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TEKİT Skip to content Bir kelime veya cümleyi lafız yahut mânaca pekiştiren sözel öğeler anlamında nahiv ve belâgat terimi.
Sözlükte “güçlendirmek, sağlam hale getirmek” anlamındaki ekd kökünden türeyen te’kîd “sağlamlaştırmak, pekiştirmek” demektir. Vekd, tevkîd de aynı mânada kullanılır. “Sözü pekiştirmek” anlamında daha çok te’kîd, “yemini pekiştirmek” anlamında ise tevkîd kelimesi tercih edilir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât, “vkd” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “ekd”, “vkd” md.leri; krş. Halîl b. Ahmed, Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn, V, 397). Bir kelime veya ifadenin pekiştirmeli anlatımı Arap dili ve belâgatının köklü üslûplarından olup en eski gramer kitaplarında da te’kîd ve tevkîd terimleri yer almıştır. Halîl b. Ahmed’e nisbet edilen el-Ḥurûf ve’l-edevât’ta (s. 363, 396, 505) tevkîd “nûn”larından, yine ona nisbet edilen Kitâbü’l-Cümel’de te’kîd “lâm”ı ve te’kîd “nûn”undan söz edilir (s. 256, 315); Sîbeveyhi de el-Kitâb’ında bu konuyla ilgili açıklamalarda bulunur (bk. bibl.). Arap dilinde kelime ve ifadeler tesis ve tekit şeklinde iki kategoriye ayrılır. Tesis daha önce dile getirilmemiş, yeni bir anlam bildiren kelime ve cümlelerdir; tekit ise önceden ifade edilmiş bir anlamı, bir düşünceyi lafız veya anlam boyutunda tekrar etmekten ibarettir. Tekit konusunu nahivde ve belâgatta olmak üzere iki çerçevede ele almak mümkündür.
A) Nahivde Tekit. İ‘rab bakımından önündeki öğeye uyan tâbi‘ler (tevâbi‘) sıfat, tekit, bedel, nesak atfı ve beyan atfı olmak üzere beş kategoriden meydana gelir. Nahivde tekit tâbi olduğu unsuru lafız veya mânaca pekiştirir; onun zâhiri ve hakikati üzere bulunduğunu vurgulayıp muhatabın zihnine yerleştirir ve mecazi mâna gibi hakikati dışındaki anlayışları önler. Tekit lafız tekidi ve mâna tekidi şeklinde ikiye ayrılır. 1. Lafız Tekidi. Lafzın kendisinin veya eş anlamlısının tekrar edilmesi suretiyle hem lafzın hem anlamın pekiştirildiği kategoridir. Bu tür tekide pekiştirilen öğede muhtemel şüphe, yanılma ve ihtimalleri önlemek, gafil muhatabı uyarmak, korkutmak, teşvik etmek, tekrardan lezzet duymak gibi amaçlar için başvurulur (Radî el-Esterâbâdî, II, 357-358): ”جاء المعلّم المعلّم“ (uyarma), ”وَالسَّابِقُونَ السَّابِقُونَ“ (el-Vâkıa 56/10, teşvik), ”كَلَّا سَوْفَ تَعْلَمُونَ ۰ ثُمَّ كَلَّا سَوْفَ تَعْلَمُونَ“ (et-Tekâsür 102/3-4, tehdit) gibi. Türkçe’de “kalem malem”, Arapça’da “atşân natşân, hasen besen kasen” gibi “itbâ” adı verilen eklemeli pekiştirmeler de lafız tekidindendir. Ardarda tekrarlanan iki kelime veya ifadenin gerçekte (lafzî) tekit olmadığı halde bu izlenimi vermesine “îhâm-ı te’kîd” denir (bk. ÎHÂM). 2. Mâna Tekidi. Pekiştirici öğe olarak kullanılan sınırlı sayıdaki نفس، عين، أنف، كلا، كلتا، كلّ، جميع، عامّة kelimelerle yapılmış tekittir. Pekiştirilecek öğenin zâhiri üzere bulunduğunu muhatabın zihnine yerleştirmek, onunla ilgili mecazi yorum, anlayış ve ihtimalleri önlemek amacıyla yapılır.
