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TASVİR Skip to content Edebî eserlerde doğanın, kişilerin ve nesnelerin ayırıcı özellikleriyle anlatılması, betimleme.
1/2 Müellif: HÜSEYİN ELMALI Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “bir şeyi bir yana doğru eğmek, o şeye yönelmek, bir şeyi kesmek” anlamlarındaki savr kökünden türeyen tasvîr “bir şeye biçim vermek, resmini…
2/2 Müellif: ALİM KAHRAMAN Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Tasvirin süsleyici ve hüner ortaya koyucu asıl işlevi halk edebiyatı ve divan edebiyatı ürünleri için de geçerlidir. Özellikle divan e…
Sözlükte “bir şeyi bir yana doğru eğmek, o şeye yönelmek, bir şeyi kesmek” anlamlarındaki savr kökünden türeyen tasvîr “bir şeye biçim vermek, resmini yapmak, bir şeyi ince ayrıntılarıyla anlatmak” demektir. Terim olarak tasvir “roman, hikâye ve diğer edebî türlerde olayların geçtiği yerleri, kişileri ve eşyayı öteki nesnelerden ayırıp bütün özellikleriyle ifade etme diye açıklanabilir. İyi bir tasvir eşyanın ilk bakışta görülemeyen yanlarını farketmeye, duyulardan olabildiğince yararlanmaya, kendinden bir şeyler katmaya, anlatımı bir plan içinde yapmaya ve eşyayı iyi gözlemlemeye bağlıdır. Arap edebiyatında tasvirden çok vasf (bir şeyin niteliklerini açıklamak) ve sıfat kelimeleri kullanılır. Kudâme b. Ca‘fer tasviri “bir şeyi ilgili durum ve biçimleriyle anlatmak” diye tanımlamış, başarılı bir tasviri betimlenen öğenin niteliklerini resim çizer gibi aktarma şeklinde görmüştür (Naḳdü’ş-şiʿr, s. 130; krş. Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, s. 134). İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, az bir kısmı hariç şiirin tasvirden ibaret olduğunu ifade ederek bütün şiir türleri ve temalarında tasvirin bulunduğunu söylemiştir. Ona göre en güzel tasvir, bir şeyi gözle görmüşçesine somut biçimde anlatmaktır (el-ʿUmde, II, 295).
Tasvir Arap şiirinin en köklü temalarından birini teşkil eder. Her konu ve temanın bünyesinde yer alırsa da kasidenin ilk bölümünü meydana getiren nesîb (teşbîb) kısmından sonra tasvir bölümüne geçilmesi ve burada övülen kişiye ulaşabilmek için katedilmesi gereken çöl yolculuğunun betimlenmesi, deve ile veya atla yapılan yolculuk esnasında müşahede edilen bütün tabiatın usta bir ressamın tasviri gibi keskin bir gözlemle anlatılması önemli bir gelenekti. Nitekim Tarafe b. Abd muallakasında devesinin tasvir etmediği bir organını bırakmamıştır. Tasvirin sıkça başvurulan yöntemi teşbih olduğundan kadim şairler binek develerini irilikte ve güçlükte köşklere, dağlara ve köprülere, geniş ayaklarını sütunlara ve muz ağacının gövdelerine, ön ayaklarının pekliğini kayalara ve suyu yaran yüzücülerin ellerine, taşları döven tabanlarını demir döven çekiçlere benzetirlerdi. Deveden başka at tasviri de kadim şairlerin önemli temalarındandı. İmruülkays b. Hucr muallakasında av atının güçlü göğsünü geyik göğsüne, çevik bacağını deve kuşu bacağına, hızını kurt ve tilki yavrusu hızına benzeterek betimlemiştir (Şevkī Dayf, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî, I, 214-215). İmruülkays’ın seksen beyitlik muallakasının yarıdan fazlası tasvirle ilgilidir (Îliyyâ Selîm Hâvî, s. 84-89). Câhiliye ve İslâm