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TÂHÂ HÜSEYİN Skip to content (1889-1973)
Mısırlı düşünür, edebiyatçı ve eleştirmen.
Mısır’ın Minye bölgesindeki Megāga köyünde doğdu. On üç çocuklu bir ailenin yedinci çocuğudur. Küçük yaşta görme duyusunu kaybetti. Dokuz yaşında iken hıfzını, 1902’de girdiği Ezher’de ilk ve orta öğrenimini tamamladı. Muhammed Abduh’un derslerinden oldukça etkilendi. Edebiyat derslerini bir reformcu olan Seyyid el-Mersafî’den almak istemesi ve edebiyata yönelmesi bazı hocaların tepkisine yol açtı ve mezuniyet sınavlarında başarısız kabul edildi. 1910 yılında Mısır Üniversitesi’nin (Kahire Üniversitesi) Edebiyat Bölümü’ne kaydoldu. Burada Ignazio Guidi, Carlo Alfonso Nallino, G. Miloni, Enno Littmann, D. Santillana ve Louis Massignon’un derslerine girdi. 1914’te Mısır Üniversitesi’nin ilk mezunu olarak Târîḫu Ebi’l-ʿAlâʾ el-Maʿarrî adlı teziyle doktor unvanını aldı. Bu tez Ẕikrâ Ebi’l-ʿAlâʾ el-Maʿarrî adıyla basıldı. Aynı yıl tarih alanında uzmanlaşması amacıyla üniversite tarafından Paris’e gönderildiyse de on ay sonra üniversitedeki malî kriz yüzünden geri çağrıldı. 1915 Mayısında arkadaşlarıyla birlikte es-Süfûr gazetesini çıkardı. Bu yılın sonlarında Montpellier’de tanıştığı, hem eşi (1917) hem gören gözü olacak Susanne Bresseau ile birlikte Paris’e gitti ve Sorbonne Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’ne kaydoldu. 1917’de Tarih Bölümü’nde lisans eğitimini, ertesi yıl Emile Durkheim ve Paule Cassanova’nın danışmanlığında hazırladığı Etude analytique et critique de la philosophie sociale d’Ibn Khaldoun başlıklı teziyle doktorasını tamamladı. 1919’da Roma tarihiyle ilgili bir tez daha hazırladı. Aynı yılın sonlarında Mısır’a dönünce Mısır Üniversitesi’nde Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihi Kürsüsü’ne kürsünün ilk profesörü sıfatıyla tayin edildi. 1925’te Arap Edebiyatı Bölümü başkanı oldu. 1926’da yayımlanan, İslâm öncesi Arap şiiriyle Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’deki kıssaların güvenilirliğini sorguladığı Fi’ş-şiʿri’l-Câhilî adlı kitabı yüzünden sapkınlıkla itham edildi ve kitap yasaklandı. 1928’de Edebiyat Fakültesi’nin dekanlığına getirildiyse de siyasî sebeplerle aynı gün istifa etmek zorunda kaldı. 1930’da Edebiyat Fakültesi’ne ilk Mısırlı dekan olarak tekrar tayin edildi, ancak politik yazıları sebebiyle 1932’de görevden alındı. Bu dönemde Muhammed Hüseyin Heykel’in sahibi olduğu es-Siyâse ile Vefd Partisi’nin yayın organı Kevkebü’ş-şarḳ gazetelerinde makaleler yazdı. Bir süre sonra Vâdî gazetesini satın aldı ve üniversiteye geri dönünceye kadar bu gazeteyi çıkardı. 1934’te üniversiteye alındı. 1936-1939 yıllarında Edebiyat Fakültesi dekanlığı yaptı. 1939-1942 arasında Eğitim Bakanlığı kültür genel murakıbı ve bakanlık sanat danışmanı sıfatıyla çalıştı. 1942-1944 yıllarında İskenderiye Üniversitesi’nin (Câmiatü Fârûk el-evvel) kuruluşunda rol aldı ve bu üniversitenin ilk rektörü oldu. 1944’te yaş haddinden emekliye ayrıldı. 1945-1948 yılları arasında kendi kurduğu yayınevi ve onun yayın organı olan el-Kâtibü’l-Mıṣrî’nin yöneticiliğini yaptı. Tâhâ Hüseyin, kariyerinin zirvesine 1950’de tayin edildiği ve iki yıl sürdürebildiği Eğitim bakanlığı döneminde ulaştı. 1963’te Ahmed Lutfî es-Seyyid’in ölümü üzerine 1940 yılından beri faal üye olarak çalıştığı Mecmaʿu’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye’nin başkanlığına seçildi ve hayatının sonuna kadar bu görevi sürdürdü. 1973’te Kahire’de öldü.