B) Belâgatta Tekit. Tâbi‘ i‘rabına dayalı nahiv tekidinin her çeşidini kapsayan bu türün amacı sözün dinleyici veya muhatabın zihnine yerleşmesini ve açık seçik anlaşılmasını sağlamaktır. Çeşitli tekit edatları ve zâit harflerle yapılan pekiştirmeler mef‘ûl-i mutlak, hal, temyiz, terdîd, tekrar, istifham, özellikle her türlü ıtnâb üslûbu, haberin tekidi, yemin vb. meânî ilminin kapsamına giren belli başlı konulardır. Beyân ilminin ana konuları olan teşbih, mecaz, istiare ve kinaye türlerinin birçoğunda amaç abartılı ve pekiştirmeli üslûpla sözü daha etkili ve çarpıcı biçimde sunmaktır. Bedî‘ ilminde başta yergi biçiminde pekiştirmeli övgü (te’kîdü’l-medh bimâ yüşbihü’z-zem) ve övgü biçiminde pekiştirmeli yergi (te’kîdü’z-zem bimâ yüşbihü’l-medh) sanatları olmak üzere iktibas, mübalağa, mezheb-i kelâmî, tazmin, tecâhül-i ârif, tecrîd gibi birçok bedîî tür ve sanatın temel hedefi de sözü abartılı ve pekiştirmeli biçimde ortaya koymaktır.
1. Meânî İlminde. Muhatabın sözü inkâr etmesini önlemek, ifadenin mecazi mânaya yorumlanmasına engel olmak, muhatabın şüphesini gidermek, onu uyarmak, sözün zihinde iyice yerleşmesini ve tam anlaşılmasını sağlamak, anlatıma abartı ve azamet kazandırmak, kelâmın umumiliğini veya hususiliğini belirlemek gibi amaçlar için tekide başvurulur. Belâgatta tekit vasıtaları çoktur. İnne, enne, keenne, lâkinne, tekit “nûn”ları, kad, sîn, sevfe, elâ, emâ ve hâ gibi tembih edatları; şan, kıssa ve fasıl zamirleri, lâm-ı cühûd, lâm-ı ibtidâ, lâm-ı fârika, len, yemin “vâv”ı, yemin “bâ”sı, yemin “tâ”sı, mübalağa sîgaları, kellâ, bel, nefiy “lâ”sı; bâ, min, en, kâne, zâ gibi zâit harf ve edatlar, cinsi nefyeden lâ, şart “immâ”sı ve “emmâ”sı gibi pekiştirici öğelerle mef‘ûl-i mutlak, hâl-i müekkide, temyiz, kasr, istisna, tekit sıfatı, bedel, atf-ı beyân, fasıl, istifham, ıtnâb çeşitleri, tekrarlar gibi anlatım üslûpları başlıca pekiştirici öğelerdir. Söz sahibinin sarfedeceği sözü duruma ve konuma, muhatabın kültür düzeyine ve anlayış seviyesine, ifade edeceği hususu kabul etme ihtimaline göre ayarlayıp uyarlaması, meânî ilminin ana gayesi olduğundan pekiştirme öğeleri bu konuda etkin rol oynar. Bu bağlamda haberin tekidi, müsned ve müsnedün ileyhin tekidi, bir tekit işlevi gören ıtnâb üslûpları bu disiplinde önemli yer tutar. Muhatap tarafından benimsenme konumuna göre haber üç kategoriye ayrılır. Verilecek haberle ilgili olarak muhatabın zihni boşsa ve herhangi bir saplantısı yoksa bu tür habere “ibtidaî haber” denir ve pekiştirmesiz söz halinde sunulur. Muhatap haberin içeriği hakkında tereddüt içindeyse ona verilecek haber “talebî haber” diye anılır ve tereddüdünü gidermek amacıyla sözün bir tekit öğesiyle pekiştirilmesi gerekir. Söz sahibinin, vereceği haberin içeriğinin muhatap tarafından kabul edilmeyeceğini farketmesi halinde muhatabın inkâr derecesine göre iki, üç veya dört pekiştirici öğe kullanır. Bu tür habere “inkârî haber” denir. Bu kategoriye dair güzel örneklerden biri Yâsîn sûresindedir (bk. İHBÂR). Ebû Amr Muhammed b. Muhammed et-Tenûhî el-Aḳṣa’l-ḳarîb’inde (s. 346) haberde tekit derecelerini şöyle sıralamaktadır: Fiil cümlesi (düz haber), isim cümlesi (tekit bildirir), ”قد“ ile tekitli fiil cümlesi, ”لقد“ ile tekitli fiil cümlesi, inne ile tekitli isim cümlesi, inne ve lâm-ı müzahlaka ile tekitli isim cümlesi. İsim ve fiil cümleleri daha fazla pekiştirilmek istenirse yemin ifadesi ilâve edilir (Zerkeşî, II, 391; tekit konusunda Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî ile Müberred arasında geçen bir tartışma için bk. Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî, s. 208 vd.). Müsnedün ileyh (özne) dinleyicinin zihnine iyice yerleştirme, gafletini giderme ve mecazi anlamı önleme gibi amaçlar için tekit edilir. Genellikle müsnedin (eylem) gerçekliği, yani mecazi yoruma kapatılması masdar tekidiyle, öznenin gerçekliği tekrarla veya ”عين، نفس“ kelimeleriyle yapılır (Yahyâ b. Hamza el-Alevî, s. 290). Bu bakımdan ”وَكَلَّمَ اللهُ مُوسَى تَكْلِيمًا“ âyetinde (en-Nisâ 4/164) sadece müsnedin (kelâm) gerçekliği “teklîmen” masdarıyla pekiştirilmiş ve kelâmın burada “ilham etti, vahyetti” gibi mecazi yorumları bu pekiştirme ile önlenmiştir. Özne kendisiyle ilgili pekiştirici öğe bulunmadığından mecazi anlayışa açık durumdadır. İbnü’d-Dehhân’a göre tekit her zaman müsnedden mecaz ihtimalini gidermez; ”وَمَكَرُوا مَكْرًا وَمَكَرْنَا مَكْرًا“ âyetinde (en-Neml 27/50) olduğu gibi. Bazan da ”وَأَسْرَرْتُ لَهُمْ إِسْرَارًا“ âyetinde (Nûh 71/9) görüldüğü üzere masdar tekit için değil fâsıla uyumu için gelebilir (Zerkeşî, II, 493). ”سبحان الله، شكرًا، عفوًا“ gibi fiili mukadder olan masdarlar fiil yerine geçtiğinden tekrar bildirmez, dolayısıyla tekit ifade etmez. Ancak ”وَعْدَ اللَّهِ“ (er-Rûm 30/6), ”صُنْعَ اللَّهِ“ (en-Neml 27/88), ”صِبْغَةَ اللَّهِ“ (el-Bakara 2/138) ve ”فِطْرَةَ اللَّهِ“ (er-Rûm 30/30) gibi Kur’ânî masdarlar, fiilleri mukadder olmakla birlikte önündeki âyet ve cümlelerin bir tür eş anlamlısı gibi tekrar bildirdiklerinden tekit ifade ederler. Arapça’da temyizli ifadeler tekit bildirir. Müsnedün ileyhin muhtevasında kapalı olarak bulunan birim temyizle açıkça belirtildiğinden tekrar, dolayısıyla tekit ifade eder. ”اشْتَعَلَ الرَّأْسُ شَيْبًا“ (Başım ak saçlarla tutuştu) âyetindeki (Meryem 19/4) temyizli cümle, başın her tarafını ak saçların kapladığını ifade etmek suretiyle abartıya dayalı tekit bildirir. Nitelediği isimle aynı anlama gelen sıfatlar da tekrara dayalı tekit durumundadır ”وَلَا طَائِرٍ يَطِيرُ بِجَنَاحَيْهِ“ âyetinde (el-En‘âm 6/38) “kuş” mevsufu “iki kanadıyla uçan” sıfatıyla eş anlamlı olduğundan onu pekiştirmiştir. Yine cinsi olumsuzlaştıran ”لا“ ismi, cinsine dahil bütün cüz ve birimleri olumsuzlaştırdığından şümul ifadesiyle abartı ve tekit bildirir: ”لا إله إلاّ الله“ gibi. Meânî ilminin ana konularından fasl (bk. FASIL) ve kasr üslûpları da abartıya ve dikkat çekmeye dayalı pekiştirmeyi hedefler (bk. HASR). Itnâb üslûplarında ikincil ifade ve cümlelerin çoğu anlamca birincilerin tekrarı, açıklaması ve birincilerin muhtevasında mevcudiyeti sebebiyle tekrara dayalı tekit bildirir (bk. ITNÂB).
