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SÜLEYM (Benî Süleym) Skip to content Kays Aylân’a mensup bir Arap kabilesi.
Kabilenin atası Süleym’in soyu Mansûr b. İkrime b. Hasefe (Kâ‘b) b. Kays b. Aylân b. Mudar b. Nizâr b. Mead vasıtasıyla Adnân’a ulaşır. Becîle, Ri‘l, Zekvân, Usayye, Bühse, Kunfüz, Semmâl, Matrûd, Zübâb, Cürre, Şerîd, Sa‘lebe ve Zafer, Benî Süleym’in meşhur kolları arasında sayılabilir. Başta Mekke ile Medine arası olmak üzere Hicaz’ın önemli bir kısmıyla Necid’in yukarı taraflarındaki Vâdilkurâ ve Teymâ‘, Benî Süleym’in en yoğun olarak bulunduğu yerlerdi. Kendilerine nisbet edilen harrelerde otururlardı. Kabilenin buralarda yaşayan Gatafân, Hevâzin ve Hilâl kabileleriyle yakın ilişkileri vardı. Geniş bir bölgeye ve Basra körfezi yoluna hâkim olduklarından ticaretle meşgul olan Mekkeliler ve Medine yahudileriyle de iyi ilişkiler içindeydiler. Ukâz panayırına devamlı şekilde katılan Benî Süleym ile Hevâzinliler, İslâm öncesinde kabileler arasında çıkan savaşlarda önemli rol oynamışlardı. Benî Süleym bu dönemde Yevmü’l-Cürüf denilen savaşta Hüzeyl’e mensup Benî Muâviye’ye baskında bulunmuştu. Benî Süleym ile Benî Kilâb arasındaki savaşlarda Benî Kilâb kabilesine mensup Zâtülhimme’nin yaptıklarını anlatan Sîretü’l-Emîre Ẕâti’l-himme ilk dönem Arap edebiyatında destan sayılabilecek örneklerden biridir.
Uzzâ putuna tapan ve bunun yer aldığı mâbedin hizmetini üstlenen kabilelerden olan Benî Süleym ayrıca Zamar adlı bir puta tapardı. Hîre’de oturan Benî Süleymliler hıristiyan olmuşlardı (Cevâd Ali, IV, 227). Benî Süleym, İslâmiyet’ten sonra Kureyş müşriklerinin yanında yer aldı. Hicretin ardından Medine’yi doğudan tehdit eden Benî Süleym’in müslümanlara karşı düşmanca tavırları zaman zaman çatışmalara sebep oluyordu. Aralarında, sayıları çok az olsa da Safvân b. Muattal gibi erken dönemde müslüman olanlar da vardı.
Hz. Peygamber, Bedir Gazvesi’nden döndükten yaklaşık bir hafta sonra Benî Süleym ve Benî Gatafân’ın Karkara mevkiindeki Küdr suyunun başında toplanmakta oldukları haberini alınca 200 kişilik bir kuvvetle harekete geçti. Müslüman birliği Küdr suyunun başına geldiğinde kimseyi bulamadı. Üç gece beklendikten sonra Benî Süleym ile Benî Gatafân’a ait 500 deve ganimet olarak alınıp Medine’ye doğru hareket edildi (Vâkıdî, I, 186; İbn Sa‘d, II, 31). Ardından Resûl-i Ekrem, Gālib b. Abdullah el-Leysî kumandasında bölgeye yeni bir birlik gönderdi. Üç şehid veren birlik çok sayıda hayvanı ganimet alarak geri döndü. Ertesi yıl Süleymoğulları’nın Medine’ye 200 kilometre mesafedeki Bahran’da müslümanlara karşı asker topladıklarının haber alınması üzerine 300 kişilik bir kuvvetle yola çıkan Hz. Peygamber (Cemâziyelevvel 3 / Kasım 624) Bahran’da bir süre kaldı. Herhangi bir kuvvet ortaya çıkmayınca Medine’ye hareket etti (Taberî, III, 153). Uhud Gazvesi’nden yaklaşık dört ay sonra Resûlullah, İslâm’ı anlatmak üzere Âmir b. Sa‘saa kabilesine Münzir b. Amr el-Hazrecî başkanlığında yetmiş kişilik bir heyet gönderdi. Heyet Benî Süleym yurdunun yakınında Bi’rimaûne’de konakladığı sırada kabile reisi Ebû Berâ Âmir b. Mâlik’in yeğeni Âmir b. Tufeyl, Benî Süleym kabilesinin Ri‘l, Zekvân ve Usayye kollarını harekete geçirerek heyete saldırdı; Münzir arkadaşlarıyla birlikte bu saldırıda şehid oldu (Safer 4 / Temmuz 625).
