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TEDLÎS Skip to content Râvinin, hocasından işitmediği bir hadisi ondan duymuş gibi nakletmesi anlamında bir terim.
Sözlükte “bir şeyin kusurunu gizlemek” anlamındaki tedlîs terim olarak “râvinin, görüşmediği ya da görüştüğü halde kendisinden hadis işitmediği hocasından işittiği zannını uyandıracak biçimde rivayette bulunması” demektir. Tedlîs yapan râviye müdellis, tedlîsle rivayet edilen hadise müdelles denir. Hadis rivayetinde râvilerin “semi‘tü” (işittim), “haddesenî” (bana söyledi) ve “ahberenî” (bana haber verdi) gibi hadisi hocasından kesin olarak işittiğine ve onunla görüştüğüne delâlet eden edâ sîgaları kullanması gerekir. Hiç görüşmediği veya kendisinden hadis duymadığı hocasından bu lafızlarla nakilde bulunan râvi yalancı konumuna düşer, bu durum onun bütün rivayetlerinin reddine yol açar. Bu sebeple müdellisler daha çok “an fülânin” (falandan) ve “kāle fülânün” (falan dedi) gibi lafızlar kullanır. Çünkü bu lafızlar semâa delâlet ettiği kadar hadisin bizzat hocadan işitilmeden rivayet edildiğini de gösterir. Fıkıhta tedlîs akid sırasında malın kusurunu gizlemeyi ifade eder (bk. HİLE; TAĞRÎR).
II. (VIII.) yüzyılın başlarından itibaren kullanılmaya başlandığı anlaşılan tedlîsi ilk defa İmam Şâfiî tarif etmiştir. Şâfiî, haber-i vâhidin delil kabul edilebilmesi için taşıması istenen şartları sayarken haber-i vâhidi rivayet eden kişinin görüştüğü şeyhten işitmediği hadisi rivayet eden bir kimse (müdellis) olmaması gerektiğini söylemek suretiyle tedlîsin tanımını yapmıştır (er-Risâle, s. 371). İbn Nümeyr ve Ebû Dâvûd gibi III. (IX.) yüzyıl muhaddislerinin râvinin tedlîs yaptığını açıklayan ifadelerinde de aynı tanıma rastlanmaktadır (İbn Ebû Hâtim, I, 322; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭalâḳ”, 31). III. yüzyılda ayrıca, râvinin rivayet ettiği şeyhini herkesçe bilinen isim, künye ve lakabıyla değil bilinmeyen isim, künye ya da lakapla anmasıyla meydana gelen tedlîse tenkitçi muhaddislerce işaret edilmekle birlikte (Fesevî, II, 424) bu nevi tedlîsler için daha sonraki dönemlerde kullanılacak olan “tedlîsü’ş-şüyûh” tabirine rastlanmamaktadır. Müteahhirîn dönemi âlimlerinden İbnü’s-Salâh tedlîsi, “râvinin görüşmüş olduğu hocasından işitmeden ya da aynı asırda yaşadığı halde görüşmediği hocasından işittiği zannını uyandıracak şekilde rivayette bulunması” diye tanımlarken (ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱, s. 73) Nevevî, “hoca ile aynı asırda yaşamış olup ondan işitmediği halde ‘kāle fülânün’ veya ‘an fülânin’ diyerek işittiğini ima edecek biçimde rivayet etmesi” şeklinde tarif etmiştir (Süyûtî, s. 139-140). Gerek İbnü’s-Salâh gerekse Nevevî, râvi ile şeyhinin görüşüp görüşmediğini dikkate almadan aynı asırda yaşamış olmalarını yeterli görmüş ve tedlîsi ona göre tarif etmiştir. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî ise tedlîsi “râvinin bir hocadan duyduğu hadisi kendisiyle görüştüğü, fakat o hadisi işitmediği başka bir hocasına isnad etmesi” şeklinde tanımlar (Nüzhetü’n-naẓar, s. 82-83).
