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TEHZÎBÜ’l-AHLÂK Skip to content İbn Miskeveyh’in (ö. 421/1030) ahlâka dair eseri.
İbn Miskeveyh eserinin bir yerinde (s. 94), “Onu Ṭahâretü’l-aʿrâḳ diye adlandırdık” demektedir. Köprülü Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshada (nr. 767) eṭ-Ṭahâre diye kaydedilmiştir. Kehhâle eseri Taṭhîrü’l-aʿrâḳ fî ʿilmi’l-aḫlâḳ şeklinde anar (Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn, II, 169). Müellif eserde kullandığı “tehzîbü’l-ahlâk” terkibiyle (s. 79) kitabın adını ima etmiş olabilir; Câvidân-ḫıred’de ise (el-Ḥikmetü’l-ḫâlide) Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ adıyla zikreder (s. 25). Gerek eski ve yeni kaynakların çoğunda gerekse baskılarında Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ ve taṭhîrü’l-aʿrâḳ (kısaca Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ) diye geçer. Muhammed Erkūn’un (Arkoun) çevirisinde Tahdīb al’akhlāq wa tathīr al’a‘rāq, Kostantin Züreyḳ’in çevirisinde Tahdhīb al-akhlāq başlığı yer alır. Züreyḳ’e göre eserin adındaki Taṭhîrü’l-aʿrâḳ kısmı müstensihlerce sonradan eklenmiştir (The Refinement of Character: Tahdhīb al-akhlāq, tercüme edenin girişi, s. XVIII). Muhammed Erkūn eserin 372-376 (982-986) yılları arasında yazılmış olabileceğini belirtir (L’humanisme arabe, s. 118).
Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ, özellikle ahlâk felsefesindeki yetkinliğiyle bilinen İbn Miskeveyh’in en tanınmış eseri olup İslâm düşünce tarihinde ahlâkın başlıca konularının işlendiği ilk sistematik çalışma sayılabilir. Müellif, başta Aristo’nun Nikomakhos Ahlâkı olmak üzere Grek ahlâk kültüründen geniş ölçüde yararlanmıştır. Ancak bu yararlanmada din-ahlâk ilişkisi, çocuk eğitimi, insanın mahiyeti, ahlâkın en yüksek amacının ne olduğu gibi konularda İslâm inanç ve değerlerinin korunmasına itina gösterilmiş, Aristo’nun görüşleri -yer yer Eflâtun ile Yeni Eflâtunculuğa ait görüşlerden ve İran edep kültüründen de faydalanılarak- İslâmîleştirilmeye çalışılmış (meselâ bk. s. 45, 55-56, 58-59, 68, 70, 96-97, 99-100, 110, 125-129, 133), bazan âyet ve hadisler zikredilip bunlara felsefî yorumlar getirilmiştir (s. 28, 36, 56, 76, 79, 167). Eserin özellikle son bölümlerinde Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’nin eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî’siyle Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî’nin Risâle fi’l-ḥîle li-defʿi’l-aḥzân’ından yararlanılmıştır.
Kısa bir girişle başlayan Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ yedi bölümden (makale) meydana gelir; bazı baskı ve çevirilerinde son iki bölüm birleştirilmiştir. Birinci bölümde nefsin mahiyeti ve cisimden farkı, bilginin kaynağı ve değeri üzerinde durulmakta, insanın irade ile gerçekleştirdiği fiillerle diğer canlılardan üstün olduğu belirtilmektedir. Buna göre temyizi sahih, görüşü isabetli ve seçimi faziletli olan kişi insanlık yönünden en mükemmeldir (s. 35). Daha sonra ahlâkî fiillere temel teşkil eden melekeler düşünme, arzu ve öfke gücü biçiminde sıralanmakta, bunlardan doğan dört erdemle karşıtları sayılan erdemsizlikler zikredilmektedir. Müellif, Eflâtun ile Aristo’nun fazilet anlayışlarının “garip halîtası” şeklinde değerlendirilen (Mâcid Fahrî, s. 173) bu kısımda her erdemin iki aşırılığın ortası kabul edildiğini söylemekte ve başlıca faziletlerle bunların ifrat ve tefriti olan erdemsizlikleri belirtmektedir. Birçok ahlâk âliminin adaleti zulmün zıddı saymasına karşılık İbn Miskeveyh bu fazileti zulüm ve inzılâm (zulme boyun eğme) şeklinde iki erdemsizliğin ortası diye göstermiştir (s. 48). Bu arada muhtemelen hıristiyan münzevileriyle İslâm sûfîlerini kastederek fazileti insanlardan ayrı yaşamakta görenlerin insanî erdemleri kazanamayacaklarını ileri sürmektedir (s. 49).