Benî Süleym, Hendek Gazvesi’nde Mekkeli müşriklerle yahudilerin oluşturduğu ittifaka katılarak 700 kişiyle destekte bulundu. Hz. Peygamber hicretin 7. yılı Zilhicce ayında (Nisan 629) Ahrem b. Ebü’l-Avcâ kumandasında elli veya altmış kişilik askerî birliği Benî Süleym üzerine gönderdi. Birliğin içerisinde yer alan casuslarından durumu haber alıp hemen hazırlıklara başlayan Süleymoğulları, İbn Ebü’l-Avcâ’nın İslâm’a davet teklifini kabul etmeyerek müslümanlara ok yağdırdılar. Ahrem ve birkaç arkadaşı yaralı olarak kurtulurken diğerleri şehid oldu (İbn Sa‘d, II, 123).
Mekke’nin fethi için hazırlıklar yapılırken kendilerine karşı seferin düzenleneceği muhtemel düşmanlar arasında Benî Süleym’in de sayılması (Vâkıdî, II, 796) kabilenin önemli bir tehdit unsuru olmayı sürdürdüğünü göstermektedir. Bu sırada Benî Süleym’den, aralarında İbnü’d-Dügunne diye tanınan Rebîa b. Rufey‘ b. Sa‘lebe ile İrbâd b. Sâriye es-Sülemî’nin de bulunduğu altı kişilik bir heyet Medine’ye gelerek İslâmiyet’i kabul etti. Bu heyette bulunanların gayretiyle İslâmiyet’i kabul eden Benî Süleym’den yaklaşık 900 kişilik bir topluluk Mekke’nin fethine katıldı. Hz. Peygamber hicretin 9. (630) yılında Abbâd b. Bişr’i Benî Süleym ve Benî Müzeyne kabilelerine zekât âmili olarak gönderdi. Benî Süleym’in topraklarından çıkarılan madenlerden vergi tahsil edilmesi de bu dönemde başladı. Hevâzinliler’le birlikte irtidad hareketleri içerisinde yer alıp almama konusunda tereddüt gösteren Süleymoğulları, Hâlid b. Velîd’in Büzâha’da Tuleyha b. Huveylid ve Uyeyne b. Hısn’ı yenmesi üzerine Hz. Ebû Bekir’e itaat arzetmekten başka çare kalmadığını görerek Medine’ye bağlılıklarını sürdürdüler. İlk İslâm fetihleri sırasında Benî Süleym’in bir kısmı Hicaz ve Necid’de kalırken bir kısmı el-Cezîre’de Diyâr-ı Mudar, Irak’ta Kûfe, Basra, Horasan, Mısır ve Kuzey Afrika’ya göç edip buralarda idarî ve askerî görevler üstlenmeye başladı. Hz. Ali-Muâviye mücadelesinde Benî Süleym Hz. Ali tarafında yer aldı. Muâviye özellikle hac yollarında etkin olan Benî Süleym’in desteğini almak için büyük çaba gösterdi.
Benî Süleym’den bazıları Emevîler döneminde bürokraside görev aldı. Afganistan’da İslâm hâkimiyetinin yerleşmesinde önemli katkıları olan Kays b. Heysem ile Horasan Valisi Eşres b. Abdullah bunların en meşhurlarıdır. Abbâsî Halifesi Ebü’l-Abbas es-Seffâh, Emevîler’e karşı kendilerini destekleyen Benî Süleym’e Bilbîs’te iktâlar verdi (Hammûd b. Dâvî el-Kasâmî, II, 264). Hicaz’da yaşayan ve çevredeki kabilelere baskınlar düzenleyerek yağmacılık yapmayı sürdüren Benî Süleymliler, 230’da (845) topraklarına bazı Yemenliler’in yerleştirilmesi üzerine isyan ederek Medine’yi yağmalayıp hac yolunu kapattılar. Bağdat hükümeti, Hammâd b. Cerîr et-Taberî kumandasındaki kuvvetlerle onları denetim altına almak istediyse de başarılı olamadı. Bunun üzerine Halife Vâsiḳ-Billâh tarafından görevlendirilen Boğa el-Kebîr kumandasındaki birlikler Benî Süleym’i etkisiz hale getirdi (Taberî, IX, 129-131). Karmatîler’in en büyük destekçileri bedevî hayat tarzını sürdüren Benî Süleym idi. Kabile Abbâsîler’e karşı muhalefet hareketlerinin başında yer alıyordu.