Başlıca tedlîs türleri şunlardır: 1. Tedlîsü’l-isnâd. Râvinin görüştüğü ve kendisinden hadis dinlediği hocasından doğrudan duymadığı hadisleri ondan işitmiş gibi nakletmesidir. İsnad tedlîsi yapan kimsenin maksadı ya isnad zincirini kısaltarak âlî isnad elde etmek veya aradaki zayıf râviyi (müdelles anh) düşürmek yahut büyük bir muhaddisten o hadisi bizzat duyduğu intibaını vermektir. Bu tedlîsi yapan râvi hadisi rivayet ederken “işittim” ve “haber verdi” gibi kesinlik bildiren sîgalar yerine “kāle” ve “an” gibi duyduğu zannını uyandıracak ifadeler kullanır. 2. Tedlîsü’ş-şüyûh. Râvinin, hocasını bilinen adı dışında fazla bilinmeyen bir isim, künye, lakap ya da nisbe ile zikretmesidir. Bu nevi tedlîs yapan kimsenin amacı hep aynı hocadan nakletmediği, zayıf ya da yaşı kendisinden küçük râvilerden hadis almadığı kanaatini vermektedir. 3. Tedlîsü’t-tesviye. Güvenilir râviler arasındaki zayıf bir râviyi atlamak suretiyle hadisin hep güvenilir râvilerden rivayet edildiği zannını uyandırmaktır. Tesviye yoluyla yapılan tedlîse ilk dönem âlimlerince “tecvîd” adı da verilmiştir. 4. Tedlîsü’l-atf. Râvinin, “Bize bu hadisi falan ve falan hocalarım rivayet etti” derken o hadisi ikinci hocasından işitmediği halde isimleri ardarda zikrederek her ikisinden de duymuş gibi nakletmesidir. 5. Tedlîsü’s-sükût. Râvinin isnadı zikrederken “haddesenâ” veya “semi‘tü” dedikten sonra bir süre susması, ardından o hadisi kendisinden işitmediği bir hocasının adını anması, böylece hadisi bu hocasından da işittiği intibaını vermesidir. 6. Tedlîsü’l-bilâd. Râvinin hadisi aldığı yeri belirtirken çok bilinen veya uzakta olan bir ilim merkezinin adını söylediği halde aslında aynı adı taşıyan, yakındaki fazla bilinmeyen bir yeri kastetmesidir. Meselâ Mısırlı bir râvinin “haddesenâ fülânün bi’l-Endelüs” derken meşhur Endülüs’ü değil Kahire’deki Endülüs mahallesini kastetmesi böyledir. Râvi bu tür tedlîsi hadis öğrenmek için uzak yerlere gittiği intibaını vermek için yapar. 7. Tedlîsü’l-iskât. Râvinin hocasından bizzat işitmeyip başka bir yolla öğrendiği hadisi ondan işittiği zannını uyandıran “kāle” ve “an” gibi sîgalarla rivayet etmesidir. 8. Tedlîsü’l-hazf. Râvinin hocasından muteber bir yolla almadığı hadisi, muteber bir yolla aldığını zannettirmek için hiçbir edâ sîgası kullanmadan doğrudan hocasının ismini söyleyerek rivayet etmesidir. Buna “tedlîsü’l-kat‘” da denir. Hadis rivayetinde ayrıca icâzet, vicâde ve münâvele gibi rivayet türlerine göre isimlendirilen tedlîsü’l-icâze, tedlîsü’l-vicâde ve tedlîsü’l-münâvele gibi tedlîsler yanında “tedlîsü’l-metin” (râvinin hadis metnine asıl nüshada bulunmayan bazı açıklamalar ilâve etmesi) gibi bazı türlerden de söz edilir; ancak tedlîsin en çok bilinenleri tedlîsü’l-isnâd, tedlîsü’ş-şüyûh ve tedlîsü’t-tesviyedir.