2. Beyân İlminde. Beyânın ana konularını oluşturan teşbih, mecaz, istiare ve kinayede anlam somutlaştırılıp örneklendirilerek sunulduğundan pekiştirmeli anlatım hedeflenir. Teşbihte benzeme yönü zayıf, sönük ve cılız olan öğe güçlü olana benzetilerek zayıf tarafa güç verilir. Zayıf güçlü olanla örneklenerek vurgulu bir anlatım sağlanır. Bilhassa niteliği kolayca algılanamayan soyut varlıklar somutlara benzetilmek suretiyle onlara güçlü biçimde tanınma imkânı sağlanır. İbn Cinnî her teşbihte tekidin bulunduğunu ifade etmiştir (el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ, II, 442 vd.). Özellikle beliğ teşbih, müekked teşbih, maklûb teşbih türlerinde pekiştirmeli anlatım hedeflenir (bk. TEŞBİH). Temeli teşbih olan istiare ile kinayede de örneklemeye dayalı pekiştirmeli anlatım hâkimdir (bk. İSTİARE; KİNAYE).
3. Bedî‘ İlminde. Bu disiplindeki birçok edebî sanatın temel hedefi bir düşünceyi daha estetik, daha vurgulu ve pekiştirmeli bir anlatım içinde sunmaktır. Özellikle “te’kîdü’l-medh bimâ yüşbihü’z-zem” ile “te’kîdü’z-zem bimâ yüşbihü’l-medh” sanatlarında ana gaye övgü veya yergiyi pekiştirmeli bir anlatımla dile getirmektir. a) Te’kîdü’l-medh bimâ yüşbihü’z-zem, “yergiye benzeyen veya dışı yergi, içi övgü olan sözle övgünün pekiştirmeli olarak ortaya konulması” demektir. Bu sanatta istisna (illâ, gayru) ve istidrâk (lâkinne) edatlarının etkin rol oynamasından dolayı buna “istisna, istidrâk” diyenler, ayrıca “medih fî ma‘rızi’z-zem, medih fî sûreti’z-zem” gibi nitelemelere yer verenler mevcuttur. Sîbeveyhi “Velâkin anlamına gelenler” başlığı altında bu sanata belki de ilk işaret eden dilci olmuş, bu tarz ifadelerin şiirde çok geçtiğini belirtmiş ve bu konuda Nâbiga ez-Zübyânî ile Nâbiga el-Ca‘dî’nin beyitlerini şâhid göstermiştir (el-Kitâb, II, 326). Belâgata dair ilk müstakil eser olan el-Bedîʿ’in yazarı İbnü’l-Mu‘tez bu sanatı söz güzelliklerinden saymış ve muhtemelen tarifinin adından anlaşılacağını düşünerek tanım yapmadan örnekler vermiştir (s. 158). Hâtimî, “istisna ve te’kîdü’l-medh bimâ yüşbihü’z-zem” adını verdiği türle ilgili Nâbiga ez-Zübyânî’nin meşhur beytini aktararak kanaatine göre bunu ilk kullanan şairin Nâbiga ez-Zübyânî olduğunu ifade etmiştir (Ḥilyetü’l-muḥâḍara, I, 162). Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî ile İbn Reşîḳ bu sanata “istisna”, İbn Münkız “rücû‘ ve istisna”, Müeyyed-Billâh el-Alevî “tevcih” demiştir. Te’kîdü’l-medh sanatının üç ifade biçimi vardır. En yaygını ve en makbul olanı olumsuzlanmış bir yergi sıfatından bir övgü sıfatının istisna edilmesidir. “Onun hiçbir kusuru yoktur” gibi genel bir övgü sıfatının ardından getirilen istisna edatıyla küçük bir yergi sıfatının gelmesi beklenirken dışı yergi, içi övgü olan bir medhin getirilmesi övgü üzerine övgü olduğundan güçlü pekiştirme bildirir. Nâbiga ez-Zübyânî’nin şu beyti en eski ve en yaygın örneklerdendir: ”ولا عيب فيهم غير أنّ سيوفهم / بهنّ فلول من قراع الكتائب“ (Onların hiçbir kusuru yoktur, sadece ordularla savaşmaktan