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TENKĪHU’l-USÛL Skip to content Sadrüşşerîa’nın (ö. 747/1346) fıkıh usulüne dair eseri.
Hanefî âlimi Sadrüşşerîa, Ebü’l-Usr Fahrülislâm el-Pezdevî’nin Kenzü’l-vüṣûl adlı eserini esas alarak hazırladığı Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’de Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin el-Maḥṣûl ’ü ile İbnü’l-Hâcib’in el-Muḫtaṣar adlı eserindeki konuların özetini vermiş, ayrıca birçok konuda kendi görüşlerini ortaya koymuştur. Sadrüşşerîa, eserin yazılış sebebini ve yöntemini açıklarken âlimlerin her dönemde yoğun biçimde Pezdevî’nin eseriyle ilgilendiğini, ancak bazı âlimlerin bunun bir kısım ifadelerini eleştirdiğini görünce eseri ayıklayıp (tenkīh) düzenlemek istediğini, Pezdevî’nin maksadını açıklamaya ve anlaşılır kılmaya, aklın kurallarına göre eserin esaslarını belirleyip taksime tâbi tutmaya çalıştığını belirtir. Kendisi hayatta iken yaygınlık kazanan metinde sonradan bazı değişiklikler, çıkarmalar ve eklemeler yaptığını belirten müellif, eserini et-Tavżîḥ fî ḥalli ġavâmiżi’t-Tenḳīḥ adıyla şerhedip metne verdiği son şekli, bu değişiklikleri yapmadan önce yazılmış olan nüshaların buna göre değiştirilmesi için şerhin içine kaydetmiştir. Bu şerh asıl metinle bir bütünlük içinde olduğundan daha sonra gelen müellifler umumiyetle şerhi bir metin gibi düşünerek ona şerhler yazmışlardır. Eserin telif tarihi bilinmemekle beraber müellif, 747 (1346) yılında tamamladığı Şerḥu Taʿdîli’l-ʿulûm adlı eserinde et-Tavżîḥ ’e atıfta bulunmaktadır. Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ve şerhinin kısa sürede ilim çevrelerinin ilgisini çektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Zira Teftâzânî, 758’de (1357) tamamladığı et-Telvîḥ ilâ keşfi ḥaḳāʾiḳi’t-Tenḳīḥ adlı hâşiyesinde (I, 16) daha önce Mâverâünnehir’e yaptığı seyahat sırasında dönemin ileri gelen pek çok âliminin bu eser üzerindeki çalışmalarından söz etmektedir.
Fıkıh usulünün tanımı ve kapsamının ele alındığı bir mukaddimeyle başlayan eser iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde şer‘î delillerden Kitap ve Sünnet, icmâ ve kıyasın her biri “rükün” başlığı ile ele alınmıştır. Kitap konusu, Kur’an’da geçen lafızların mânayı ve dinî hükmü ifade etme biçimleri olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmak suretiyle incelenmiştir. Birinci kısımda Kur’an lafızları, fukaha metoduyla yazılmış klasik Hanefî usul eserlerinde görüldüğü şekliyle dilde vazedildiği mânalar (hâs-âm, müşterek-müevvel), dilde vazedildiği mânada kullanılması (hakikat-mecaz, sarih-kinaye), mânaları ifade etmede açıklık-kapalılık (zâhir, nas, müfesser ve muhkem ile hafî, müşkil, mücmel ve müteşâbih) ve mânaya delâlet şekilleri (ibare, işaret, iktizâ ve delâlet) açısından dörtlü taksim içinde verilmiştir. Kur’an lafızlarının dinî hükmü ifade etme şekilleriyle ilgili bölümde emir ve nehiy konuları ele alınmış olup bu bölümün en orijinal tarafını hüsün-kubuh kavramlarının dört mukaddime ile izah edildiği kısım oluşturmaktadır (aş.bk.). Ayrıca müellif bu bölümde, gayri müslimlerin iman dışındaki dinî hükümlere muhatap olup olmadığı tartışmasının Pezdevî’nin Kenzü’l-vüṣûl ’ünde yer almamasına rağmen bu meseleyi önemli gördüğü için Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî’nin el-Uṣûl ’ünden naklettiğini belirtmektedir (et-Tavżîḥ , I, 452-453). Sünnet konusu içinde haberlerin taksimi, râvide aranan şartlar gibi klasik usul meseleleri ele alındıktan sonra geçmiş şeriatların bağlayıcılığı, sahâbeyi taklit ve aralarında