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TELFÎK Skip to content TELFÎK Fıkhî bir meselenin hükmünü farklı mezheplerden seçilen unsurları bir araya getirerek oluşturma anlamında terim.
Müellif: Eyyüp Said Kaya
Sözlükte “dikmek, yamamak, eklemek” anlamındaki telfîk , fıkıh usulü terimi olarak “bir meselenin hükmünü birden fazla mezhepten seçilen unsurlardan yararlanarak oluşturmak” demektir. Abdestli bir kimsenin, hem mahremi olmayan kadına dokunduğu hem vücudundan kan aktığı halde birinci durumun Hanefî, ikincisinin Şâfiî mezhebine göre abdesti bozmadığı hükümlerini bir araya getirip kendini abdestli sayması telfîk için verilen örneklerdendir. Bu terim hakkında yapılan tariflerin bir kısmı farklı mezheplerden alınmış hükümlerin bir araya getirildiğini, diğer bir kısmı bununla daha önce hiçbir müctehidin sahih olarak nitelemediği abdest, zekât ve nikâh gibi yeni bir şer‘î hakikatin ihdas edildiğini vurgular.
Mukallidin (âmmî) karşılaştığı bir meselede, farklı mezheplerden kendisine en az yükümlülük getiren yahut uygulanması kişisel durumu açısından en kolay olan görüşü tercih edip edemeyeceği (el-ahz bi’l-ehaf) tartışması mezheplerin istikrar kazanmaya başladığı döneme kadar uzanmaktadır. Fıkıh usulünde genellikle “ittibâu’r-ruhas / tetebbuu’r-ruhas” başlığı altında tartışılan bu meselede olumsuz tavır ortaya koyan müellifler görüşlerini temellendirirken çoğu defa taklit kavramının muhtevasından hareket etmektedir. Onlara göre taklidin temel unsuru âmmî-âlim ilişkisi olup âmmî fıkhî bir görüşe değil o görüşün sahibi olan âlime uymaktadır; dolayısıyla mukallid fıkhî görüşler değil, âlimler arasından tercih yapabilir. Mukallidin kendisi için en kolay bulduğu görüşü seçebileceğini savunanlara göre ise bütün meselelerde tek bir âlime veya mezhebe bağlı kalmayı zorunlu kılacak bir kural koymak fıkıh usulü açısından mümkün değildir. Yaşadığı bölgede veya toplumda bir mezhebin hâkim bulunması, hatta kendisinin bu mezhebin fetvaya esas olan görüşlerinin (müftâbih) isabeti hakkında zann-ı gālibe sahip olması mukallidin bu mezhebe dayalı fetvalara bağlı kalmasını gerektirmez. Öte yandan bu görüş sahipleri İslâm’ın kolaylık dini olduğunu ve insanların maslahatını gerçekleştirmeyi hedeflediğini vurgulamaktadır. Telfîk ile ittibâu’r-ruhas kavramları arasında başlıca iki fark bulunmaktadır. Öncelikle ittibâu’r-ruhasta farklı meseleler için farklı mezheplerin görüşleri alınmakta, telfîkte ise bir mesele hakkında herhangi bir mezhep tarafından ileri sürülmeyen bir hüküm çeşitli mezheplerden alınan unsurlarla meydana getirilmektedir. Ayrıca en kolay veya şahsî maslahata en uygun olanı tercih etme anlamı ittibâu’r-ruhasın zaruri bir unsuru iken telfîk yöntemiyle mukallide daha ağır gelen bir hüküm elde etmek mümkündür.
Telfîk kavramının, en az yükümlülük getiren fıkhî görüşün tercihine dair usul tartışmaları çerçevesinde ortaya çıktığı kabul edilmektedir. Bu kavramla ilişkili birtakım meselelere VII. (XIII.) yüzyıldan önce kaleme alınmış usul eserlerinde rastlanmaktadır. Ancak telfîkin tetebbuu’r-ruhastan farklı bir mesele sıfatıyla VII. yüzyılda ele alındığı ve bu gelişmede Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî’nin önemli rolü olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Karâfî tarafından müstakil bir problem halinde ele alınmakla birlikte telfîk kelimesi muhtemelen VIII. (XIV.) yüzyılın sonlarında fıkıh usulü terimi haline gelmiştir. IX. (XV.) yüzyılın son yarısından itibaren özellikle Dımaşk-Kahire eksenindeki bölgede telfîkin gerek fıkıh usulü ve fetva eserlerinde gerekse ilgili risâlelerde yoğun biçimde işlendiği görülmektedir. Telfîk, modernleşme sürecinin öncesindeki yaklaşık üç asır boyunca fıkıh usulünün en canlı tartışma alanlarından biri olmuştur. Bu dönemde telfîk tartışmalarına her mezhepten fakihler katılmakla birlikte ilgili literatürde adı geçen bölgede yaşamış İbn Nüceym, İbn Abdülazîm el-Mekkî, Şürünbülâlî ve Abdülganî en-Nablusî gibi Hanefî fakihlerinin ağırlıkta bulunduğu görülmektedir.