Tâhâ Hüseyin’in fikrî kimliğinin oluştuğu ve ilk ürünlerini verdiği ortam Osmanlı Devleti’nin sona erdiği ve Arap dünyasının sömürgeleştirildiği döneme rastlar. Ezher Üniversitesi’nde öğrenci iken Muhammed Abduh ile Ahmed Lutfî es-Seyyid’in etkisinde kalan Tâhâ Hüseyin, daha sonra Abduh’un görüşlerini tamamen terkedip İslâmsız bir Mısır hayali kurmaya başlar. Onun din ve millet ilişkisine yaklaşımı, çağdaşları Abbas Mahmûd el-Akkād ve Muhammed Hüseyin Heykel gibi 1930-1940 yıllarında kısmî bir değişiklik geçirir. Bu çerçevede ileri sürdüğü düşünceler Mısır halkının yükselişinde dinin rolünü arttırıcı nitelikte görülebilir. Tâhâ Hüseyin’e göre ilk zamanlarda din her şeyi kontrol ederken daha sonra akıl dinden tam anlamıyla bağımsız hale gelmiş, ancak son aşamada her ikisi de kendine ait yere çekilerek belirli bir denge oluşmuştur. Kapitalizm ile sosyalizm arasında bir tür orta yol olan İslâm dini Mısır millî birliğinin güçlendirilmesi ve Mısır milletinin inşasında önemli bir unsurdur. Bu sebeple okullarda Mısır millî tarihi bağlamında gelişen İslâmiyet öğretilmelidir. Ancak İslâmiyet toplumu, siyaseti ve ekonomiyi değil bireyin duygularını yönlendirmeli ve ilâhî olup olmaması tartışılmaksızın Mısır toplumunun tarihî gelişiminde görüldüğü gibi “geleneksel din” olarak alınmalıdır.
Dönemin birçok müslüman entelektüelinde görülen medeniyet kavramı tartışmalarında Mısır açısından farklı düşünceler geliştiren Tâhâ Hüseyin bu düşüncelerini bürokraside görev yaptığı dönemlerde yürürlüğe koymaya çalışmıştır. 1938’de yayımlanan ve en sistematik eseri kabul edilen Müstaḳbelü’s̱-s̱eḳāfe fî Mıṣr adlı kitabında Mısır’ın kültürel bakımdan Doğu’ya değil kadim Mısır kültürünün oluşumuna katkıda bulunduğu Yunan felsefesi, Roma hukuku ve siyasal örgütüyle hıristiyan ahlâkî değerlerinin sentezi olan Batı’ya ait olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Ona göre Mısır başından beri ve en azından antik dönemden itibaren Akdeniz kültür ve medeniyet havzasının inşasında bulunmuş, bu rolünü İslâm dünyasına dahil olduğunda da sürdürmüştür. Mısır’ın medeniyet yarışında “medeniyet yıkıcı” Türkler yüzünden geri kaldığını, ancak her şeye rağmen Ezher’in İslâm medeniyetini Türkler’e karşı koruduğunu söyler. Modern çağda bütün medenî değerleri Arapça üreterek Arap dünyasına yayan Mısır yeniden köklerine dönmüş, her şeyiyle yeniden Avrupalılaşma’ya başlamıştır. Batılılaşma sürecinde Avrupa’nın hıristiyan, Mısır’ın müslüman kalması dinle medeniyetin kendi alanlarını aşmadıkları sürece belirleyici bir unsur teşkil etmez. Esasen İslâm ile Hıristiyanlık aynı öze sahiptir ve İslâmiyet yeni bir şey getirmekten ziyade ruhban sınıfını reddetmesi gibi pek çok konuda Hıristiyanlığı tamamlamak iddiasındadır.