Ahlâk ve karakter konularının ele alındığı ikinci bölümde önce ahlâkın tanımı yapılmaktadır. Buna göre ahlâk (hulk), insanın kendine özgü fiilleri düşünüp taşınmadan yapmasını sağlayan ruha ait bir haldir. Bu hal kısmen yaratılıştan gelir, kısmen alışkanlıklarla kazanılır (s. 51). Ahlâkın eğitimle değişip değişmeyeceği konusundaki meşhur tartışmaya değinen müellif kendisinin ahlâkın eğitimle değişebileceğini kabul ettiğini söyler ve Aristo’nun Kitâbü’l-Aḫlâḳ ve Kitâbü’l-Maḳūlât’ta insanların eğitimle iyiliğe yönlendirilebileceğini açıkladığını belirtir (s. 52-53). Ona göre, bilgi ve ahlâkta yetkinliğini tamamlayan insan “küçük âlem” nitelemesine hak kazanır ve yeryüzünde Allah’ın halifesi olur (s. 57-58). Câlînûs’un Aḫlâḳu’n-nefs adlı kitabına dayanıp mutluluğun hissî zevklerde bulunduğunu ileri süren görüşü eleştiren İbn Miskeveyh, Yeni Pisagorcu düşünür Bryson’un ev idaresi hakkındaki eserine atıfta bulunarak çocuk eğitimine dair görüşlerini ortaya koyar. Düşünüre göre mümkün olan bütün zihnî ve ahlâkî yetkinlikleri tamamlayan insanın üzerine “en yüksek ufkun ışığı” doğar; bu sayede bir hakîm olarak aldığı ilhamlar sayesinde ulvî âlemle aşağı âlem arasında vasıta konumuna yükselir. İbn Miskeveyh bu görüşünü, “Hiç kimse yapmakta olduğuna karşılık nasıl bir mutluluk hazırlandığını bilemez” meâlindeki âyetle (es-Secde 32/17), “Orada hiçbir gözün görmediği, hiçbir kulağın işitmediği ve hiçbir insan aklının tasavvur edemeyeceği şeyler vardır” hadisiyle (Müsned, II, 313; Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 35; Müslim, “Îmân”, 312) destekler (s. 79).