İbn Hacer el-Askalânî tedlîs yapan râvileri Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân gibi nâdiren tedlîs yapanlar, Süfyân b. Uyeyne gibi güvenilir olup sadece sika kimselerden ve çok az tedlîs yapanlar, rivayetlerinde fazlaca tedlîs yapanlar, zayıf veya meçhul râvilerden rivayet ederken tedlîs yapanlar ve tedlîsle birlikte başka bir sebepten dolayı cerhedilerek zayıf râvi durumuna düşenler olmak üzere beş grupta inceler (Ṭabaḳātü’l-müdellisîn, s. 13-14). Bunlardan ilk iki gruptakilerin tedlîsleri kabul edilirken son iki gruptakilerin tedlîsleri reddedilmiş, üçüncü gruptakilerin rivayetleri ise rivayet şekline göre kabul veya reddedilmiştir. İbnü’s-Salâh’ın belirttiğine göre Buhârî ve Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’leri başta olmak üzere muteber hadis kitaplarında tedlîsü’ş-şüyûh cinsinden birçok tedlîs bulunmaktadır (ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱, s. 75). Ancak hadis münekkitleri bu tür tedlîsleri genellikle farketmiş ve bunları tedlîs yapanın durumuna ve amacına bakarak değerlendirmiştir. Hadis tarihinde tedlîs en çok Kûfe’de ve Dımaşk’ta, nâdiren de Basra’da görülmüştür. Bağdat, Hicaz, Mısır, Horasan, İsfahan, İran, Hûzistan ve Mâverâünnehir muhaddislerinin nâdiren tedlîs yaptığı belirtilmektedir (Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî, s. 356).
Sahâbîler diğer sahâbîlerden duydukları hadisleri çok defa bizzat Hz. Peygamber’den duymuş gibi rivayet etmişlerdir. Bu husus zâhiren tedlîs gibi görünse de hadis âlimleri sahâbe devrinde gerçek anlamda tedlîs faaliyetinin bulunmadığını, onların bu tür rivayetlerinin mürsel olacağını, sahâbe mürselinin ise sahih kabul edildiğini söylemiştir. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, aynı asırda yaşadıkları halde görüştükleri bilinmeyen iki râvinin birbirinden yaptıkları rivayetlerin müdelles değil mürsel-i hafî olduğunu belirtir. Müdelles ile mürsel-i hafî arasında çok ince bir fark vardır. Şeyh ile görüştüğü bilinen râvinin ondan işitmeden rivayet ettiği hadise müdelles, şeyhle aynı asırda yaşamakla birlikte onunla görüştüğü bilinmeyen râvinin şeyhten rivayet ettiği hadise mürsel-i hafî denir (Nüzhetü’n-naẓar, s. 82-83). Buna göre Hz. Peygamber’le aynı asırda yaşadığı halde onunla görüşmemiş olan muhadramûnun rivayet ettiği hadisler müdelles değil mürsel-i hafîdir. Bazı muhaddisler tedlîsi mürsel-i hafîyi de kapsayacak biçimde tanımlamışsa da Hatîb el-Bağdâdî iki kavramı birbirinden ayırmanın daha doğru olacağını belirtmiştir (el-Kifâye, s. 395).
Hadis âlimleri tedlîsi önemli bir cerh sebebi kabul etmiştir. Şu‘be b. Haccâc ve İmam Şâfiî tedlîsi yalanın kardeşi diye niteler (a.g.e., s. 393). Tedlîs yapmanın kesinlikle câiz olmadığını söyleyenlerin yanında tedlîsi bazı şartlarla câiz sayanlar da vardır. Nitekim Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî, İbnü’s-Salâh, Nevevî ve Alâî gibi âlimler müdellis râvinin rivayette kullandığı sîgalara bakmak gerektiğini söylemiş, sika bir müdellisin hadisi işittiğine kesin biçimde delâlet eden rivayet lafızları kullandığı durumlarda bu tür rivayetlerin delil olarak kullanılabileceğini söylemiştir (Misfir b. Gurmullah ed-Dümeynî, s. 105 vd.). Buna göre râvinin tedlîs yapması onun bir kısım rivayetlerine zarar verse de güvenilirliğini ortadan kaldırmamakta, diğer rivayetleri kabul edilebilmektedir. Nesâî, tedlîs yapmakla tanınan Bakıyye b. Velîd’in “haddesenâ” ve “ahberenâ” sîgalarıyla aktardığı rivayetlerinde sika olduğunu söylemiştir (Zehebî, XIV, 134). Ancak müdellis râvi şeyhinden bizzat işitmediği bir hadisi “semi‘tü, haddesenâ, ahberenâ, kāle lî fülânün” gibi cezim sîgasıyla rivayet ediyorsa o takdirde yalan söylediği gerekçesiyle onun bütün rivayetleri terkedilir.