dönemlerinde tasvirleriyle meşhur olan şairler arasında at tasvirlerinde İmruülkays, Ebû Duâd el-İyâzî, Tufeyl el-Ganevî, Nâbiga el-Ca‘dî; deve tasvirlerinde Tarafe, Evs b. Hacer, Kâ‘b b. Züheyr, Şemmâh b. Dırâr, Râî en-Nümeyrî dikkat çeker. Deve tasvirindeki başarısı sebebiyle Râî en-Nümeyrî’ye “Râi’l-ibil” (deve çobanı) lakabı verilmiştir. Yaban eşeği, ok ve yay tasvirlerinde Şemmâh, Hutay’e ve Ferezdak; şarap ve içki meclisi tasvirinde Meymûn b. Kays el-A‘şâ, Ahtal, Ebû Nüvâs, İbnü’l-Mu‘tez; av tasvirinde yine Ebû Nüvâs ve İbnü’l-Mu‘tez görülür. Ömer b. Ebû Rebîa, tasvire hikâye ve diyalog üslûbunu katmak suretiyle canlı ve hareketli bir nitelik kazandırmıştır. Bilgisi ve kültürü, hayal dünyasının genişliği, dile hâkimiyeti, üstün zekâsıyla yaptığı tasvirlerle İbnü’l-Mu‘tez edebiyat tarihinde ayrı bir yere sahiptir. Onun çağdaşı İbnü’r-Rûmî de zengin ve ayrıntılı tasvirler ortaya koymuştur. Zürrumme çöl hayatına ilişkin tasvirleri, Ubeyd el-Anberî vahşi tabiat tasvirleri, Ali b. İshak er-Râcihî ve Ebû Tâlib el-Meymûnî değişik alanlardaki tasvirleri, Küşâcim eğlence âlemi, yemek ve tabiat tasvirleri, Sanevberî bahçe tasvirleri, İbn Hafâce el-Endelüsî yeşil tabiat tasvirleri, İbn Hamdîs es-Sıkıllî kuyu, pınar ve nehir sularının tasvirleriyle ün kazanmıştır (Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî, III, 119-125). Bir kısım şairlerin sadece bazı konulardaki tasvirleri başarılı iken İmruülkays, İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, İbnü’r-Rûmî, Buhtürî ve Ebû Nüvâs’ın bütün tasvirleri çok iyi örnekler olarak değerlendirilmiştir (İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, II, 295). Serî er-Reffâ’nın el-Muḥib ve’l-maḥbûb ve’l-meşmûm ve’l-meşrûba adlı şiir antolojisinde sevgili, koku, çiçek ve şarap tasvirleri bölümler halinde ele alınmıştır.
Ömer Ferruh tasviri hayalî ve hissî (somut) diye ikiye ayırmış, hayalî tasviri “betimlenen öğenin benzetme ve istiarelerle hâfızada canlandırılması”, hissî tasviri de “betimlenen öğenin sözlerle resminin yapılması” biçiminde tanımlamış, somut tasvirin daha güzel ve edebî sayıldığını ifade etmiştir. Ömer Ferruh kadim şiirde yer alan tasvir temalarını eski konak yerlerinin ve kalıntıların, deve ve at gibi binek hayvanlarının tasviri, av tasviri, tabiat, kahramanlık ve savaş tasvirleri şeklinde belirlemiş, daha sonra kadın (gazel), içki ve av tasvirlerinin (tardiyyât) bağımsız temalar haline geldiğini, bugün mutlak şekilde tasvir denildiğinde cansız tabiat öğelerinin tasvirinin anlaşıldığını ifade etmiştir (Târîḫu’l-edeb, I, 80-81). İyi bir şiirin ve özellikle bir methiyenin yazımının kadim Arap şairlerini taklit etmeye bağlı olduğunu söyleyen İbn Kuteybe muhdes şairler için bu şartı öne sürmüş, onların da kadim şairler gibi çöl hayatıyla ilgili öğeleri aynı biçimde tasvir etmelerini gerekli görmüştür. Buna karşılık Mütenebbî, İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî gibi edip ve şairler çöl hayatı yaşamamış, çölde hiçbir ilgisi olmayan şairlerin bunları tasvir etmelerini anlamsız bulmuş, her devirde şairlerin toplumun sosyal, siyasal ve ekonomik hayatın öğelerini, araç ve gereçlerini tasvir etmesini daha doğru kabul etmiştir (el-ʿUmde, II, 295-296).