109 (727) yılında Emevî Halifesi Hişâm b. Abdülmelik tarafından Benî Hilâl ile birlikte Suriye ve Irak’tan sürülen Benî Süleym, Mısır’da özellikle Saîd ve çevresinde yoğunlaşarak alt kolları oluştu. Fâtımî Halifesi Müstansır-Billâh 441’de (1049) veziri Hasan b. Ali el-Yâzûrî’yi Benî Süleym ve Benî Hilâl reisleriyle görüşmek üzere Saîd’e gönderdi. Vezir onlara bazı şehirlerin idaresinin kendilerine verileceğini ve ellerine geçen her şeyin ganimet sayılacağını söyledi. Bunun üzerine Benî Hilâl ile birlikte Nil nehrinin batısına geçip kendilerine vaad edilen toprakların ilki olan Berka’ya doğru yürüyen Benî Süleym önlerine çıkan yerleşim birimlerini yağmalayarak yakıp yıktılar. Benî Hilâl’in diğer bölgeleri de ele geçirmek için bir an önce hareket etmek istemesine karşılık Benî Süleym, Berka’da yerleşmeye karar verdi. Bundan sonraki süreçte İspanya’ya da giden Benî Süleym, Kuzey Afrika’da önemli bir siyasî güç ve denge unsuru oldu. Nitekim Muvahhidler, Benî Süleym’i desteklemeye başlayınca Murâbıtlar da Benî Hilâl’i kendi taraflarına çekmeye çalışıyordu.
Benî Süleym’den başta şair olmak üzere çok sayıda âlim ve edip yetişmiştir. Araplar’ın en meşhur kadın şairi olan sahâbî Hansâ ile kahramanlık şiirleriyle tanınan sahâbî Abbas b. Mirdâs kabilenin meşhur şairlerindendir. Tâbiînden Ebû Abdurrahman es-Sülemî, Basra Mu‘tezile ekolünün ileri gelen âlimlerinden Benî Süleym’in âzatlısı Muammer b. Abbâd, Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın talebelerinden Heyyâc b. Alâ, Eş‘arî kelâmcısı Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed, Mâlikî fakihi İbn Habîb es-Sülemî, Nîşâburlu sûfî İbn Nüceyd ve ailesi içinde çok sayıda âlim yetişen Ṭabaḳātü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye müellifi Muhammed b. Hüseyin es-Sülemî, Benî Süleym’e mensup âlimler arasında sayılabilir. Günümüzde Benî Süleym ve kolları Suudi Arabistan, Suriye, Mısır ve Kuzey Afrika’da varlıklarını sürdürmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Vâkıdî, el-Meġāzî, I, 186; II, 741, 796, 812-813; ayrıca bk. İndeks; İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt, II, 31, 123; İbn Habîb, el-Münemmaḳ, s. 234; Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda), s. 267, 363, 498; Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), III, 153; V, 170, 172; IX, 129-131; ayrıca bk. İndeks; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, I-XIII, tür.yer.; İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye, I-XIV, tür.yer.; Kalkaşendî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb, Beyrut 1405/1984, s. 271-272; Fikret Işıltan, Urfa Bölgesi Tarihi, İstanbul 1960, s. 31, 106, 131; Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal, IV, 227; ayrıca bk. İndeks; M. Lecker, The Banū Sulaym: A Contribution to the Study of Early Islam, Jerusalem 1989; a.mlf., “Sulaym”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 817-818; Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi (Tuğ), I, 29, 241, 264, 414, 466-482; II, 967; Hammûd b. Dâvî el-Kasâmî, Şimâlü’l-Ḥicâz, Beyrut 1993, II, 264; M. Süleyman et-Tayyib, Mevsûʿatü’l-ḳabâʾili’l-ʿArabiyye, Kahire 1414/1993, II, 526-991; R. Daghfour, “De l’origine des Banu Hilal et des Banu Sulaym”, Les Cahiers de Tunisie , XXIII/91-92, Tunus 1975, s. 41-68; Râdî Delfûs, “el-ʿAvâmilü’l-iḳtiṣâdiyye li-hicreti Benî Hilâl ve Benî Süleym min Mıṣr ilâ İfrîḳıyye”, Müʾerriḫu’l-ʿArab, sy. 18, Bağdad 1981, s. 13-45; H. Lammens, “Süleym b. Mansur”, İA, XI, 96-97.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 55-56 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.