Telfîke hiçbir şekilde izin verilmemesini isteyen Nablusî, Seffârînî, Şürünbülâlî gibi fakihler görüşlerini temellendirirken daha ziyade sedd-i zerâi‘ ilkesine dayanmaktadır. Bu anlayışa göre telfîke cevaz verildiği takdirde bu yöntem sadece mukallidin daha az yükümlülük getiren hükümler elde etmek amacıyla kullanacağı bir vasıtaya dönüşecek, bu durumda yalnız mezhepler değil aynı zamanda şeriatın değişmez hükümleri ve gayeleri de zarar görecek, nihayetinde İslâm’ın ortaya koyduğu nizamın tamamen işlevsiz kalacağı bir toplum ortaya çıkacaktır. Meselâ telfîk sayesinde şahitsiz, mehirsiz ve süreli/geçici nikâh akidleri sahih kabul edilebilecek, bütün mezheplerin yasakladığı birtakım hileli uygulamalar câiz sayılacaktır. Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, Emîr Pâdişah, Mer‘î b. Yûsuf el-Kermî gibi müellifler, bu eleştiriler karşısında şeriatın insanların iyiliğini ve çıkarlarını gözetmesine mani teşkil etmediğini ve en hafif yükümlülüğü getiren dinî hükmü tercihin Hz. Peygamber’in teşvik ettiği bir tavır olduğunu vurgulamıştır.
Telfîke cevaz veren usul âlimlerinin büyük çoğunluğu bu yöntemin ancak belirli sınırlar dahilinde meşrû sayılabileceğini kabul etmektedir. Geç klasik dönem literatüründe yer verilen bu sınırların başında icmâa muhalif olmamak, şeriatın esas ve gayelerini, verilmiş yargı kararlarını işlevsiz hale getirmemek yer alır. Telfîke fürû-i fıkıh sahasının başlıkları açısından getirilen bazı sınırlamalar ise kul hakları, malî ibadetler ve kadın-erkek ilişkileri gibi konularda mukallide mezheplerin daha az yükümlülük getiren görüşleri almasını yasaklamaktadır. Telfîk tartışmaları mezhebin mahiyetinin, mezhep çevresinde oluşan kurumlaşmaların işlevlerinin ve mezheplerin mer‘î hukuka kaynak olan hükümlerinin değerinin ele alındığı bir alan meydana getirmiştir. Özellikle İbn Teymiyye çizgisi, ehl-i hadîs Şâfiîliği ve daha sonra ortaya çıkmaya başlayan Dihlevîlik ile Vehhâbîlik gibi tecdid hareketlerinin etkilerinin yansıdığı bu tartışma alanı, İslâm medeniyetinin geç klasik döneminde fıkıh ilminin geldiği durumun eleştirildiği bir çerçeve sağlamıştır.
Modern İslâm düşüncesinin özellikle erken döneminde işlenen başlıca konular arasında bulunan telfîk, bir taklit yöntemi olmasına rağmen modern dönemde mukallidin belirli meselelerde başvurduğu bir çözüm niteliğinden çıkarılarak bir ictihad ve kanunlaştırma yöntemi olarak tasavvur edilmiştir. Bu çerçevede yakın dönem literatüründe ictihadda telfîk ve kanunlaştırmada telfîk gibi kavramlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Telfîk lehine geç klasik dönemde geliştirilen görüşler, modernleşme sürecinde bir yandan İslâm toplumlarındaki mezhep ve fıkıh anlayışını eleştirmek, diğer yandan Batı kaynaklı kanunlaştırma çalışmalarına karşı alternatif üretmek için kullanılmıştır. Telfîk sayesinde müslümanların kendi tarihlerinden yola çıkarak modern dünyanın ihtiyaçlarına uygun çözümler üretebileceği görüşü, Batı kanunlarını tercüme etme teklifi kadar fikrî ve politik maliyeti düşük bir yöntem sunmaktadır. Zira telfîk vasıtasıyla kısa sürede hem modern dünyanın gereklerini büyük ölçüde karşılayan hem de bütün öğeleri İslâm medeniyetinden istifadeyle meydana getirilen bir kanun metninin hazırlanması mümkün olmaktadır. Bu dönemde telfîkin yararlandığı kaynak dört mezhebin birikimiyle sınırlı tutulmamış, İslâm’ın ilk nesillerine mensup fakihlerden, erken dönem fıkıh çevrelerinden ve Ehl-i sünnet dışı mezheplerden yararlanılabileceği ileri sürülmüştür. Günümüz İslâm dünyasında kanunlaştırma faaliyetlerinin yanı sıra özellikle yüksek yargı kararlarında ve İslâm ekonomisi çalışmalarında telfîke başvurulmaktadır. M. Reşîd Rızâ’nın Muḥâverâtü’l-muṣliḥ ve’l-muḳallid adlı eserinin Mezâhibin Telfîki ve İslâm’ın Bir Noktaya Cem‘i başlığıyla tercümesi (tcr. Ahmed Hamdi Akseki, İstanbul 1332; Hayreddin Karaman, Ankara 1974, İstanbul, ts., 2003), bu kavramın gerek II. Meşrutiyet gerekse Cumhuriyet döneminde gündeme gelmesinin başlıca sebeplerindendir. Söz konusu eser üzerinden modern İslâm düşüncesinin iddiaları tartışılırken telfîk kavramı da ele alınmış, ancak temas edilen konular arasında genellikle tâli bir unsur şeklinde kalmıştır.
Öte yandan telfîk fürû-i fıkıh terimi olarak değişik konularda kullanılmakta ve bu kullanımların hepsi iki veya daha fazla şeyi birleştirme unsurunu ihtiva etmektedir. Meselâ hayız durumundaki kesinti sürelerini çıkarıp kanama sürelerini bir araya getirerek âdet dönemini hesaplamayı, farklı vasıta ve aşamalarla gerçekleştirilmiş yolculuklarda katedilen mesafeleri birleştirip sefer hükmüne dair karara varmayı ve bir dava hakkındaki farklı şahitlik türlerini yahut farklı muhtevadaki beyanları birleştirerek bu dava için gereken şehâdet şartlarını tamamlamayı ifade etmek üzere telfîk terimi kullanılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 401-402 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.