Abbâsî devirlerinde tasvir konuları genişlemiş, özellikle Ebû Nüvâs ve İbnü’r-Rûmî’de görüldüğü gibi tasvir edilen şeylerin en ince ayrıntılarına girilmiş, şairler betimledikleri konulara psikolojik tahlilleriyle kişisel duygu ve izlenimlerini de eklemiştir. Birçok soyut kavram somut tablolar halinde dile getirilmiştir. Tasvir teması şiirde Abbâsî asrının simgesi olurken Endülüs’te nazım-nesir bütün edebî konuların sembolü olmuş; İbn Hafâce, İbn Ammâr, İbn Hamdîs, Muhammed b. Gālib er-Rusâfî, İbn Zümrek gibi şairler Endülüs’ün yeşil tabiatını, rengârenk çiçeklerle dolu bahçelerini, kırlarını, sularını, fıskıyelerini, saraylarını tablolar halinde ifade etmiştir. Eyyûbî, Memlük ve Osmanlı devirlerinde Arap şiirinde tasvir konuları gelişip zenginleşerek devam etmiştir. Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî Siḥru’l-belâġa’sında tasvirlerde kullanılan bazı klişe sözleri toplamış, Aḥsenü mâ semiʿtü adlı eserinde çeşitli tasvir konularında örnekler vermiştir. Safedî göz, göz yaşı, ben, hilâl gibi öğelerde kendisine ve başka şairlere ait şiirlerden seçtiği kıta ve dizeleri, her birine ayrıntılı birer mukaddime yazarak müstakil tasvir antolojileri meydana getirmiştir (bk. SAFEDÎ). Şevkī Dayf el-Fen ve meẕâhibüh fi’ş-şiʿri’l-ʿArabî adlı eserinde (s. 207-212, 232-239, 267) Ebû Temmâm, İbnü’r-Rûmî ve İbnü’l-Mu‘tez gibi usta tasvir şairlerinin sanatlarını ele almıştır.
Tasviri nitelenen öğenin olduğu gibi tasviri, nitelenenin üstüne çıkan veya gerisinde kalan tasvir olmak üzere üçe ayıran Bâkıllânî, Kur’an’da tasvir konusuna ilk temas eden müelliflerden olup Kur’an’ın tasvir ettiği şeyi ve özellikle soyut kavramları gözle görülürcesine somutlaştırmada diğer sözlerin önüne geçtiğini belirtmiştir. Tasviri Kur’an’ın i‘câz sırlarından biri diye görmüş, Kur’an’da gerçeğin olduğu gibi tasviri veya yorum katılarak tasviri (tefsirli) şeklinde iki türden söz etmiş, bunlar için bazı âyetlerden örnekler vermiştir (İʿcâzü’l-Ḳurʾân, s. 251-254). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in tasvirlerinde göze çarpan hususlardan biri iman-küfür, hidayet-dalâlet, küfür-şirk-nifak, bunların müntesipleri ve yapılan ameller gibi soyut kavramların mesellerin yanı sıra teşbih ve temsillerle somutlaşmış tablolar halinde ifade edilmiş olmasıdır et-Taṣvîrü’l-fennî fi’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla bir eser yazan Seyyid Kutub’a göre Kur’an müşahede edilen bir olayı, görülen bir manzarayı, zihnî bir mânayı, ruhî bir durumu olduğu kadar insan tipini, beşer tabiatını hissî ve hayalî bir şekilde ortaya koymak suretiyle en güzel ve en etkileyici tasvir örneklerini