istisna ile nesih konularının da bulunduğu beyan ve beyanın çeşitlerine yer verilmiştir. Vahyin zâhir ve bâtın şeklinde ikiye ayrılarak Hz. Peygamber’den gelen bilgilerin bağlayıcılığı konusunun işlendiği kısım dikkat çekicidir (II, 37-41). İcmâ bahsinde, icmâı inkârın küfür sayılması için kesin delil bulunduğunu gösteren delillerin varılmak istenen hükme delâletlerinin kesinlik taşıması gerektiğini ifade eden Sadrüşşerîa kendi zihin mahsulü olduğunu belirttiği, yakīnî bilgi teşkil edecek şekilde âlimlere ulaşan icmâın kesinliğini gösteren altı delil ileri sürmektedir (a.g.e. , II, 114-119). Teftâzânî’nin belirttiğine göre bu deliller kitaba müellif tarafından hayatının sonlarına doğru eklendiği için eserin eski nüshalarında yer almamaktadır (et-Telvîḥ , II, 117). İstihsan ayrı bir delil şeklinde zikredilmemiş, kıyas içinde ele alınmıştır. Kıyas celî ve hafî olarak ikiye ayrılıp hafî kıyasa istihsan denildiği, ancak istihsanın ondan daha genel olduğu ifade edilmiştir (II, 182-190). Cedel, teâruz-tercih ve ictihad konularına da bu bölümde yer verilmiştir. Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’ün ikinci bölümünü hüküm bahsi teşkil etmektedir. Bu bölümde hüküm, mükellefin hükme konu olan fiili (mahkûm bih) ve hükme muhatap olan mükellef (mahkûm aleyh) ele alınmıştır. Müellif, hüküm teriminin Hanefî fıkıh kitaplarında dağınık biçimde zikredilen kısımlarını mezhebe uygun şekilde kuşatıcı yeni bir tasnifle ortaya koyduğunu ifade ederek bunları gruplar halinde sıralamaktadır (et-Tavżîḥ , II, 268). Aynı şekilde mükellefin fiillerini de hissî ve şer‘î varlıkları açısından tasnife tâbi tutmuştur. Mükellef bahsinde aklın mahiyeti hakkında felsefî izahlar yaptıktan sonra fertlerde aklın farklı derecelerde bulunduğunu, noksanlıktan kemale doğru bir seyir takip ettiğini ve mükellefiyete esas teşkil edecek akıl derecesini bilmenin imkânsızlığını, bu sebeple şer‘an aklın ergenlikle ölçüldüğünü belirtmekte, mümeyyiz küçüklerin ve dağ başında yaşayan kimselerin iman sorumluluklarıyla ilgili olarak Hanefî-Mâtürîdî anlayışını savunmaktadır (a.g.e. , II, 338-347). Kitabın sonunda ehliyet ve ehliyet ârızaları ele alınmaktadır.
Sistematik yönden diğer Hanefî usul eserleriyle benzerlik taşımakla birlikte kitapta özellikle Fahreddin er-Râzî sonrası Horasan ve Mâverâünnehir ilim geleneğinde görüldüğü üzere mantık, kelâm ve belâgat ilimlerinin terminolojisi öne çıkarılmakta ve mantığı usulün mukaddimesi olarak gören anlayışa uygun biçimde mantık dilinin esere aktarıldığı görülmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 48-49, 53, 55). Pezdevî’nin usulünün model alındığı Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’de Mâverâünnehir Hanefîleri’nin kelâm yaklaşımları Fahreddin er-Râzî, Seyfeddin el-Âmidî ve İbnü’l-Hâcib’in ilim anlayışı ve diliyle yeniden kurgulanıp savunulmuştur. Ancak bir taraftan muhtevanın, diğer taraftan şekil ve yöntemin alınmış olması bazan karmaşık bir durumun ortaya çıkmasına yol açmaktadır. Nitekim Teftâzânî, Sadrüşşerîa’nın “münâsib” kavramıyla ilgili Hanefî ve Şâfiîler’in farklı anlayışlarını karıştırıp birleştirdiğini ve bu mezhep mensuplarının sözlerinde onun zannettiği yoruma uygun bir anlayış bulunmadığını belirtmektedir (et-Telvîḥ , II, 159-161). Bunun yanında pek çok yerde adı geçen âlimlere eleştiriler yöneltilmiştir (et-Tavżîḥ , I, 28, 36, 44, 65; II, 55, 85, 99-105, 240). Bu eleştirilerde müellifin kendi düşünce ve incelemeleriyle vardığı kanaatlerin katkısı bulunduğu kadar Hanefî ve Mâtürîdî olmasının da etkisi büyüktür.