kılıçlarının ağızlarında gedikler bulunmaktadır). Bu kadim şâhid beytinden esinlenen birçok şair ”لا عيب“ klişesi veya benzeriyle başlayan birçok örnek ortaya koymuştur; şu beyitte görüldüğü gibi: ”ولا عيب فيه غير أنّ ذوي الندى / خساس إذا قيسوا به ولئام“ (Onun hiçbir kusuru yoktur, ancak ihsan sahipleri kendisiyle kıyaslanınca cimri ve hasis kalırlar) (Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, s. 460). Şu âyetler de bu üslûpta görülmüştür: ”الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ إِلَّا أَنْ يَقُولُوا رَبُّنَا اللهُ“ (Onlar ki haksız yere yurtlarından çıkarıldılar, sadece, “Rabbimiz Allah’tır” dedikleri için) (el-Hac 22/40). ”لَا يَسْمَعُونَ فِيهَا لَغْوًا وَلَا تَأْثِيمًا ۰ إِلَّا قِيلًا سَلَامًا سَلَامًا“ (Onlar cennette boş söz ve günaha sokacak hiçbir şey işitmezler, sadece “selâm selâm” sözü dışında) (el-Vâkıa 56/25-26). Te’kîdü’l-medhin ikinci yolu, küllî hüküm bildiren müstesna minh unsurunun ibarede geçmeyip gizli olarak takdir edildiği müferrağ istisna tarzında gelen şeklidir. Bu da müstesna minhin (olumsuzlaştırılarak övgüye dönüştürülecek olan yergi unsuru) mukadder olması dışında ilk üslûpla aynı sayılmaktadır. Çünkü bunda da nefyedilen genel bir yergiden bir övgü sıfatı istisna edilmektedir. Şu âyetler bu üslûpta görülmüştür: ”وَمَا تَنْقِمُ [شيئا] مِنَّا إِلَّا أَنْ آمَنَّا بِآيَاتِ رَبِّنَا لَمَّا جَاءَتْنَا“ ([İmana gelen sihirbazlar Firavun’a söylüyor]: Sen bizden [herhangi bir şeyi kusur olarak görerek] intikam almıyorsun, sadece rabbimizin âyetlerine inanmamız hariç) (el-A‘râf 7/126; krş. el-Mâide 5/59; et-Tevbe 9/74; el-Bürûc 85/8). Ancak bu tür âyetlerde dikkat çeken bir husus, istisna edatından sonraki unsurun yergi görüntüsünde övgü değil zâhirî ve bâtınî mânasıyla övgü ifadeleri olmasıdır. Bu sebeple İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘ âyetlerin bu bedîî türe dahil edilmesinde bir zorlama görmüştür (Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân, s. 49). Ancak müminlerin ilâhî tebliği kabul etmesinin muhaliflerince bir kusur ve zem vasfı görülmesi çerçevesinde gelmiş olması da mümkündür. Te’kîdü’l-medihte üçüncü yol bir medih sıfatından diğer bir medih sıfatının istisna edilmesidir. İstisna veya istidrâk (lâkinne) edatından sonra zem sıfatının geleceği beklentisi içinde olan dinleyici ikinci bir medih sıfatıyla karşılaşınca şaşırır. Bu konuda Nâbiga el-Ca‘dî’nin şu beyti meşhurdur: ”فتى كملت أخلاقه غير أنّه / جواد فما يبقى من المال باقيا“ (Ahlâkı mükemmel bir gençtir o; ancak cömerttir, elinde avucunda para pul namına bir şey bırakmaz) (Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, s. 459-460). Gerek te’kîdü’l-medihte gerekse te’kîdü’z-zem sanatında istisna edatlarından başka, önündeki sözle sonundaki söz arasında bir tür karşıtlığın bulunduğunu bildiren ve istisna edatına benzeyen ”لكنّ“ , önceki fikirden vazgeçmeyi bildiren idrâb edatı ”بل“ ve karşıtlık bildiren ”على“ harf-i cerri de kullanılır. b) Te’kîdü’z-zem bimâ yüşbihü’l-medh sanatı, te’kîdü’l-medhin