vermiştir. Seyyid Kutub tesbit ettiği bu tür tasvir türleri için çeşitli âyetlerden örnekler zikretmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, Dîvân (nşr. M. Bedî‘ Şerîf), Kahire 1977, neşredenin girişi, 190-193; Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, Naḳdü’ş-şiʿr (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Kahire 1398/1978, s. 130-133; Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn (nşr. Ali M. el-Bicâvî – M. Ebü’l-Fazl), Kahire 1971, s. 134-135, 172-173, 186 vd.; Bâkıllânî, İʿcâzü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. İmâdüddin Ahmed Haydar), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 251-254; Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî, Aḥsenü mâ semiʿtü (nşr. Abdülfettâh Temmâm – Seyyid Âsım), Beyrut 1409/1989, s. 350-429; İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1383/1963, II, 294-301; Zekî Mübârek, en-Nes̱rü’l-fennî fi’l-ḳarni’r-râbiʿ, Kahire 1352/1934, s. 171-179; Nihad M. Çetin, Eski Arap Şiiri, İstanbul 1973, s. 80-83, 90; Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî, Târîḫu’l-âdâbi’l-ʿArabî, Beyrut 1394/1974, III, 119-125; Şevkī Dayf, el-Fen ve meẕâhibüh fi’ş-şiʿri’l-ʿArabî, Kahire 1976, s. 207-212, 232-239, 267, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî, Kahire 1977, I, 214-218; Abdürraûf Mahlûf, el-Bâḳıllânî ve kitâbühû İʿcâzü’l-Ḳurʾân, Beyrut 1978, s. 452-456; Seyyid Kutub, Kur’ân’da Edebî Tasvîr (trc. Süleyman Ateş), İstanbul 1978, s. 51-52, 101; Ahmed Bedevî, Üsüsü’n-naḳdi’l-edebî ʿinde’l-ʿArab, Kahire 1979, s. 277- 282; Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb, I, 80-81; II, 43; IV, 403; Bekrî Şeyh Emîn, Müṭâlaʿât fi’ş-şiʿri’l-Memlûkî ve’l-ʿOs̱mânî, Beyrut 1986, s. 149-157; Îliyyâ Selîm Hâvî, Fennü’l-vaṣf, Beyrut 1987, s. 84-89; Priscilla P. Soucek, “Taṣwīr”, EI2 (İng.), X, 361-363.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 135-136 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Tasvirin süsleyici ve hüner ortaya koyucu asıl işlevi halk edebiyatı ve divan edebiyatı ürünleri için de geçerlidir. Özellikle divan edebiyatındaki kasidelerde nesîb (teşbîb) denilen giriş bölümleri bir bakıma şairin ifade gücünü tasvir yoluyla ortaya koyduğu bölümler olmuştur. Şairler asıl konuya geçmeden önce burada mevsimlere ait çeşitli tabiat manzaralarını, ramazan ve bayramları, savaşları, atları, devlet büyükleri tarafından yaptırılan köşkleri, İstanbul veya Bağdat gibi bir şehri tasvir ederler. Kasideler nesîb bölümlerindeki bu tasvirlere göre “bahâriyye, şitâiyye, ramazâniyye, ıydiyye, nevrûziyye, rahşiyye, fethiyye, dâriyye” gibi isimler alır.