Sadrüşşerîa, Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’de birtakım yeni görüşler ileri sürmekle birlikte hem bu görüşleri hem başka görüşlerini daha geniş biçimde eserin şerhi et-Tavżîḥ ’te işlemiştir. Müellif kendi orijinal görüşlerini, “Bunu söyleyen ilk ben oldum”; “İlk benim hatırıma geldi”; “Aklıma geldi, içime doğdu” gibi ifadelerle belirtmektedir (et-Tavżîḥ , I, 86, 104, 138, 159, 245, 346, 380, 440; II, 51, 56, 61, 67, 76, 104, 114, 235, 320, 387). Şerhte etraflıca ele alınıp incelenen bazı konular müstakil birer risâle sayılacak niteliktedir. Kendi düşünce ürünü olan ilimlerin mevzuu kavramına dair ileri sürdüğü üç mesele ve hüsün-kubuh tartışmasının temellendirilmesiyle ilgili ortaya koyduğu dört mukaddime kendisinden sonraki ilim çevrelerinin dikkatini çekmiştir.
Müellif, eserinin mukaddimesinde fıkıh usulünün konusunun çerçevesi hakkında yapılan tartışmaları ele aldıktan sonra her ne kadar bu ilme uygun değilse de tahsil gören kişinin müstağni kalamayacağını düşündüğü mevzu ve mesâille ilgili üç meseleye yer verir. Bunlar bir tek ilmin birden çok konusu olabilir mi, ilimlerin konularıyla ilgili olarak zikredilen haysiyet kaydı ne anlama gelir, bir tek şey iki ilmin konusu olabilir mi gibi sorulardır. Sadrüşşerîa bu soruları kadim filozoflardan beri bilinenin aksine cevaplandırıp açıklamaya çalışır. Onun bu konularla ilgili söyledikleri, esere tenkidî bir yaklaşımla hâşiye yazan başta Teftâzânî olmak üzere kendisinden sonraki ilim çevreleri tarafından incelenmiştir. Teftâzânî’nin öğrencisi Alâeddin Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Buhârî bu iki âlim arasındaki görüş ayrılıklarını ele alarak Sadrüşşerîa’yı savunan müstakil bir eser kaleme almıştır (Risâle fî defʿi iʿtirâżâti ṣâḥibi’t-Telvîḥ ʿale’l-mebâḥis̱i’s̱-s̱elâs̱eti’l-muḫtereʿa fî mebḥas̱i’l-mevżûʿ li-ṣâḥibi’t-Tavżîḥ , Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 716, vr. 147b -162a ). Taşköprizâde Ahmed Efendi, el-Livâʾü’l-merfûʿ fî mebâḥis̱i’l-mevżûʿ adlı eserinde (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 1442) bu meseleleri geniş biçimde incelemiş ve Teftâzânî’nin Sadrüşşerîa’ya itirazlarına cevap vermiştir.
Sadrüşşerîa, hüsün-kubuh meselesinin fıkıh usulünün ve kelâm ilminin en önemli konularından olduğunu, büyük mütefekkir ve âlimlerin yanılgıya düştükleri cebir ve kader meselesinin de bu meseleye dayandığını ifade ederek hüsün-kubuh kavramlarının anlamlarını ve farklı mezheplerin bu konuya yaklaşımlarını özetledikten sonra Eş‘arî anlayışının dayandığı iki delili zikreder. Ardından pek çok âlimin ikinci delilin kesinliğine inandığını, kesinliğine inanmayan bazı âlimlerin ise bu delilin mukaddimelerine değer verilebilecek bir eleştiri yöneltemediklerini ve her iki grubun da yanlışlığın nereden kaynaklandığını farkedemediklerini ileri sürerek bunu kendi düşünce ürünü olan dört mukaddime halinde ele alacağını belirtir. Sadrüşşerîa, bu dört temel noktadan hareketle değerler felsefesinin temel konularından biri olan hüsün-kubuh problemini bir varlık (ontoloji) meselesi olarak izaha çalışmış, burada Mâtürîdî anlayışının fikrî temellerini oluşturup savunurken Eş‘arî’yi ağır biçimde eleştirmiştir. Eş‘arî anlayışına yakın duran Teftâzânî tarafından geniş biçimde ele alınarak eleştirilen bu orijinal bölüm üzerine zamanla müstakil bir literatür oluşmuş ve sonraki âlimler bu iki âlimin görüşleri çerçevesinde iki gruba ayrılmıştır.