Bu radikal Batılılaşma taraftarlığına rağmen Tâhâ Hüseyin kendini Arap kültür mirasından soyutlamamış ve özellikle dilin milleti koruma fonksiyonunu dikkate alarak Arapça’yı önemsemiştir. Firavunlar dönemine saygı duymakla birlikte Mısır’ın Arap tarihi devresini merkeze almış ve Arapça’yı Mısır ulusu için dinden daha önemli ve birleştirici bir öğe kabul etmiştir. Arapça dinî değil daha çok millî bir değerdir. Yunanca ve Latince gibi klasik dilleri bilmek ve klasikleri okumak Mısır milliyetçiliğinin bir gereğidir. Tâhâ Hüseyin’in Mısır milliyetçiliği vurgusu, Rifaa Râfi‘ et-Tahtâvî’nin başlatıp Corcî Zeydân’ın sistemleştirdiği tarihî bir bağlama oturur. Ona göre başta Ezher olmak üzere ister İslâm’a ister Hıristiyanlığa ait olsun Mısır’da dinî eğitim veren kurumlar bile ırkî ya da dinî milliyetçiliği değil bölgesel milliyetçiliği öne çıkarmalıdır. Tâhâ Hüseyin bu temel kabul çerçevesinde, ümmetçilik iddiasında bulunan İhvân-ı Müslimîn gibi dinî grupları ve Cemal Abdünnâsır’da zirveye ulaşan Arap milliyetçiliği hareketini ciddi biçimde desteklememiştir. Eserlerinde ağır bir üslûp kullanan Tâhâ Hüseyin, bazı çağdaşlarının klasik yazı dilinin yerine ikame etmeye çalıştığı konuşma diline yer vermemiştir. Bu sebeple çağdaşlarından bir kısmı onu arkaik ifadelerle eş anlamlı sözlerin yer aldığı, gereksiz kelimelerle dolu bir üslûp kullanmakla suçlamıştır.
I. Dünya Savaşı’ndaki büyük yıkımın sosyoekonomik ve psikolojik etkilerinin her şeye yansıdığı bir ortamda Mısır için bir çıkar yol arayan Tâhâ Hüseyin’in gelecek kurgusu yeniyi olduğu gibi benimsemek, geçmişi de kurgulanan bu gelecek tasavvuruna sorun çıkarmayacak biçimde dönüştürmek, bu mümkün olmazsa onu terketmek gibi radikal bir teklife dayanır. Bu tavır onun Arap tarihi ve Arap edebiyat tarihi alanlarında önemli eserler vermesini engellerken daha çok eleştirel yanını geliştirmiştir. Polemiğe girmekten çekinmeyen Tâhâ Hüseyin daha öğrencilik yıllarında hocası Muhammed el-Mehdî’yi ve Hudarî’yi eleştirmiş, Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî, Zekî Mübârek, Muhammed Hüseyin Heykel, Tevfîk el-Hakîm, Mansûr Fehmî, Abbas Mahmûd el-Akkād ve İbrâhim Abdülkādir el-Mâzinî başta olmak üzere hemen bütün çağdaşlarıyla polemiğe girmiş, tarihî şahsiyetleri ve konuları da eleştirel açıdan ele almıştır. Meselâ Ẕikrâ Ebi’l-ʿAlâʾ el-Maʿarrî’de Maarrî’yi Fransız pozitivizminin çerçevesinde incelemiş, edebî zevki ve metni ikinci plana atıp çalışmasının büyük bir kısmını Maarrî’nin yaşadığı dönemdeki kaynak malzemenin eleştirisine, Maarrî’nin politik ve kültürel arka planına ayırmıştır. 1923-1925 yılları arasında es-Siyâse’de yayımladığı, klasik Arap şairlerini konu alan yazılarında yine Fransız eleştirmenleri Taine ve Brunetiere’ın etkisi görülür. Tâhâ Hüseyin el-Muʿallaḳātü’s-sebʿ şairlerinden Maarrî’ye, Beşşâr b. Bürd’den Ebû Nüvâs’a kadar klasik dönem şairlerini incelediği yazılarında o dönemin kaynaklarını tartışmaya açmıştır. Kendisine şöhret kazandıran Fi’ş-şiʿri’l-Câhilî adlı eserinde İslâm öncesi Arap şiirini modern Batı edebiyatı ölçülerine göre eleştiriye tâbi tutması ve bu şiirin -muhtevasında İslâmî unsurların yer alması sebebiyle- İslâm döneminde yazılarak önceki döneme atfedildiğini ileri sürmesi büyük bir tepkiyle karşılanmış, eserin yayımlanmasının hemen ardından Muhammed Hıdır Hüseyin, M. Ferîd Vecdî, Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî, Muhammed Ahmed el-Gamrâvî, I. Krackovskij gibi ileri gelen isimler tarafından eleştiriler kaleme alınmıştır. Muhammed Mendûr ve Şevkī Dayf, Tâhâ Hüseyin’in öğrencileri arasında görülür.
