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TIBB-ı RÛHÂNÎ Skip to content Ahlâkın bir ruh sağlığı ilmi olduğu düşüncesinden hareketle bu ilme verilen ad.
İslâm düşüncesinde insanın varlık bütünlüğünün beden ve ruhtan (nefis) oluştuğu kabul edilmiş, bazı kaynaklarda beden sağlığını korumayı ve hastalıkları tedavi etmeyi amaçlayan bilgi dalına “tıbb-ı cesedânî”, ruh sağlığını korumayı ve ruhu faziletlerle bezeyip erdemsizliklerden arındırmayı amaçlayan bilgi dalına da “tıbb-ı rûhânî” denilmiştir. Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî tıbb-ı rûhânîyi “mânevî mükemmellikleri, hastalıklarla bunların tedavi yollarını, mânevî sağlığın ve itidalin nasıl korunacağını öğreten ilim” şeklinde tanımlar (et-Taʿrîfât , “eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî” md.). “et-Tabîbü’r-rûhânî” dediği ahlâk eğitimcisini de “irşada ve mânevî olgunlaştırmaya muktedir uzman kişi” diye tarif eder (a.g.e. , “eṭ-Ṭabîbü’r-rûḥânî” md.). Tehânevî aynı tabirleri sûfîlere mal ederek Cürcânî’ninkine yakın ifadelerle tanımlamıştır (Keşşâf , II, 899).
Literatürde ahlâk ilmi için et-tıbbü’r-rûhânî terkibinin kullanılması Eflâtun’a dayanan anlayıştan kaynaklanmaktadır. Eflâtun’a göre kötülük sağlıklı bir davranış olmayıp bir tür ruh hastalığıdır ve bu hastalık gerçek bilgi olan felsefe ile tedavi edilir (meselâ bk. Gorgias , s. 60-65, 109-110; Timaios , s. 118-122, 125-126; benzer görüşler başka Yunan filozoflarında da vardır, meselâ bk. Câlînûs, s. 42-43; ayrıca bk. M. Abul Quasem, LXXI/3-4 [1981], s. 216-217). Grek mirasının İslâm dünyasına aktarılmasından itibaren bu anlayış müslüman düşünürlerce de benimsenmiştir. Nitekim Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî Risâle fi’l-ḥîle li-defʿi’l-aḥzân ’da ahlâkı bir ruhanî tıp olarak ele almıştır. Kindî, daha sonra Ebû Bekir er-Râzî ve diğer müelliflerin eserlerine ad olarak vereceği bu terkibi kullanmamışsa da kontrolsüz öfke ve şehvet gibi duyguların baskısıyla ortaya çıkan taleplerin ve üzüntü, kaygı, ölüm korkusu gibi tezahürlerin ruh hastalıklarına yol açması yanında insanın ahlâkî yetkinliğine engel olacağı ve onu mutsuz kılacağı fikrini işlemiştir.
Bilindiği kadarıyla İslâm düşüncesinde eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî başlığıyla eser yazan ilk düşünür Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’dir. Râzî eserinde tıp ilminin biri bedenî, diğeri ruhî şeklinde iki dalından bahseder. Bunların ilki fizyolojik hastalıkları önlemeyi ve tedavisini, ikincisi ahlâkî hastalıklardan korunmayı, bunları tedavi ederek insanı erdemli kılmayı amaçlar. Râzî bedenle ruh arasındaki ilişkide yönetimin ruha ait olduğunu düşünmüş, insanda gelişen psikolojik uyarmaların ve ruhun çektiği elemlerin fizyolojik belirtilerle açıklanabileceğini ifade etmiş, bu sebeple beden tabibinin aynı zamanda ruh tabibi olması gerektiğini söylemiştir. Bu maksatla mânevî hekimlik için bazı kurallar koymuştur (De Boer, s. 149). Râzî’nin eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî ’yi telif etmesinin sebebi bedenî hekimlikle mânevî hekimlik arasında bir bağ görmesidir. Eserini, daha çok rezîletlerin el alındığı yirmi bölüme ayıran Râzî insanın tutkularını aklın buyruğuna vermesi gerektiğini düşünür. Eflâtun’da görüldüğü gibi nefsin melekelerini inceler ve nefsin kusurlarını bilmenin önemi üzerinde durur. Cinsel aşk, kendini beğenme, kıskançlık, öfke, yalan, cimrilik, kaygı, üzüntü, hayâsızlık, şehvet düşkünlüğü, bir şeye körü körüne bağımlılık gibi kötü huyları tahlil eder ve bunlardan kurtulmanın yollarını gösterir.