Teftâzânî’nin vefatından yaklaşık bir asır sonra Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, kendi huzurunda bu iki mütefekkirin konuyla ilgili görüşlerinin ele alındığı ve Alâeddin Arabî Efendi, Kestelî, Samsunîzâde Hasan b. Abdüssamed, Hatibzâde Muhyiddin Efendi, Hacıhasanzâde Efendi, Molla Lutfi, Molla Abdülkerim gibi dönemin önde gelen âlimlerinin katıldığı bir toplantı düzenletmiştir. Toplantıya katılanlar yanlarında yazdıkları risâleleri de getirmişti (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 498-499). Alâeddin Arabî, Kestelî, Hatibzâde ve Samsunîzâde biri büyük, diğeri küçük olmak üzere ikişer hâşiye kaleme almıştır. Molla Lutfi ve Molla Abdülkerim’in hâşiyeleri dışındaki hâşiyelerin kütüphanelerde pek çok yazması bulunmaktadır (hâşiyelerin bulunduğu mecmuaların bazıları şunlardır: TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 530; Süleymaniye Ktp., Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 2027; Râgıb Paşa Ktp., nr. 1459; Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1005). Kâtib Çelebi, el-Muḳaddimâtü’l-erbaʿa ’ya ta‘lika yazan ilk âlimin Alâeddin Arabî olduğunu belirttikten sonra ondan bir asır önce yaşamış olan Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî’nin de bir ta‘lika kaleme aldığını söyler (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 498).
el-Muḳaddimâtü’l-erbaʿa üzerine hâşiye yazma işi daha sonraki dönemlerde âdeta bir gelenek halini almış, Abdülhakîm es-Siyâlkûtî (İstanbul 1283), İbrâhim el-Kûrânî (MÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Ktp., nr. 62, vr. 21a -30b ), Kavukcîzâde Seyyid Mustafa Efendi (Murad Molla Ktp., nr. 649; Burdur İl Halk Ktp., nr. 1075), Hâfız Mehmed b. Hasan (MÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Ktp., Yazmalar, nr. 62, vr. 33b -54a ; Câmiatü’l-Melik Suûd Ktp., nr. 2191/1), Kazâbâdî (Ḥâşiyetü’l-uṣûl ve ġāşiyetü’l-fuṣûl , Süleymaniye Ktp., Âşir Efendi, nr. 80; Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 4994; MÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Ktp., nr. 449), Dâvûd-i Karsî (Tire Necip Paşa Ktp., Diğer Vakıflar, nr. 1286), Halîl b. Mehmed el-Konevî el-Akvîrânî (İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 1365; Süleymaniye Ktp., Çelebi Abdullah Efendi, nr. 392), Hafîd en-Nisârî Mehmed b. Abdullah el-Kayserî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 715, Fâtih, nr. 5395; Râgıb Paşa Ktp., nr. 391; Câmiatü’l-Melik Suûd Ktp., nr. 2191/2), Konevî İsmâil Efendi (Süleymaniye Ktp., Kasidecizâde Süleyman Sırrı, nr. 183, Nâfiz Paşa, nr. 232; İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 2351) ve Şeyhülislâm Mekkî Mehmed Efendi (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2983/3) gibi âlimler hâşiye kaleme almıştır. Akkirmânî Mehmed b. Hacı Hamîd (Mustafa) el-Kefevî, Kazâbâdî’nin hâşiyesi üzerine bir ta‘lika yazmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3584, vr. 49b -78b ). Esere hâşiye yazanlardan Kavukcîzâde Seyyid Mustafa Efendi fıkıh usulünün en kapalı konusunun et-Tavżîḥ ve et-Telvîḥ ’teki el-Muḳaddimâtü’l-erbaʿa olduğunu söylerken Hâfız Mehmed Efendi, Eş‘arî’nin kader meselesinde orta yolu takip edemediğini, Sadrüşşerîa’nın Ehl-i sünnet tarafından benimsenen hak anlayışı en iyi şekilde ortaya koyup desteklediğini belirtmektedir. İbrâhim el-Kûrânî ise eserin girişinde yer alan ve bir kısmı hatalı olan mukaddimelerin Eş‘arî anlayışını çürütemeyeceğini söylemektedir.
