir müslümana cizye ödemeyeceğini söyledi. Bu arada Müslim’in sert davranışları yüzünden Kilâboğulları’na mensup bazı kuvvetlerle Mirdâsî emîrleri Şebîb ve Mansûr, Süleyman Şah’a katıldılar. Bunun üzerine Müslim, beraberinde Türkmen atlıları bulunan Çubuk Bey olduğu halde Halep’ten çıkıp Antakya’ya yöneldi. Süleyman Şah, 4000 kişilik ordusuyla Amik ovasındaki Kurzâhil yörelerinde Müslim ile savaşa girişti. Çubuk Bey’in kuvvetleriyle beraber Süleyman Şah’a katılmasıyla yenilgiye uğrayan Müslim çarpışmalar sırasında hayatını kaybetti (24 Safer 478 / 20 Haziran 1085). Ardından Süleyman Şah, Şerîf Hasan b. Hibetullah el-Huteytî’nin elinde bulunan Halep’i kuşattı (Rebîülevvel 478 / Temmuz 1085). Bu arada gönderdiği kuvvetler Maarretünnu‘mân, Kefertâb, Kınnesrîn, Latmin şehir ve kalelerini fethetti. Süleyman Şah, İbnü’l-Huteytî ile Sultan Melikşah’ın onayını almak şartıyla Halep’in kendisine teslim edilmesi hususunda anlaşınca kuşatmayı kaldırdı, fakat daha sonra bundan vazgeçip şehri yeniden kuşatmaya başladı (479/1086). Şehrin Süleyman Şah’a teslimine dair Sultan Melikşah’ın onayını hâlâ alamamış olan İbnü’l-Huteytî, bu sırada Dımaşk’ta bulunan Suriye ve Filistin Selçuklu Hükümdarı Tâcüddevle Tutuş’a haber göndererek Halep’i gelip almasını istedi. Tutuş, Süleyman Şah ile arası açık olan Artuk b. Eksük Bey ile birlikte Halep’e yöneldi (Muharrem 479 / Nisan-Mayıs 1086). Durumu öğrenen Süleyman Şah da hemen harekete geçti. Halep yakınlarında Aynüseylem yöresindeki çarpışmalar sırasında bazı Türkmen beyleri kuvvetleriyle birlikte Tutuş’un saflarına katıldı. Hayatında ilk defa yenilgiye uğrayan Süleyman Şah savaş alanından ayrılıp ıssız bir yere çekildi. Bunu öğrenen Tutuş adamlarını göndererek ona yanına gelmesini, kendisiyle barış yapacağını bildirdi. Ancak Süleyman Şah içine düştüğü ümitsiz ruh haliyle bıçağını kalbine saplayarak intihar etti (18 Safer 479 / 4 Haziran 1086) (İbnü’l-Kalânisî, s. 119; Anna Komnena, II, 65). Tutuş, Süleyman Şah’ın naaşını Halep Kapısı’nda defnettirdi. Hanımını, iki oğlunu, vezirini Antakya’ya gönderdi. Bunlar daha sonra Sultan Melikşah tarafından İsfahan’a götürüldü. Bir rivayete göre Süleyman Şah savaş meydanında ölmüştür. Savaş alanını gezen Tutuş’un askerlerinin yakut ve som altınlarla işlenmiş zırhlı bir cesedi görüp Tutuş’a haber verdikleri, Tutuş’un, “Bu Süleyman Şah’a benziyor” dediği, “Nasıl tanıdınız?” sorusuna da, “Ayakları benim ayaklarıma benziyor, zira Selçukoğulları’nın ayakları birbirine benzer” şeklinde cevap verdikten sonra cesedin başında durup, “Biz Mîkâil oğulları sizlere (Arslan Yabgu oğulları) zulmettik, sizleri bizden uzaklaştırıp işte böyle öldürüyoruz” dediği rivayet edilmiştir (İbnü’l-Adîm, II, 97-98). Süleyman Şah’ın ölümünden sonra İznik’te yerine vekil bıraktığı Ebülkāsım, ardından kardeşi Ebülgazi hâkim olmuştur. Anadolu’da millî birliği kuran Süleyman Şah, Anadolu Türkleri arasında gazilik pâyesi kazanmış (İbn Bîbî, I, 37) ve efsanevî bir şahsiyete bürünmüştür. Hiçbir kaynakta yer almamasına rağmen Ca‘ber’de bulunan Türk mezarı ona nisbet edilmiştir (Enverî, s. 6, 78).
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