Hamîdüddin el-Kirmânî, Râzî’nin eserini eleştirmek amacıyla el-Aḳvâlü’ẕ-ẕehebiyye fi’ṭ-ṭıbbi’n-nefsânî başlıklı bir eser kaleme almıştır. Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî de eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî adıyla muhtasar bir eser yazmış, otuz bölümden oluşan eserinin tamamında Râzî’nin eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî ’sinden bol miktarda faydalanmasına rağmen ne onu ne de eserini anmıştır. Ahlâkı tıbb-ı rûhânî olarak ele alan düşünürlerden biri de Kindî’nin öğrencisi Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî’dir. Onun iki bölümden meydana gelen Meṣâliḥu’l-ebdân ve’l-enfüs adlı eserinin ilk bölümü beden sağlığının korunmasını ve fizyolojik hastalıkların tedavisini, ikinci bölümü ahlâkî sağlığı koruma ve ahlâkî hastalıkları tedavi etme yollarını gösterir. Belhî’nin bu kitabı yazmasının sebebi bedenle ruh arasındaki ilişkinin ahlâkî sonuçlarını incelemek olmalıdır. Belhî, kendisinden önce beden sağlığına dair birçok eser yazıldığı halde ruh sağlığının ihmal edildiğini belirterek eserinin bu alanda öncü bir rol taşıdığını ileri sürmektedir (DİA , V, 413-414).
Ruh-beden ilişkisi hakkındaki geleneksel anlayışı sürdüren Fârâbî, ahlâk için et-tıbbü’r-rûhânî terkibini kullanmamışsa da konuya geniş yer ayırdığı Fuṣûlü’l-medenî ’nin başında bu ilmi mânevî tabâbet olarak ele almış, et-Tenbîh ʿalâ sebîli’s-saʿâde adlı eserinde de aynı yaklaşımı sergilemiştir. Buna göre beden gibi ruh için de sağlık ve hastalık söz konusudur. Beden sağlığı, bedenin ve bedenî unsurların yapısının nefse fiillerini en mükemmel şekilde yapma imkânı verecek biçimde kusursuz olmasıdır. Bunun gibi ruh sağlığı da ruhî melekelerin iyi ve güzel fiiller yapmaya elverişli olması, ruhun hasta olması ise melekelerinin kötülükler ve çirkin davranışlar yapmasına yol açacak durumda bulunmasıdır (Fuṣûlü’l-medenî , s. 103). Bedenî hastalıkları tedavi edecek tabibin öncelikle bedeni, onun organlarını tanıması, daha sonra bunlardaki hastalıkları, bu hastalıkların nasıl giderileceğini bilmesi gerektiği gibi nefsin tedavisiyle uğraşacak kişinin de nefsi ve onun çeşitli melekelerini tanıması, bunlarda çıkabilecek kusurları ve sebeplerini bilmesi gerekir (a.g.e. , s. 105). Bir siyaset felsefecisi olan Fârâbî ahlâk ilminin bir tabâbet sayıldığı şeklindeki düşüncesini medenî hayata uygulayarak toplumun da sağlıklı veya hasta olabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Toplumun sağlıklı olması halkın dengeli bir ahlâkî hayat yaşaması, hasta olması da bu hayattan sapması demektir. Buna göre bireylerde ve toplumlarda baş gösteren mânevî hastalıklar için bir tabibe gerek vardır. Fârâbî’ye göre nefislerin tabibi medenî insandır; buna melik de denir (a.g.e. , s. 104-105). İhvân-ı Safâ’nın Resâʾil ’inde nefsin arındırılması ve ahlâkın düzeltilmesinden bahsedilirken yanlış inanç ve düşüncelere kapılmış insanları aydınlatan kişinin onları yumuşaklıkla tedavi etmeye çalışan bir tabip gibi davranması gerektiği belirtilir (Resâʾil , IV, 10). İhvân-ı Safâ peygamberlerle sahâbîlerini ve halifelerini ruh tabipleri diye niteler (a.g.e. , IV, 16, 29).