et-Tavżîḥ ve et-Telvîḥ üzerine yapılan çalışmalar dikkate alındığında özellikle Osmanlı coğrafyasında bu iki esere büyük önem verildiği görülmektedir. Bu eserleri iyi anlayıp konularını eleştirel bir bakışla ele alıp incelemede âlimlerin yetişmişliğinin bir ölçütü olarak görülmüştür. 935 (1529) yılında Sahn-ı Semân medreselerinde boşalan bir kadro için Çivizâde Muhyiddin Mehmed Efendi, İsrâfilzâde Fahreddin Osman Efendi ve Üskübî Kılıççızâde İshak Çelebi başvuruda bulununca Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın emriyle yapılan imtihan çerçevesinde bunlar et-Tavżîḥ ve et-Telvîḥ ’ten ikinci rükündeki râvinin ta‘nı (II, 33-36), Burhâneddin el-Mergīnânî’nin el-Hidâye ’sinin ribâ bölümüyle Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî’nin Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf ’ının itimat hakkındaki üçüncü maksadı üzerine birer risâle kaleme almış, her birinin yazdığı diğerlerince incelendikten sonra aralarında çetin bir tartışma düzenlenerek birinci tesbit edilmiştir (Mecdî, s. 470, 476; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 848; Risâle ʿale’t-Telvîḥ [ʿalâ ḳavli ṣâḥibi’t-Tenḳīḥ] fî Faṣli’ṭ-Ṭaʿn adıyla zikredilen risâlelerin kütüphanelerde çeşitli nüshaları vardır; meselâ, İsrâfilzâde Fahreddin Efendi, Süleymaniye Ktp., Servili, nr. 250, vr. 24b -25b [kenarında Çivizâde’nin itirazları vardır]; Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2838, vr. 89b -90a ; Üskübî Kılıççızâde İshak Çelebi, Süleymaniye Ktp., Servili, nr. 250, vr. 28a -30a , Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2838, vr. 90a -92a ; Çivizâde Muhyiddin Mehmed Efendi [Risâle fi’t-Telvîḥ ve’l-Hidâye ve Şerḥi’l-Mevâḳıf ], Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Efendi, nr. 802, vr. 57-70, İzmir, nr. 805, vr. 129-138; Sinan Efendi, Süleymaniye Ktp., Servili, nr. 250, vr. 25b -28a ). Seyyid Bey, Osmanlı ulemâsından Molla Hüsrev’in Mirʾâtü’l-uṣûl adlı eserinde Sadrüşşerîa ile çok uğraştığını ve birçok itiraz serdettiğini belirtir (Usûl-i Fıkıh: Medhal , s. 57).
Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’ün müellifin şerhi ve Teftâzânî’nin hâşiyesiyle birlikte birçok baskısı yapılmıştır (Kalküta 1245, 1278, 1309; Delhi 1267 [taşbaskı]; Leknev 1281, 1287; Hind 1292; İstanbul 1282, 1283, 1304, 1310; Kazan 1301/1883, 1311/1893, 1902; Kahire 1322-1324, 1326, 1327, 1356, 1377/1957; Beyrut 1980, 1996; nşr. Muhammed Adnân Dervîş, Beyrut 1419/1998; Kûittah [Quetta] 1398/1978, Ḥâşiyetü’t-Tevşîḥ ile birlikte). Bazı baskılarda bunlara Fenârî Hasan Çelebi, Molla Hüsrev ve Şehâbeddin el-Mercânî’nin hâşiyeleri eklenmiştir (İstanbul 1284; Kahire 1306, 1322-1324). Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ayrıca Saîd el-Ebraş tarafından et-Tavżîḥ şerḥu’t-Tenḳīḥ adıyla yalnız şerhiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Dımaşk 1427/2006).