Eserleri. Siyasî, edebî ve sosyal konularda yetmişin üzerinde kitabı, çok sayıda tercümesi ve neşri bulunan Tâhâ Hüseyin’in fikirlerinin gelişimini takip etmeyi mümkün kılan, temel tezlerini dile getirdiği başlıca eserleri şöylece sıralanabilir: 1. Ẕikrâ Ebi’l-ʿAlâʾ el-Maʿarrî. Eserin birçok baskısı yapılmıştır (Kahire 1915, 1922, 1937 [Tecdîdü Ẕikrâ Ebi’l-ʿAlâʾ adıyla], 1951, 1958). 2. Felsefetü İbn Ḫaldûn el-ictimâʿiyye. Sorbonne Üniversitesi’nde hazırladığı doktora tezinin Muhammed Abdullah İnân tarafından yapılan tercümesidir (Kahire 1925). 3. Ḥadîs̱ü’l-erbiʿâʾ (I-III). İlk iki cildi 1923-1925 yılları arasında es-Siyâse gazetesinde çıkan yazılarından derlenmiş olup (Kahire 1925-1926, 1959-1960) III. cilt sonraki dönemlerde yayımlanan yazılarını içerir (Kahire 1957). 4. Fi’ş-şiʿri’l-Câhilî (Kahire 1926). Neşrinden hemen sonra toplatılan eser, bir bölümü çıkarılarak yeni eklemelerle birlikte 1958’de Fi’l-edebi’l-Câhilî adıyla tekrar basılmıştır. 5. Maʿa Ebi’l-ʿAlâʾ el-Maʿarrî fî sicaʾihî (Kahire 1935). 6. el-Eyyâm. Tâhâ Hüseyin’in bu otobiyografisi çeşitli dillere çevrilen ilk modern Arap edebiyatı ürünüdür (I, Kahire 1929; II, Kahire 1939-1940; III, Kahire 1967; Müẕekkirâtü Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn adıyla, Kahire 1967; el-Eyyâm adıyla, Kahire 1972). 7. el-Ḥayâtü’l-edebiyye fî Cezîreti’l-ʿArab (Dımaşk 1935). 8. Min Ḥadîs̱i’ş-şiʿr ve’n-nes̱r (Kahire 1936, 1948, 1957, 1961). Müellifin klasik Arap şiirini ve şairlerini ele aldığı yazılarını içerir. 9. Maʿa’l-Mütenebbî (I-II, Kahire 1936). 10. Müstaḳbelü’s̱-s̱eḳāfe fî Mıṣr (I-II, Kahire 1938). Eser hakkında Seyyid Kutub bir eleştiri yazmıştır. 11. ʿAlâʾ ḥâmişi’s-sîre (I, Kahire 1933; II, Kahire 1937; III, Kahire 1943). Hz. Peygamber’in hayatından bazı bölümlerin anlatıldığı eseridir. 12. Laḥaẓât (I-II, Kahire 1942). 13. Ṣavtü Bârîs (I-II, Kahire 1943). 14. Ṣavtü Ebi’l-ʿAlâʾ (Kahire 1944, 1986). 15. el-Fitnetü’l-kübrâ (I, Osman, Kahire 1947). 16. el-Fitnetü’l-kübrâ (II, Alî ve benûh, Kahire 1953). 17. Mirʾâtü’l-İslâm (Kahire 1959). 18. Müẕekkirâtü Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn (Beyrut 1967). Umberto Rizzitano tarafından İtalyanca’ya çevrilmiştir (nşr. A. Pellitteri, Mazara del Vallo 1985). Servet Abaza, Tâhâ Hüseyin’in bazı anılarını Şuʿâʾ min Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn (Kahire 1974) ve Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn (Beyrut 1975) adıyla yayımlamıştır. 19. Taḳlîd ve tecdîd (Beyrut 1978). Şükrî Faysal tarafından derlenmiştir. 20. Ġarâbîl (Kahire 1984). M. Seyyid Kîlânî’nin derlediği eser müellifin bazı makalelerini içerir. 21. Tecdîd (Kahire 1984). Yine Kîlânî tarafından derlenen makaleleridir. 22. Mine’ş-şâṭıʾi’l-âḫar. Fransızca yazılarını içerir (trc. Abdürreşîd es-Sâdık Mahmûdî, Beyrut 1990). Tâhâ Hüseyin’in önemli bir yanı da romancılığıdır. Duʿâʾü’l-kerevân (Kahire 1934, 1941), Edîb (Kahire 1935), el-Ḥubbü’ż-żâʾiʿ (Kahire 1943), Şeceretü’l-büʾs (Kahire 1944) adıyla dört roman yazan müellif kısa hikâyelerini el-Muʿaẕẕebûn fi’l-arż adlı kitabında (Sayda 1949) toplamıştır (eserlerinin tam bir listesi için bk. el-Mecmûʿatü’l-kâmile li-müʾellefâti’d-duktûr Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn, Beyrut 1973-1974).