Tedlîs konusundaki ilk telifler Ali b. Medînî ile (a.g.e., XI, 60) Kerâbîsî’ye aittir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 89). Esmâʾü’l-müdellisîn adıyla bir eser kaleme aldığı bildirilen Kerâbîsî’den sonra Nesâî ve Dârekutnî de birer eser yazmış, ancak bunlardan hiçbiri günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Kendisinin belirttiğine göre Hatîb el-Bağdâdî biri Tedlîsü’ş-şüyûḫ, diğeri et-Tebyîn li-esmâʾi’l-müdellisîn adıyla iki çalışma yapmıştır (el-Kifâye, s. 395). Zehebî konuyla ilgili bir kaside (el-Mektebetü’l-Mahmûdiyye [Medine], nr. 356, vr. 418b -419b ), İbn Hilâl el-Makdisî bir manzume (nşr. Âsım b. Abdullah el-Karyûtî, Cidde-Beyrut 1407/1987) yazmıştır. Alâî’nin Câmiʿu’t-taḥṣîl li-aḥkâmi’l-merâsîl adlı eseri sadece mürsel hadisle alâkalı gibi görünmekle birlikte müellif burada tedlîs ve müdellisler konusuna geniş yer ayırarak altmış sekiz müdellis râviyi tanıtmış (nşr. Hamdî Abdülmecîd es-Selefî, Riyad 1407, s. 97-124), daha sonraları eser konu hakkında yapılan çalışmalara kaynak teşkil etmiştir. Tedlîse dair kaleme alınan en hacimli eserler Sıbt İbnü’l-Acemî’nin et-Tebyîn li-esmâʾi’l-müdellisîn (Halep 1350; nşr. Yahyâ Şefîk, Beyrut 1406/1986; Delhi 1406, S̱elâs̱ü resâʾil fî uṣûli’l-ḥadîs̱ içinde), İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin Ṭabaḳātü’l-müdellisîn olarak da bilinen (Kahire 1322; nşr. Tâhâ Abdürraûf Sa‘d, Kahire 1978; nşr. Muhammed Zeynühüm Muhammed Azeb, Kahire 1407/1986) Taʿrîfü ehli’t-taḳdîs bi-merâtibi’l-mevṣûfîne bi’t-tedlîs (nşr. Âsım b. Abdullah el-Karyûtî, Zerkā/Ürdün 1403; nşr. Abdülgaffâr Süleyman el-Bündârî – Muhammed Ahmed Abdülazîz, Beyrut 1405/1984, 1407/1987; nşr. Ahmed b. Ali Seyr el-Mübârekî, Riyad 1414/1993) ve Süyûtî’nin Esmâʾü’l-müdellisîn (nşr. Ali Hasan Ali Abdülhamîd, Zerkā/Ürdün 1986, S̱elâs̱ü resâʾil fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ içinde; nşr. Muhammed Zeynühüm Muhammed Azeb, Kahire 1407/1986; nşr. Mahmûd Muhammed Nessâr, Beyrut 1412/1992) adlı kitaplarıdır.