Eserin gerek metni gerek müellifin şerhi gerekse et-Telvîḥ üzerine şerh, hâşiye ve ihtisar şeklinde birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Müellifin kendi yazdığı şerh dışında Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’e Nukrekâr Şerḥu Tenḳīḥi’l-uṣûl (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 473; Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 967; Zeynüddin İbn Kutluboğa bu şerhe bir hâşiye yazmıştır, bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 499), Atpazarî Osman Fazlı et-Teftîḥ li-muġleḳāti ebvâbi’t-Tenḳīḥ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Yahyâ Tevfik, nr. 86 [1396], vr. 1b -376a ) ve Necmeddin Muhammed ed-Derekânî et-Telḳīḥ şerḥu’t-Tenḳīḥ (Beyrut 1421/2001) adıyla şerh yazmışlardır. Müellifin şerhi et-Tavżîḥ için kaleme alınan hâşiyelerin başlıcaları şunlardır: 1. Sa‘deddin et-Teftâzânî, et-Telvîḥ ilâ keşfi ḥaḳāʾiḳi’t-Tenḳīḥ . Eser bir kısım kaynaklarda şerh, bir kısmında hâşiye diye nitelenmektedir. Sadrüşşerîa incelemelerini Şâfiîler ve Eş‘arîler aleyhine yürütür, onların fikirlerini ve nazariyelerini eleştirip çürütürken Teftâzânî et-Telvîḥ ’te onları müdafaa ederek Sadrüşşerîa’ya karşılık verir. Kendilerinden sonra gelen âlimler, bu iki güçlü şahsiyetin kitaplarını merakla okuyup incelemeye koyulmuş ve üzerlerine pek çok hâşiye yazmıştır. Bunun neticesinde her iki eser İslâm dünyasında bugüne kadar ders kitabı olarak okunup okutulmuştur (Seyyid Bey, s. 57-58). et-Telvîḥ üzerine Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, Hızır Şah Menteşevî, Seydî Ahmed b. Abdullah el-Kırîmî, Hayâlî, Musannifek, Alâeddin Ali et-Tûsî, Molla Hüsrev, Ali Kuşçu, Fethullah eş-Şirvânî, Fenârî Hasan Çelebi, Ebü’l-Kāsım es-Semerkandî, Abdülvâhid b. Fazlullah el-Leysî, Mollazâde Nizâmeddin Osman b. Abdullah el-Hıtâî, Hafîdü’t-Teftâzânî Seyfeddin Ahmed b. Yahyâ el-Herevî, Samsunîzâde Muhyiddin Mehmed b. Hasan, Muhyiddin Muhammed b. Muhammed et-Tebrîzî el-Berdaî, İsâmüddin el-İsferâyînî, Muînüddîn-i Tûnî, Hüsâmzâde Mustafa Efendi, Kemalpaşazâde, Karabâğî, Abdullah el-Lebîb b. Abdülhakîm es-Siyâlkûtî gibi pek çok âlim tarafından hâşiye ve ta‘lik yazılmıştır (bk. TEFTÂZÂNÎ ). Kadı Burhâneddin, Teftâzânî’nin Sadrüşşerîa’yı eleştirilerine cevap vermek üzere et-Tercîḥ ʿale’t-Telvîḥ adıyla bir eser kaleme almış, eser üzerine Emine Nurefşan Dinç bir doktora çalışması yapmış ve eserin tahkikli metnini hazırlamıştır (2008, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü). 2. Nûrullah el-Hârizmî, Ḥâşiye ʿale’t-Tavżîḥ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 464; Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 792). Eserde isim verilmeden Teftâzânî’nin et-Telvîḥ ’inden et-Tavżîḥ ’e yönelttiği eleştiriler “kad yukālü” ifadesiyle nakledilip cevaplandırılmaktadır. 