mukabili olarak ilk defa Hatîb el-Kazvînî tarafından ortaya konulmuştur. Bu sanat yerginin övgü biçiminde anlatımına dayanmaktadır, diğer bir ifadeyle dışı övgü, içi yergi bildiren ifadelerle hicvetmektir. Klişeleşmiş iki üslûbu vardır. Birincisi, olumsuz övgü (yergi) sıfatından başka bir yergi sıfatının ”إلّا“ vb. ile istisna edilmesi veya ”لكنّ“ vb. ile istidrâk edilmesidir: ”فلان لا خير فيه إلّا أنه يسيء إلى من يحسن إليه“ (Falanca hayırsızın biridir, ne var ki kendisine iyilik edene kötülük yapar). Desûkī bu türün en uygun örneğinin şu şekilde olması gerektiğini belirtir: ”فلان لا خير فيه إلّا أنه يتصدّق ممّا يسرق“ (Falanca hayırsızın tekidir, ne var ki çaldığından sadaka verir) (Şürûḥu’t-Telḫîṣ, IV, 396). Şu âyetlerde de benzer bir üslûp görülmüştür: ”لَا يَذُوقُونَ فِيهَا بَرْدًا وَلَا شَرَابًا ۰ إِلَّا حَمِيمًا وَغَسَّاقًا“ (Azgınlar orada ne bir serinlik ne de içecek tadarlar, ancak kaynar su ve irin müstesna) (en-Nebe’ 78/24-25). Te’kîdü’z-zemmin ikinci yolu bir zem sıfatından başka bir yergi sıfatının istisna veya istidrâk edilmesidir. ”فلان فاسق إلّا أنّه جاهل“ (Falanca fâsıktır, ancak o bir de cahildir) gibi. Şu beyit de aynı üslûptadır: ”لئيم الطباع سوى أنّه / جبان يهون عليه الهوان“ (Alçak tabiatlının biridir, ne var ki zillete aldırmayan korkağın da teki). İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘ ile İbnü’s-Sîd el-Batalyevsî’nin te’kîdü’z-zem sanatıyla ilgili anlayışları bu iki üslûp biçimine uymamaktadır. İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, “hicâ fî ma‘rızı’l-medh” (övgü sunumlu yergi) adını verdiği türü “dışı övgü, içi yergi” veya “övgü izlenimi veren yergi ifadeleri” diye açıklamıştır. Birkaç beyitte gerçekleşen bu sanatta ilk beyit veya beyitler bağımsız olarak değerlendirildiğinde tam övgü bildirmelerine karşılık hicve hazırlayıcı öncüllerden sonra gelen bu kısımlar birlikte ele alındığında yergi hissedilmektedir. Abdüssamed b. Muazzel veya Ebü’l-Umeysil’in dilinde tutukluk bulunan ünlü şair Ebû Temmâm hakkındaki beyitleri gibi: ”يا نبي الله في الشعـ / ـر ويا عيسى بن مريم أنت من أشعر خلق اللـ / ـه ما لم تتكلّم“
“Ey şiirin peygamberi, şiirin Îsâ’sı! Sen Allah’ın yarattıkları içinde en büyük şairlerdensin, ama konuşmadığın sürece” (Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr, s. 550-552). Ayrıca örnekte farkedilen alayvari övgü rengi de yergiyi pekiştirmektedir. Batalyevsî’nin çokluk ifadesi sûretinde azlık (hiçlik) anlatan, “teksir sûretinde taklîl” adını verdiği hiçlik anlatan yergi ifadeleri de ilk türe benzemektedir: ”كم بطل قتل!.. كم ضيف نزل عليه!..“ (Kaç yiğit öldürmüş! Kaç konuk ağırlamış!) (el-İnṣâf, s. 104-105).
Terdîd, tekrar, nihayet tekrarı, sadaret tekrarı, mugayir tekrarı, genelin ardından özelin anılması, iktibas, tazmin, mezheb-i kelâmî, tecrîd, tecâhül-i ârîf gibi bedîî türlerde de pekiştirme ihtiva eder veya pekiştirmeli anlatım hedeflenir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 365-368 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.