Günümüzde yapılan çalışmalara örnek olarak şunlar zikredilebilir: Hâris Süleyman ed-Dârî, et-Tedlîs ve ḥükmühû ʿinde’l-muḥaddis̱în (Bağdat 1976); Abdülazîz b. Muhammed b. Sıddîk el-Gumârî, et-Teʾnîs bi-şerḥi Manẓûmeti’ẕ-Ẕehebî fî ehli’t-tedlîs (Beyrut 1404); Hammâd b. Muhammed el-Ensârî, İtḥâfü ẕevi’r-rüsûḫ bi-men rumiye bi’t-tedlîsi mine’ş-şüyûḫ (Küveyt 1406/1985); Âsım b. Abdullah el-Karyûtî, et-Teʾsîs bi-ẕikri men vuṣıfe bi’t-tedlîs (Cidde-Beyrut 1407, İbn Hilâl el-Makdisî’nin manzumesi ile birlikte); Muhammed b. Ali b. Âdem el-Etiyûbî, el-Celîsü’l-enîs fî şerḥi’l-Cevheri’n-nefîs fî naẓmi esmâʾi ve merâtibi’l-mevṣûfîne bi’t-tedlîs (Mekke 1410); Misfir b. Gurmullah ed-Dümeynî, et-Tedlîs fi’l-ḥadîs̱ (Riyad 1412/1992); Şerîf Hâtim b. Ârif el-Avnî, el-Mürselü’l-ḫafî ve ʿalâḳatühû bi’t-tedlîs (I-IV, Riyad 1418/1997); Avvâd el-Halef, Rivâyâtü’l-müdellisîn fî Ṣaḥîḥi’l-Buḫârî (Beyrut 1423/2002); Sâlih b. Saîd Avmâr el-Cezâirî, et-Tedlîs ve aḥkâmuhû ve âs̱âruhü’n-naḳdiyye (Beyrut 2002); Muhammed b. Tal‘at, Muʿcemü’l-müdellisîn (Riyad 1426/2005). Ömer Mehmet Ulusoy, Hadis Rivayetinde Tedlîs Uygulaması ve İbn Hacer’in Tabakatü’l-müdellisîn Adlı Eseri adıyla bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamış (2008, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü), Ali Toksarı da “Müdelles Hadis ve Sahâbeye Tedlis İsnadı” isimli bir makale yazmıştır (EÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, V [1988], s. 221-236).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Şâfiî, er-Risâle , s. 371; Fesevî, el-Maʿrife ve’t-târîḫ, II, 424; İbn Ebû Hâtim, el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl, I, 322; Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, el-Kifâye (nşr. Ahmed Ömer Hâşim), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 393-409; Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî, Maʿrifetü ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Ahmed b. Fâris es-Sellûm), Beyrut 1424/2003, s. 338-358; İbnü’s-Salâh, ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱, s. 73-76; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, XI, 60; XIV, 134; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Nüzhetü’n-naẓar fî tavżîḥi Nuḫbeti’l-fiker (nşr. Nûreddin Itr), Dımaşk 1413/1992, s. 81-84; a.mlf., en-Nüket ʿalâ Kitâbi İbni’ṣ-Ṣalâḥ (nşr. Rebî‘ b. Hâdî Umeyr), Riyad 1408/1988, II, 614-651; a.mlf., Ṭabaḳātü’l-müdellisîn (nşr. Âsım b. Abdullah el-Karyûtî), Amman 1983, s. 13-14; Süyûtî, Tedrîbü’r-râvî , s. 139-146; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 89; Emîr es-San‘ânî, Tavżîḥu’l-efkâr (nşr. Salâh b. Muhammed b. Uveyza), Beyrut 1417/1997, I, 315-339; Leknevî, Ẓaferü’l-emânî (nşr. Takıyyüddin en-Nedvî), Dübey 1415, s. 373-392; Tecrid Tercemesi, Mukaddime, I, 163-175; Talât Koçyiğit, Hadis Istılahları, Ankara 1980, s. 432-436; Haldûn el-Ahdeb, Esbâbü iḫtilâfi’l-muḥaddis̱în, Cidde 1405/1985, I, 271-312; Subhî es-Sâlih, ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱ ve muṣṭalaḥuh, Beyrut 1988, s. 170-179; Misfir b. Gurmullah ed-Dümeynî, et-Tedlîs fi’l-ḥadîs̱, Riyad 1412/1992; Murtazâ ez-Zeyn Ahmed, Menâhicü’l-muḥaddis̱în fî taḳviyeti’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-ḥasene ve’ż-żaʿîfe, Riyad 1415/1994, s. 257-286; Ahmet Yücel, Hadîs Istılahlarının Doğuşu ve Gelişimi, İstanbul 1996, s. 167-168; Sâlih b. Saîd Avmâr el-Cezâirî, et-Tedlîs ve aḥkâmühû ve âs̱âruhü’n-naḳdiyye, Beyrut 1422/2002; Abdülkadir Karahan, “Tedlîs”, İA, XII/1, s. 110-112; G. H. A. Juynboll, “Tadlīs”, EI2 (İng.), X, 77-78.
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