3. Naḳdü’t-Telvîḥ li-ibrâzi ʿuyûni’t-Tavżîḥ (Âtıf Efendi Ktp., nr. 669, vr. 41b -70b ). Müellifi bilinmeyen bu eserin mukaddimesinde belirtildiğine göre eser Malatya Valisi Hüsâmeddin Hasan Bey’in himayesinde tamamlanmış ve Sultan el-Melikü’z-Zâhir Ebû Saîd Seyfeddin’e ithaf edilmiştir; bu zatın Memlük Sultanı Hoşkadem (1461-1467) olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bağdatlı İsmâil Paşa ise eserin Ebvâbü’l-cinân sahibi Molla Muhsin el-Kâşî’ye ait olduğunu belirtmektedir (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 674; krş. a.e. , I, 12). İsmâil Paşa, Feyz-i Kâşânî diye bilinen bu Şiî âliminin Naḳdü’l-uṣûli’l-fıḳhiyye adlı manzum fıkıh usulü eseriyle bu eseri birbirine karıştırmış olmalıdır (krş. Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, XXIV, 273). Naḳdü’t-Telvîḥ hem et-Tavżîḥ ’in kapalı ve zor yerlerini açıklamak hem de Teftâzânî’nin Sadrüşşerîa’ya itirazlarına cevap vermek amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır. 4. Muslihuddin Mustafa Sürûrî, et-Taḥşiyetü’l-müteʿalliḳa bi’t-Tenḳīḥ ve’t-Tavżîḥ ve’t-Telvîḥ (Murad Molla Ktp., nr. 648). 9 Receb 957’de (24 Temmuz 1550) Lâdik’te tamamlanan eser Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın oğlu Şehzade Mustafa’ya ithaf edilmiştir. 5. Mehmed İsmetî, Şerḥ ʿalâ Tavżîḥi’l-uṣûl (Teymûriyye Ktp., nr. 97). 6. Şehâbeddin el-Mercânî, Ḥizâmetü’l-ḥavâşî li-iżâḥati’l-ġavâşî . Sadrüşşerîa’yı Teftâzânî’ye karşı savunmak için yazılmıştır (İstanbul 1284; Kahire 1306, 1322-1324, et-Telvîḥ ve hâşiyeleriyle birlikte; Kazan 1307/1889). 7. Prizrenli Hüseyin Necmeddin b. Sâdık er-Râdomîrî, Naẓmü’t-Telvîḥ fî keşfi’t-Tenḳīḥ ve’t-Tavżîḥ . Hüseyin Necmeddin, bu eserini medresede Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’ü şerhiyle birlikte okuturken ders sırasında tuttuğu notları Teftâzânî’nin eserinden yaptığı iktibaslar ve kendisinden bazı ilâvelerle birlikte meydana getirmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp.,Yazma Bağışlar, nr. 286, müellif hattı, I-III, 1b -224b , 1b -211a , 1b -222b ). İlk cildin kapak sayfasına müellifin öğrencisi Sirozlu Hacı Ömer’in düştüğü bir nota göre müellif Prizren’in Radomir kasabasından olup İstanbul’da Fâtih Bahr-i Sefîd Çifte Ayak Kurşunlu Medresesi’nde görev yapmış, eser 28 Rebîülevvel 1347 (14 Eylül 1928) tarihinde tamamlanmıştır. Müellifin son sayfanın kenarındaki notuna göre kitabın sonları medreselerin kapatıldığı bir döneme rastlamakla birlikte kendisi eserini tamamlamaktan vazgeçmemiştir. 8. Veliyyüddin b. Muhammed Sâlih el-Ferfûr, et-Taṣrîḥ li-ḥalli ġavâmiżi’t-Tavżîḥ ve’t-Tenḳīḥ . Eserin metni ve şerhiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Dımaşk 2008).
Kemalpaşazâde, Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’ün hatalı gördüğü noktalarını düzeltip yeniden düzenleyerek Taġyîrü’t-Tenḳīḥ adıyla bir metin meydana getirmiş, daha sonra bu metni şerhederek Sadrüşşerîa’yı eleştirmiş ve ondan ayrıldığı hususları sayfa kenarlarında zikretmiştir. 931’de (1525) tamamlanan ve Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’a ithaf edilen şerh metniyle birlikte basılmıştır (İstanbul 1309). Kâtib Çelebi bu çalışmaya itibar edilmediğini belirtmektedir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 499). Seyyid Bey de Kemalpaşazâde’nin eserini et-Tenḳīḥ’i gözden düşürmek amacıyla kaleme aldığını ve diğer eserleri gibi rağbet görmediğini söyler (Usûl-i Fıkıh: Medhal , s. 59). Kemalpaşazâde’nin Şerḥu Taġyîri’t-Tenḳīḥ ’i üzerine Celâlzâde Sâlih Çelebi bir ta‘lika yazmıştır.