Divan edebiyatında tasvirin en güzel şekli mesnevilerde bulunur. Bilhassa lirik konuları ve hamâsî olayları ifade ederken şair okuyucuya o sahneleri âdeta yaşatır. Divan şairi başta aşk olmak üzere soyut kavramları (erişilemeyen sevgili, duygular, hayaller, gönül, kozmik âlem, din vb.) anlatırken dış dünyadan örnekler vererek maksadını izah etmeye çalışır. Bu sebeple cemiyet, insan, sevgili, aşk, zaman gibi kavramlar etrafında kurduğu sanat dünyasını okuyucuya açıklamak için tasvirlere başvurur. Aşkın şaraba, tekkenin meyhâneye, sâkî veya meyhânecinin mürşide, dervişin meyhânedeki sarhoşa benzetilerek zengin tasvirlere zemin hazırlanan tasavvuf ve tekke şiirinde de durum hemen hemen aynıdır. Aşk, şarap ve kadın gibi konularda yazılan gazeller başta olmak üzere divan şiirinin hemen bütün şekillerinde şair (âşık), ulaşamadığı muhayyel sevgilinin fizik yapısına ve psikolojisine ait bazı özellikleri anlatmaya çalışır ve güzelliğini tabiattan örneklerle överken (gül yanak, gonca dudak, selvi boy vb.) yine tasviri kullanır. Âdeta tek amacı sevgilinin güzelliğini dillendirmek olan şair, aşkta kendisine rakip saydığı diğer şairlerden ayrı bir ifade yolu bulabilmek için tasvirlerinde orijinal bir üslûp bulmak zorundadır. Çünkü sevgilinin nazı yahut âşığına çektirdiği eza ve cefa ortak özellikler taşıyan tek bir güzel imajına işaret eder. Aşkının derdiyle kanlı göz yaşları döken bu âşığın tasvirine bakıldığında ah ettikçe içindeki ateşle felekleri yakan, iradesi elinden gidip çılgına dönen, perişan olmuş bir Mecnun görülür. Ayrıca şair sevgilisinin -boyu ve beli dışında- gerdanından üstte kalan güzelliğiyle alâkadardır. Bu güzelliğin tasviri için kullanılan benzetmeler şairden şaire değişmeden fakat tasvirlerde derinleşerek devam eden öğelerdir. Divan edebiyatı üzerine yapılmış çalışmaların ve üretilmiş tezlerin pek çoğunda bu tasvirlerin neler olduğu anlatılır (meselâ bk. Tolasa, bibl.; Kurnaz, bibl.). Öte yandan sevdiğinin cefasını çekmesi mukadder olan bir âşıkla onun rakibi gibi sûfî yahut zâhid de bu tür tasvirlerin öznelerindendir (Şentürk, bk. bibl.). Divan edebiyatında mensur eserlerde de tasvire başvurulmuş, hikâyeler ve kahramanlık eserlerinde oldukça zengin sahneler tasvirlere konu olmuştur (Kavruk, bibl.).
Tanzimat’tan sonra Batı etkisinde yeni bir edebiyat gelişirken eleştiri en başta eski edebiyatın hayal dünyasını hedef almıştır. Özellikle divan şiiri ve eski hikâyenin dünyası bu bakımdan gerçeğe, doğaya ve akla uygun sayılmayan canlandırmalarla dolu olmakla suçlanmıştır. Bu dünyanın güzeline ait tasvir ve benzetme unsurları bir araya getirilerek birbiriyle bağlantısız öğeler toplamından boyu selviye, saçları yılana, kaşları yaya, kirpikleri oka benzeyen bir gulyabani karikatürü ortaya konulmaya kadar varılmıştır. Bu yoldaki eleştirileri değerlendiren Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, ilk defa eski şiirin hayal sistemiyle devrin sosyal düzeni arasındaki paralelliğe dikkat çekmiş, yapılan kasıtlı çarpıtmalardaki benzetme öğelerinin sosyal yapının bağlı olduğu algı biçimi temel alınıp yerli yerine konulduğunda asıl resmin kendi anlamlı bütünlüğü içinde