Tâhâ Hüseyin hakkında yazılmış çok sayıda eserden bazıları şunlardır: Raymond Francis, Taha Hussein romancier (Le Caire 1945); Pierra Cachia, Taha Husayn: His Place in the Egyptian Literary Renaissance (London 1956); David Salloum, Study of Taha Hussein’s Views and the Western Conception of Fiction (London 1958); Abdülazîz Şeref, Fennü’l-meḳāli’ṣ-ṣuḥufî fî edebi Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn (Kahire 1974), Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn ve zevâlü’l-müctemaʿi’t-taḳlîdî (Kahire 1977); Hamdî Sekkût – Marsden Jones, ʿÂlemü’l-edebi’l-muʿâs̱ır fî Mıṣr, I, Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn (Kahire 1975); Abdülmecîd Abdüsselâm el-Muhtesib, Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn müfekkiren (Kahire 1978); Erol Ayyıldız, Taha Hüseyin: Hayatı, Eserleri ve Edebiyatta Eski-Yeni Anlayışı (Bursa, ts.); Râşide Mehrân, Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn beyne’s-sîre ve’t-tercemeti’ẕ-ẕâtiyye (İskenderiye 1979); Şükrî Faysal, Kütübün ve müʾellifûn: Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn (Beyrut 1980); Meftah Tahar, Taha Husayn sa critique littéraire et ses sources françaises (3. bs., Tunus 1982); Hüseyin Nassâr, Dirâsât ḥavle Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn (Beyrut 1983); Câbir Usfûr, el-Merâye’l-mütecâvire, dirâse fî naḳdi Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn (Kahire 1983); Ahmed Ulebî, Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn racül ve fikr ve ʿaṣr (Beyrut 1985), Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn sîretü mükâfiḥin ʿanîdin (Beyrut 1990); Mustafa Abdülganî, Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn ve’s-siyâse (Kahire 1986); Mahmûd Turşûne, el-Edebü’l-ebyaż beyne’r-Râfiʿî ve Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn (Tunus 1989); Abdürrezzâk Îd, Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn: el-ʿAḳl ve’d-dîn (Halep 1995); Abdelrashed Mahmoudi, Taha Husain’s Education from the Azhar to the Sorbonne (Great Britain 1998).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798-1939, London 1962, s. 324-340; Abdülhay Diyâb, et-Türâs̱ü’n-naḳdî ḳable medreseti’l-cîli’l-cedîd, Kahire 1388/1968, s. 78-84; J. Brugman, An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt, Leiden 1984, s. 273-276, 360-377; Ibrahim I. Ibrahim, “Taha Husayn: The Critical Spirit”, Problems of the Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani (ed. J. P. Spagnolo), Reading 1992, s. 105-118; Hassan Jamsheer, “Great Arab Modernist Thinkers of the 20th Century. The Case of Tāhā Husayn”, Proceedings of the Arabic and Islamic Sections of the 35th International Congress of Asian and North African Studies (ed. K. Dévényi – T. Iványi), Budapest 1997, I, 131-138; A. Goldschmidt, Ḳāmûsü terâcimi Mıṣri’l-ḥadîs̱e (trc. Abdülvehhâb Bekir), Kahire 2003, s. 212-219; Mohamed al-Nowaihi, “Towards the Reappraisal of Classical Arabic Literature and History: Some Aspects of Tāhā Husayn’s Use of Modern Western Criteria”, IJMES, XI/2 (1980), s. 189-207; Abdürrezzâk el-Hamâmî, “Sîre cedîde li-Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn”, el-Mecelletü’s̱-s̱eḳāfiyye, sy. 22-23, Tunus 1982, s. 16-33; Ahmed Beydûn, “Ḥayâtü Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn es̱-s̱âniye”, el-Fikrü’l-ʿArabî, IX/51, Beyrut 1988, s. 194-209; Ahmed Abdülhalîm Atıyye, “el-Ḫıṭâbü’l-felsefî ʿinde Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn”, a.e., XI/62 (1990), s. 148-156; Şevkī Dayf, “Menhecü Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn fi’d-dirâsâti’l-edebiyye”, MMLADm., LXV/2 (1990), s. 227-240; M. Yûsuf Hasan, “el-ʿAḳliyyetü’l-ʿilmiyye fî fikri Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn”, MMLA, sy. 68 (1411/1991), s. 3-24; P. Cachia, “Ṭāhā Ḥusayn”, EI2 (İng.), X, 95-96; Ömer Mikdâd el-Cimenî, “Ḥüseyn, Ṭâhâ b. Ḥüseyn b. ʿAlî b. Selâme”, Mv.AU, VI, 422-436.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 377-379 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.