Ebû Saîd el-Hâdimî, Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’ü Telḫîṣu metni’t-Tenḳīḥ fî uṣûli meẕhebi’l-Ḥanefiyye (Kitâbü’l-Mülaḫḫaṣ mine’l-uṣûl, Telḫîṣu’t-Tenḳīḥ) adıyla ihtisar edip bazı ilâvelerde bulunmuş (Konya Bölge Yazma Eserler Ktp., nr. 5123; Konya Yûsuf Ağa Ktp., nr. 671) ve daha sonra bu eserini şerhetmiştir (Taʿlîḳāt ʿalâ Telḫîṣi metni’t-Tenḳīḥ , Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 497, vr. 1b -162b ). Ancak şerhin sonunda 8 Cemâziyelevvel 1105’te (5 Ocak 1694) müsveddenin ve aynı yılın 5 Zilhiccesinde (28 Temmuz) temize çekilmesinin tamamlandığı kaydedilmektedir. Hâdimî’nin 1113’te (1701) doğduğu dikkate alınırsa bu eserlerin ona ait olması mümkün değildir. Fakat Telḫîṣü’t-Tenḳīḥ ’in 1176 (1763) tarihli Yûsuf Ağa nüshasının kapağında eserin Hâdim Efendi’ye ait olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Eserin Esad Efendi’de bulunan şerhinin mukaddimesinde müellif ismi Hâdimüşşerîa Mehmed olarak geçmekte ve kapak sayfasında üzeri karalanmış şekilde “Ḥâşiyetü Tavżîḥ li-Hâdim müftîsi” ibaresi yer almaktadır. Eğer eser bir başka müellife ait değilse eserin yazım tarihinde geçen beş (hams) kelimesi elli (hamsîn) şeklinde olmalı ya da aradaki başka bir rakam düşmüş bulunmalıdır.
Kâtib Çelebi’nin Abdülkādir b. Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Ensârî’ye (ö. 880/1475) nisbetle ve Ḥâşiye ʿale’t-Tavżîḥ adıyla Sadrüşşerîa’nın Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’ü üzerine yapılan çalışmalar arasında zikrettiği eser İbn Mâlik’in el-Elfiyye’sine İbn Hişâm en-Nahvî’nin yazdığı, et-Tavżîḥ adıyla da bilinen Evḍaḥu’l-mesâlik ilâ Elfiyyeti İbn Mâlik adlı nahiv eseri üzerine bir çalışma olmalıdır. Zira adı geçen kişi, nahiv alanında şöhret yapan Mekkeli âlim İbn Abdülmu‘tî el-Ensârî el-Abbâdî el-Mâlikî olup bu çevrelerde et-Tavżîḥ dendiğinde bu nahiv eseri kastedilmektedir (Sehâvî, IV, 284). Brockelmann da yine İbn Hişâm’ın adı geçen eseri üzerine Hâlid b. Abdullah el-Ezherî’nin yazdığı et-Taṣrîḥ bi-mażmûni’t-Tavżîḥ (Bulak 1294) isimli kitabı Sadrüşşerîa’nın eseriyle ilgili hâşiyeler arasında zikretmiştir (GAL Suppl. , II, 301).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Sadrüşşerîa, et-Tavżîḥ şerḥu’t-Tenḳīḥ (nşr. M. Adnân Dervîş), Beyrut 1419/1998, tür.yer.
Teftâzânî, et-Telvîḥ (nşr. M. Adnân Dervîş), Beyrut 1419/1998, tür.yer.
Esterâbâdî, Bezm ü Rezm (trc. Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 1990, s. 456-461, 486-487.
Musannifek, Ḥâşiyetü’t-Telvîḥ , Süleymaniye Ktp., Yazma Bağışlar, nr. 1951, vr. 1b -2a .
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , IV, 284.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 186, 205, 207.
Mecdî, Şekāik Tercümesi , s. 448, ayrıca bk. İndeks, s. 37-38.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 496-499, 848.
Seyyid Bey, Usûl-i Fıkıh: Medhal , İstanbul 1335, s. 56-59.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 485, 636, 758; II, 1199-1200, 1587, 1790.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 277-278; Suppl. , II, 300-301.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 12; II, 674.
Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1403/1983, I, 77; XXIV, 273.
Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Câmiʿati’l-Melik es-Suʿûd: el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî ve uṣûlüh , Riyad 1404/1984, VI, 20-21.
Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, Câmiʿu’ş-şürûḥ ve’l-ḥavâşî , Ebûzabî 1425/2004, I, 667-675.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 454-458 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.