Üçüncü bölümde hayır ve mutluluk kavramları ele alınır. Burada Aristo’nun bu kavramlara dair tanımları açıklanmakta, Aristo’ya göre hayrın çeşitleri tanıtılmakta, Allah’ın ilk ve en yüce hayır olduğu belirtilmekte, yine Aristo’ya göre mutluluğun çeşitleri hakkında bilgi aktarılmaktadır. İbn Miskeveyh, Aristo’ya nisbet ettiği ve Ebû Osman ed-Dımaşkī’nin çevirdiğini söylediği Feżâʾilü’n-nefs adlı kitaptan faziletlerin derecelerine dair bir alıntı yapar (s. 91-94). Buna göre faziletlerin en alt rütbesi insanın iradesini hissî menfaatlerine yönlendirmesi, en yüksek derecesi bütün fiillerinin sırf ilâhî fiiller halini almasıdır. Müellif, insanın bu mertebeye ulaşabilmesi için bütün felsefeyi bilmesi ve hayatına uygulaması gerektiğini, bunları Tertîbü’s-saʿâdât isimli kitabında yazdığını söyler (s. 94). Dördüncü bölümde mutluluğun adalet, şecaat, iffet gibi faziletlerin kazanılmasına bağlı olduğu belirtildikten sonra şecaat, cömertlik, adalet ve iffetin mahiyeti ve önemine dair geniş açıklamalar yapılır, özellikle adalet konusunda Aristo’nun Nikomakhos Ahlâkı’ndaki görüşlerine yer verilir, bu arada adaletle eşitlik ve hayır severlik ilişkisi üzerinde durulur (s. 119-122). Beşinci bölümde sevgi ve dostluk konusunun işlenişinde büyük ölçüde yine Aristo’nun Nikomakhos Ahlâkı’nın VIII. Kitabı’ndaki dostluk nazariyesinin etkisi görülür. Ancak bütün müslüman ahlâkçılar gibi İbn Miskeveyh de en yalın, en yüce sevginin ilâhî sevgi olduğunu belirtir. Eserde dost seçiminin isabetli yapılabilmesi konusunda Sokrat’tan bazı öğütler nakledilir (s. 140-143). Ahlâkî hastalıkların tedavi yollarının ele alındığı altıncı bölümde tıpla ahlâk arasında bağ kurularak bedenî tıp gibi ahlâkî tıp da biri ahlâk sağlığını koruma tedbirleri, diğeri bozulan ahlâkı düzeltme yöntemleri olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Ahlâkî hastalıkların başlıca sebepleri öfke, ihtiras, üzüntü, aşk, bayağı şeylere düşkünlük, zarara uğrama korkusu şeklinde sıralanır. Bu bölümde çocuk eğitimine geniş yer verilir; bölümün sonunda kişinin kendi kusurlarını tanımasının önemi anlatılır. Yedinci bölümde başlıca erdemsizlikler hakkında bilgi yer almaktadır. Eserin son sayfalarında korku, kaygı ve özellikle ölüm korkusuyla bunlardan kurtulmanın çareleri üzerinde durulur. Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ’ın başta Gazzâlî ve Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî olmak üzere ahlâk âlimleri üzerinde geniş etkisi olmuştur. Özellikle Tûsî’nin Aḫlâḳ-ı Nâṣırî’sinin “Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ” başlıklı ilk bölümü İbn Miskeveyh’in eserinin serbest tercümesinden ibaret olup sonraki ahlâk kitaplarında da aynı yol izlenmiştir.
Pek çok yazma nüshası bulunan Tehẕibü’l-aḫlâḳ’ın (Brockelmann, GAL, I, 418; Suppl., I, 584; Muʿcemü’l-maḫṭûṭât, I, 217-218) çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır (İstanbul 1298; Kahire 1298, 1299, 1303 [Tabersî’nin Mekârimü’l-aḫlâḳ’ının kenarında], 1317, 1318 [Mâverdî’nin Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn’inin kenarında], 1323 [nşr. Abdülcevâd Halef], 1323 [nşr. Abdülalîm S. el-Muhâmî]; nşr. Zekeriyyâ Ramazan, Beyrut 1327; Kahire 1329, 1378; nşr. Hasan Temîm, Beyrut 1398; nşr. İbnü’l-Hatîb, 1398/1977; Tahran 1314; Beyrut 1961; nşr. Kostantin Züreyḳ, Beyrut 1966, 1985; nşr. Süheyl Osman, Suriye 1980). Eseri Kostantin Züreyḳ İngilizce’ye (The Refinement of Character: Tahdhīb al-akhlāq, Beirut 1968), Muhammed Erkūn Fransızca’ya (Traité d’éthique [Tahdīb al’akhlāq wa tathīr al’a‘rāq], Damas 1969), Abdülkadir Şener, İsmet Kayaoğlu ve Cihat Tunç Türkçe’ye (Ahlakı Olgunlaştırma, Ankara 1983) çevirmiştir. Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ’tan faydalanarak yapılan çok sayıdaki çalışmadan bazıları şunlardır: Abdullah İzzet, İbn Miskeveyh: Felsefetühû el-aḫlâḳıyye ve meṣâdiruhâ (Kahire 1946); Richard Rudolf Walzer, “Some Aspects of Miskawaih’s Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq” (Studi orientalistici in onore di Giorgio Levi Della Vida , Roma 1956, II, 603-621); M. Abdul Hak Ansari, The Ethical Philosophy of Miskawaih (Aligarh 1964; Fuat Sezgin tarafından Islamic Philosophy serisi içinde yayımlanmıştır, Frankfurt 2000, LXXXVI, s. 113-324); Ali Zakheri, İbn Miskeveyh’in Ahlâk Felsefesinde Lezzet ve Elem Kavramları (doktora tezi, 1973, İÜ Edebiyat Fakültesi); Nâcî et-Tikrîtî, “Fażîletü’l-iʿtidâl ve’l-ʿadl beyne Aristû ve Miskeveyh” (Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb, Câmiatü’l-Basra, Basra 1981, V/17, s. 15-44); Majid Fakhry, “The Platonism of Miskawayh and its Implications for his Ethics” (St.I, Paris 1975, XLII, 39-57); Cavit Sunar, İbn Miskeveyh: Yunan’da ve İslam’da Ahlak Görüşleri (Ankara 1980); Süheyl Osman, Min Tehẕîbi’l-aḫlâḳ (Seçmeler) (Kahire 1981); Mervân Ebû Huveyc, “el-İrşâdü’n-nefsî et-terbevî fi’l-fikri’l-İslâmî: Dirâse taḥlîliyye li-üsüsi’ṣ-ṣıḥḥati’n-nefsiyye ʿinde Miskeveyh” (el-Mecelletü’l-ʿArabiyye li’l-ʿulûmi’l-insâniyye, 1988, VIII/31, s. 130-164); Muhammed b. İmrân, “Ârâʾü İbn Miskeveyh fi’l-aḫlâḳ ve’l-ictimâʿ ve’t-terbiye min ḫilâli Tehẕîbi’l-aḫlâḳ” (Mecelletü Külliyyeti’d-Daʿveti’l-İslâmiyye, Trablus 1990, VII, 267-282); Ramazan Altıntaş, “İbn Miskeveyh’in Adalet Anlayışı” (Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Sivas 1998, II, 237-249); Yasien Mohamed, “The Concept of Justice in Miskavayh and Isfahani” (Journal for Islamic Studies, XVIII-XIX, 1998-1999, s. 51-111).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Müsned, II, 313; İbn Miskeveyh, Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ (nşr. Hasan Temîm), Beyrut 1398, tür.yer.; a.mlf., The Refinement of Character: Tahdhīb al-akhlāq (trc. Constantine K. Zurayk), Beirut 1968, tercüme edenin girişi, s. XI-XX; a.mlf., Câvidân-ḫıred: el-Ḥikmetü’l-ḫâlide (nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî), Kahire 1952, s. 25; Aristoteles [Aristo], Ethique à Nicomaque (trc. J. Tricot), Paris 1994, VIII, 9 (s. 400-402); Brockelmann, GAL, I, 418; Suppl., I, 584; Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn, II, 169; Nâcî et-Tikrîtî, el-Felsefetü’l-aḫlâḳıyyetü’l-Eflâṭûniyye, Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 343-350; Mohammed Arkoun, L’humanisme arabe au IVe /Xe siècle: Miskawayh philosophe et historien, Paris 1982, s. 118; Abdülcebbâr Abdurrahman, Zeḫâʾirü’t-türâs̱i’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-İslâmî, [baskı yeri yok] 1403/1983, II, 831-833; Mustafa Çağrıcı, İslâm Düşüncesinde Ahlâk, İstanbul 1989, s. 107-135; Mâcid Fahrî, İslâm Felsefesi Tarihi (trc. Kasım Turhan), İstanbul 1992, s. 171-175; Muʿcemü’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-mevcûde fî mektebâti İstânbûl ve Ânâṭûlî (haz. Ali Rıza Karabulut), [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok], I, 217-218; İsmail Hakkı İzmirli, “Miskeveyh’in Felsefesi, Eserleri”, DİFM, III/11 (1929), s. 59-60.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 328-330 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.