belireceğini ifade etmiştir. Tanpınar’la aynı doğrultuda süren daha sonraki çalışmalarda da eski edebiyatın tasvir şekilleri, ideolojisi ve sosyokültürel normları araştırılmaya devam edilmiş, tasvirin kültürle yakın ilişkisi ortaya konulmuştur. Eski edebiyatın benzetme unsurlarının arka planında dönemin âdet, gelenek, gündelik hayatta kullanılan aletler, inançlar, tabiat ve hayattan manzaralarla müsbet ilimler ve türlü ruh hallerinin bütün realitesiyle yer aldığına işaret edilmiştir. Bazı araştırmacılar, Tanzimat döneminde yazılan roman ve hikâyelerde ortaya çıkan tasvirin tamamen Batı retoriğine bağlanamayacağını ifade etmiştir (Akdeniz, XIII [2007], s. 16). Yenilikçiler dahil olmak üzere dönemin yazarları, gelişmiş bir mantık geleneği bulunan bir kültür sürekliliğini az veya çok devraldıkları için en azından usta bir tanımcı kabul edilmiştir. Çünkü Batı retoriğinde yer almayan bir metin tipolojisine sahip olan Doğu kültürü Kur’an’ı doğru anlama ve anlatma amacı etrafında gelişmiş burhan, cedel, hitabet, muhayyelât, mugalata şeklinde tasnif edilmiş bir mantık ve belâgat geleneğine sahiptir. Bununla beraber tanımla bağlantılı bir yönü bulunsa da tasvir, bir yorum olmasıyla ondan ayrılır. Batı’da tasvir Doğu’ya göre daha çok gelişmiş bir sanattır. Bu sebeple yenilikçi ilk roman ve hikâye yazarları tasvirde geleneksel şiir ve hikâyenin sunduğu sınırlı tasvir şekilleriyle yetinmek zorunda kalmış, Batı’nın bu yoldaki deneyimini Türkçe’ye mal etme sürecinde birçok acemilik yaşanmıştır. Bu süreci belirtmek için Tanpınar “tariften tasvire” ifadesini kullanır. Ona göre tasvir dilinin meydana gelmesindeki güçlüğün sebeplerinden biri Türk kültür hayatının Batılı anlamda bir resim sanatı tecrübesinden mahrum oluşudur.
Türk edebiyatı literatürüne modern anlamıyla tasvir kavramının girişi XIX. yüzyılda edebiyatta başlayan Batılılaşma süreci içindedir. Muallim Nâci tasvir yerine tavsif kelimesini kullanmakta ve tavsifi, “Bir şeyi göz önüne getirerek tecessüm ettirecek sûrette o şeyin haline münasip birtakım tâbirât ile tarif etmektir” diye tanımlamaktadır (Istılâhât-ı Edebiyye, s. 202). Mehmed Âkif “Tasvir” başlığıyla kaleme aldığı bir yazısında bir tanım yapmanın yanında tasvirin türlerinden bahsetmekte, bunları hakiki tasvir, hakikatle hayalin karıştığı tasvir, yazarın görmek istediği gibi yaptığı tasvir diye üçe ayırmaktadır. Daha sonra Türk edebiyatında çeşitli açılardan tasvir sınıflandırmaları yapıldığı görülmektedir. Meselâ konuları bakımından insan, hayvan, eşya, manzara, olay tasviri gibi ayırımlara gidilmiş veya tasvirde izlenen yola göre hiçbir şey atlamadan sırayla ve adım adım ilerleyerek yapılan sistematik ve ilgi çekici yönler seçilerek yapılan seçici tasvirlerden söz edilmiştir. Bununla beraber bir sınıflama yapılmak istendiğinde tasvir öncelikle nesnel (objektif) ve öznel (sübjektif) diye ikiye ayrılmıştır. Bu ayırımı belirleyen temel etken olarak tasvire duygu öğesinin karışıp karışmaması gösterilmiştir. Objektif tasvirlerde açıklayıcılık, görülenin olduğu gibi anlatılması, sübjektif tasvirlerde anlatan yahut bakan kişinin duygularının da işe karışması esas alınmıştır.