Bu ilk düşünürlerden itibaren ahlâkın bir ruh sağlığı ilmi kabul edilmesi gelenek halini almıştır. Meselâ İbn Miskeveyh, tıp bilimiyle ahlâk arasında bağ kurarak koruma tedbirleri ve tedavi açısından ahlâkî eğitimde tıptan yararlanılması gerektiğini söylemiştir. Zira bedenî tıp gibi ahlâkî tıp da biri ahlâkî sağlığı koruma tedbirleri, diğeri bozulan ahlâkı iyileştirme faaliyetleri olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Buna göre insan nefsi iyi ve erdemli olursa erdemlere kavuşmayı sever, gerçek ilimlere ve sağlıklı bilgilere arzu duyar. O halde nefis akıl dizginiyle kontrol edilmelidir (Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ , s. 151-152). Ahlâkı tıpla ilişkilendirme anlayışını devam ettiren Gazzâlî’ye göre kötü huylar kalbin hastalıklarıdır. İnsanın ebedî hayattaki mutluluğunu yok edecek derecede tehlikeli olan bu hastalıkların tabipleri bedensel hastalıklar alanındaki tabiplerden daha ağır bir sorumluluk taşır. Tıbbın bu türünü öğrenmek her aklı başında insan için bir zorunluluktur (İḥyâʾ , III, 49). Bedenî hastalıklarla mücadele edip sağlığını kazanmak gibi ruh sağlığını korumak için de kötü huyları yok edip güzel huyları elde etmek gerekir. Ahlâkta aşırılıklardan kurtularak dengeli bir ruhî yapıya kavuşmak için kötü huylar zıtlarıyla, meselâ cahillik hastalığı öğrenimle, cimrilik hayır yapmakla, kibir alçak gönüllülükle, şehvet de tutkuları dizginlemekle tedavi edilir. Bedensel hastalıklardan kurtulurken acı ilâçlara sabredildiği gibi kalbin hastalıklarından kurtulmak için de mücâhede ve sabrın acılığına katlanılmalıdır; çünkü bedenin hastalığı nihayet ölümle son bulur, ruhun hastalığı ise ölüm ötesinde de devam eder (a.g.e. , III, 60-61). Gazzâlî eserinde yeme içme tutkusu, dünya tutkusu, cimrilik ve mal tutkusu, makam tutkusu, riya, kibir vb. konuları derin psikolojik analizlerle incelemiş, bunların iyileştirilmesi için de “ilâç” ve “tedavi” kelimelerini kullanmıştır.
Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî, geniş ölçüde İbn Miskeveyh’in Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ ’ından faydalanarak yazdığı Aḫlâḳ-ı Nâṣırî ’de birinci bölümün dokuzuncu faslında geleneğe uyarak biri tıbb-ı ebdân, diğeri tıbb-ı nüfûs olmak üzere iki çeşit tıptan söz etmiş, özellikle sosyal çevrenin ahlâk üzerindeki etkisi dolayısıyla erdemli bir çevrede yaşamayı ve iyilerle ilişki kurmayı öğütlemiştir. Onuncu bölümde Gazzâlî gibi ahlâkî hastalıkların zıtlarıyla tedavi edilmesi gerektiğine işaret ettikten sonra çeşitli erdemsizlikleri sıralayarak bunları iyileştirmenin yollarını göstermiştir. Bu arada Kindî’yi izleyip üzüntü ve kederi de birer hastalık kabul eden Tûsî bunların tedavi yollarını anlatırken Kindî’nin yanı sıra İbn Miskeveyh ve Gazzâlî’den geniş ölçüde yararlanmıştır.