Batılı örneklerinde olduğu gibi ilk dönem Türk roman ve hikâyelerinde tasvirlerin zaman akışını askıya alarak ortaya çıkan bağımsız bölümler şeklinde geliştiği görülür. Yazar bu bölümde ustalığını, retorik gücünü ortaya koymak ister gibidir. Bu tür tasvirler süsleyici, şiirsel bir etki uyandırdığı kadar okuyucuyu dinlendirici bir fonksiyon üstlenmiştir. Bazı durumlarda olay akışının kesildiği bu tasvirlerin okuyucuda beklenti ve merak arttırıcı bir işlevi de vardır. Daha sonraki evrelerde yine bir yönüyle Batılı örneklerden esinlenerek Türk roman ve hikâyesinin gelişim süreci içinde dış dünyayı anlatıyor gibi görünen tasvir, süsleme ve sanat göstermenin ötesinde dışla iç dünya arasındaki ilişkileri sergilemek gibi bir görev de yüklenir. Tabiat ve dış dünya tasvirleri aracılığıyla kişilere ait ruhî yaşantı görünür kılınmıştır. Böylece tasvirlerin metnin bütünlüğü içindeki yapı belirleyici işlevleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle realizm akımına bağlı yazarlar kişilerin görünümü, giyimi, çevrelerindeki eşya ve içinde yaşadıkları muhitin tasvirleri aracılığıyla onların ruh durumlarını algılamayı sağlayan bir atmosfer meydana getirmiştir. Bazı roman ve hikâyelerde anlatıyı durdurarak yapılan tasvirlerin yerini kişilerin bakış açısından yapılan tasvirlerin aldığı görülür. Bu şekilde anlatı zamanı ile tasvirin zamanı çakışarak tasvirin kişilerin hareketleriyle beraber yürütüldüğü bir teknik Türk romancılığı ve hikâyeciliğine girmiş olmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Muallim Nâci, Istılâhât-ı Edebiyye, İstanbul 1307, s. 202-206; Mustafa Nihat Özön, Edebiyat ve Tenkid Sözlüğü, İstanbul 1954, s. 261; Tâhirülmevlevî, Edebiyat Lügatı, İstanbul 1973, s. 149-150; İlhan Ayverdi – Ahmet Topaloğlu, Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, İstanbul 2005, III, 3043-3044; Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi (İstanbul 1956), (haz. Abdullah Uçman), İstanbul 2006, s. 272-273; Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası, Ankara 1973, tür.yer.; Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, İyi ve Doğru Yazma Usulleri III, İstanbul 1978, s. 218-245; Hasan Kavruk, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mensur Hikâyeler, İstanbul 1988, tür.yer.; Mehmed Âkif Ersoy’un Makaleleri (haz. Abdulkerim Abdulkadiroğlu – Nuran Abdulkadiroğlu), Ankara 1990, s. 133-137; Ahmet Atillâ Şentürk, Klâsik Osmanlı Edebiyatı Tiplerinden Rakîb’e Dair, İstanbul 1995, tür.yer.; a.mlf., Klâsik Osmanlı Edebiyatı Tiplerinden Sûfî yahut Zâhid Hakkında, İstanbul 1996, tür.yer.; Cemâl Kurnaz, Hayâlî Bey Dîvânı’nın Tahlili, İstanbul 1996, tür.yer.; Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi, Ankara 1997, s. 123-152; Saadet Karaköse, “Divan Şiiri Gazellerinde Tasvir ve Tahkiye”, İlmî Araştırmalar, sy. 18, İstanbul 2004, s. 45-59; Safiye Akdeniz, “Tasvirî (Descriptif) Metin Tipleri ve Tanzimat Döneminde Tasvirî Metinlerin Gelişim Çizgisi”, TDEAD, XIII (2007), s. 1-20; “Tasvir”, TDEA, VIII, 279; Ömer Faruk Akün, “Divan Edebiyatı”, DİA, IX, 407-408, 415-416.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 136-138 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.