Son dönem Osmanlı âlimlerinden Mehmed Reşid Hıfz-ı Sıhhat-i Ahlâk yahud Fezleke-i Tıbb-ı Rûhânî başlıklı bir risâle yazmıştır (bk. bibl.). Risâlede ahlâk ilmine dair kısaca bilgi verildikten sonra ahlâk sağlığının niteliği, ölçüsü, ahlâk sağlığını koruma ve geliştirme yolları anlatılmaktadır. Öte yandan tıp ve sihir konularının iç içe geçtiği bazı eserlere de tıbb-ı rûhânî adı verildiği görülmektedir. Meselâ Seyyid Mustafa Murtazâ el-Âmilî göz değmesi, büyü gibi sebeplere dayandırdığı bedenî hastalıkların tedavisi için çeşitli kaynaklardaki duaları toplayarak Bülġatü’l-emel ile’ş-şifâʾi’l-ʿâcil bi’ṭ-ṭıbbi’r-rûḥânî adıyla bir eser meydana getirmiştir (bk. bibl.). Müellife göre -göz değmesinde görüldüğü gibi- ruh bedene tesir edebilir, hatta mala mülke zarar verebilir; sihirbazların da insanlar üzerinde etkilerinin olduğu bilinmektedir. Âmilî, bu tür zararlı etkenlerden doğduğunu ileri sürdüğü birçok hastalık zikrederek bunların tedavisi için sihir formülleri ve harf tılsımlarının uygulanmasını, şifa âyetleri ve dualarının okunmasını önermekte, ayrıca hastalıklardan kurtaracağını söylediği âyetlerle ilgili Hz. Peygamber, Ehl-i beyt ve Şîa imamlarından dualar aktarmaktadır. Ebûbekir Nusret Efendi’ye ait Türkçe Mâ Hadar fi’t-tıbbi’r-rûhânî adlı eserin ruhanî tıbba dair ilk bölümünde de maddî ve mânevî ihtiyaçların karşılanmasına ve sıkıntıların giderilmesine imkân sağlayacağına inanılan âyetler, dualar, tılsım ve sihir formülleriyle vefkler; cismanî tıbba dair olan ikinci bölümde ise fizyolojik hastalıklar için çeşitli maddî nesnelerden ilâç formülleri gösterilmektedir. Müellifi meçhul Risâle fi’ṭ-ṭıbbi’r-rûḥânî adlı bir eserde de yer yer İbn Sînâ’ya atıflar yapılarak birçok fizyolojik ve psikolojik hastalıktan bahsedilmekte, bunlara iyi geldiği ileri sürülen tıbbî ve sihrî formüller verilmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 899.
Eflâtun, Timaios (trc. Erol Güney – Lütfi Ay), İstanbul 1943, s. 118-122 (86b -88c ), 125-126 (90a-d ).
a.mlf., Gorgias (trc. Reyan Erben), Ankara 1946, s. 60-65 (477e -480a ), 109-110 (505a-b ).
Câlînûs, el-Aḫlâḳ (nşr. P. Kraus, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb , V/1 içinde), Kahire 1937, s. 42-43.
Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî, Üzüntüden Kurtulma Yolları: el-Hîle li-def‘i’l-ahzân (nşr. ve trc. Mustafa Çağrıcı), İstanbul 1998, tür.yer.
Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî (nşr. P. Kraus, Resâʾil felsefiyye içinde), Kahire 1939; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 1-4.
Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî, Meṣâliḥu’l-ebdân ve’l-enfüs (nşr. Mahmûd el-Masrî), Kahire 1426/2005, tür.yer.
Fârâbî, Fuṣûlü’l-medenî (nşr. ve trc. D. M. Dunlop), Cambridge 1961, s. 103-105.
a.mlf., et-Tenbîh ʿalâ sebîli’s-saʿâde , Haydarâbâd 1346, s. 9-15.
İhvân-ı Safâ, er-Resâʾil , Beyrut 1377/1957, IV, 8-32.
İbn Miskeveyh, Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ (nşr. Hasan Temîm), Beyrut 1398, s. 151-152.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , III, 49, 60-63.
Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî, eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî , Dımaşk 1348.
Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî, Aḫlâḳ-ı Nâṣırî (nşr. Müctebâ Mînovî – Ali Rıza Haydarî), Tahran 1369 hş., s. 155-202.
Ebûbekir Nusret Efendi, Mâ Hadar fi’t-tıbbi’r-rûhânî , İstanbul 1303.
Mehmed Reşid, Hıfz-ı Sıhhat-i Ahlâk yahud Fezleke-i Tıbb-ı Rûhânî , İstanbul 1311.
Risâle fi’ṭ-ṭıbbi’r-rûḥânî , Süleymaniye Ktp., Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 1407.
T. J. de Boer, Târîḫu’l-felsefe fi’l-İslâm (trc. M. Abdülhâdî Ebû Rîde), Beyrut 1981, s. 149.
Mustafa Murtazâ el-Âmilî, Bülġatü’l-emel ile’ş-şifâʾi’l-ʿâcil bi’ṭ-ṭıbbi’r-rûḥânî , Beyrut 1416/1996.
M. Abul Quasem, “Psychology in Islamic Ethics”, MW , LXXI/3-4 (1981), s. 216-217.
Seyfi Kenan, “Ebu Bekr Zekeriya er-Râzi’nin et-Tıbbu’r-ruhâni’sinde Davranış Bozuklukları ve Islahı”, Tıp Tarihi Araştırmaları , sy. 9, İstanbul 1999, s. 91.
İlhan Kutluer, “Belhî, Ebû Zeyd”, DİA , V, 413-414.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 88-89 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.