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TİKVEŞ Skip to content Makedonya’da tarihî bölge ve kaza merkezi.
Bölge adı olarak Makedonya’nın güneyinde Vardar nehrinin her iki yakasında yer alan, sıradağları Yunan topraklarıyla doğal bir sınır teşkil eden, çoğunlukla tarım arazileriyle kaplı kesimi ifade eder. Aynı zamanda Ortaçağ’ın sonlarında ve Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin ilk dönemlerinde bölgenin idarî merkezi olan kalenin de adıdır. Bu adın Slavca’da “bal kabağı” veya “bal kabağı gibi olan” anlamındaki Tikva’dan yahut İlliryalılar’a ait benzeri bir kelimeden geldiği ileri sürülür. Bölgenin merkezi Selânik’in 129 km. kuzeybatısında küçük bir kasaba olan Kavadarcı’dır. 1395-1912 arasında Osmanlı Devleti’nin bir parçası olarak kalmıştır. XVII. yüzyıldan 1912’ye kadar kazanın doğusunda bulunan ve yerel dilde “Türklük” olarak anılan bölge sekiz yörük köyünü de içeren geniş bir müslüman nüfusu barındırmıştır.
Tarihinin büyük bir bölümünde Tikveş, içerisinde hiç şehrin yer almadığı, 1519 ve 1570 yılı kayıtlarına göre sadece irili ufaklı 110 köyün olduğu, ekonomisi çoğunlukla tarım ve hayvancılığa dayanan bir bölge durumundadır. Bu tablo Antikçağ’da da hemen hemen aynıdır. Surları, sarayları, bir tiyatrosu, hamamları, erken döneme ait birkaç büyük kilise ve sinagogu ile gerçek anlamda bölgenin tek şehri olan Stobi, Tikveş’in kuzey sınırında yer alıyordu. Stobi 600 yıllarında Gotlar, Hunlar, Avarlar ve Slavlar’ın işgaliyle bir daha yeniden inşa edilmemek üzere yıkıldı. Ardından rivayete göre I. Bulgar İmparatorluğu’na bağlı olarak bölgeye Slav kabileleri yerleşti ve 976-1014 yılları arasında kısa ömürlü Çar Samuel İmparatorluğu’nun bir parçası olageldi. 1202’ye kadar bölge Bizans’ın kontrolündeydi ve daha sonra bu topraklar çok defa el değiştirdi. 1202-1224 arasında (Selânik merkezli) Montferratlı Boniface’in Frank Kontluğu’na, ardından bir süre Epir Despotluğu’na (Yanya-Narda) bağlandı. 1230’da Epir Despotluğu’nun gücünü zayıflatan Klokotnica savaşı sonrasında bölge yeniden Bulgarlar’ın eline geçti. 1246 yılında İmparator Ioannes Vatatses tarafından tekrar işgal edilen topraklar Bizans’ın halefi olan İznik Devleti’ne tâbi oldu. Son olarak da 1330’da Kral Stefan Decanski önderliğindeki Sırplar tarafından işgal edildi. Sırp Çarı Stefan Duşan’ın ölümünün ardından onun kurduğu kısa ömürlü imparatorluk çok sayıda küçük prensliğe bölündüğünde (1355) Tikveş, Köstendil’de yaşayan Dejanović ailesinin (Dragaši) Sırp-Bulgar Prensliği’nin bir parçası haline geldi. 1371’de Osmanlılar’a bağlı bir derebeylik oldu, son prens Konstantin Dejanović’in 1395’te ölümü üzerine kendinden sonra uygun bir halef bırakmadığından Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı. Son prens Konstantin’in adı Osmanlı sancağı olan “Köstendil” ile (Kostadin ili) yaşatıldı.
Ortaçağ’da Tikveş’in bilinen ilk merkezi (Manastır/Bitola ve Pirlepe ile beraber) Pelagonia ovasından Vardar nehri vadisine kadar uzanan ve şehri kuzeyde Üsküp’le, güneyde Selânik’le bağlayan antik yol üzerindeki Devol Kalesi’dir. Devol, Raečka nehrine nâzır Drenovo köyüne 2 km. mesafede bulunmaktadır. Ortaçağ’ın başlarında Roma’dan kalan Akropolis (İçkale), Stobi yıkıntılarından alınan taşlarla yeniden inşa edilerek Devol Kalesi meydana getirildi. Burada X ve XII. yüzyıllara ait Slav seramikleri ve Bizans imparatorları Ioannes Tsimikis’ten (969-976) II. Andronikos’a (1282-1328) kadar çeşitli madenî paraların bulunması kalenin tarihi hakkında bir fikir vermektedir.
Sırp işgaliyle birlikte (1328 veya 1335) Devol önemini ve idarî merkez olma fonksiyonunu yitirdi, merkez olma özelliğini Kavadarcı’nın 8 km. güneyinde ve Črna nehrinin 160 m. üstünde yer alan Tikveş Kalesi’ne bıraktı. Devol Kalesi gibi Tikveş Kalesi de Roma döneminden kalma 140 × 155 metrelik büyük bir dikdörtgen yapının üzerine inşa edilmişti. Yeni yapılan kale ise 56 × 30 metrelik alan üzerinde yükseliyordu. Kalenin altında Črna nehrinin kenarında, birinin duvarlarında Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin ilk yüzyılına ait fresklerin de bulunduğu üç kiliseyi barındıran bir yerleşme yeri vardı. Tikveş Kalesi’nden Bizans ve Slav kaynaklarında bahsedilmemektedir. Kalenin varlığı, Ortaçağ’dan kalma Slav çömlekleri ve XIII. yüzyıl ile sonrasına ait Bizans paralarıyla ispatlanmıştır. Osmanlı kaynaklarında kale, XV. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren Ustrumca kazasına bağlı Tikveş nahiyesinin merkezi olarak gösterilmektedir. 978 (1570) yılı tahrir kayıtlarında Tikveş’te otuz altı hânenin var olduğu kaydedilmektedir. 1031 (1622) tarihli cizye defterinde sekiz, 1052 (1642) tarihli defterde altı hâneden bahsedilmekte, 1065 (1655) tarihli defterde ise Tikveş’ten artık hiç söz edilmemektedir. İdare daha merkezî konumda bulunan ve 1570 tarihli Köstendil defterinde yirmi dört, 1031 (1622) tahririnde ise elli üç hâneden oluştuğu zikredilen Kavadarcı’ya taşındı. Evliya Çelebi ise 300 hâneden bahseder. XIX. yüzyılın ortalarında hâne sayısı 3000’den fazla nüfusla birlikte 600’ü buldu.
Bölgede Ortaçağ’dan kalma birkaç seçkin Bizans-Slav dinî yapısı halen korunmaktadır. Bunların arasında Kavadarcı’nın 10 km. batısındaki Drenovo köyünde yer alan, kitâbesinde 1355 yılında onarıldığı belirtilen ve Çar Duşan dönemine ait bazı duvar süslemeleri olan Meryem Ana Kilisesi zikredilmelidir. Bu yapı esasen İmparator VI. Konstantinos döneminde (780-797) yapılan, dolayısıyla çok daha eski bir kilise olan Selânik Ayasofya Kilisesi’nden esinlenilerek inşa edildi. Sanat tarihi açısından büyük önemi olan Pološko Manastırı ise Tikveş Kalesi’ne yakın bir diğer yapıdır. Manastır, 1340’tan biraz önce Çar Duşan tarafından kardeşi Dragutin’in mezarını yerleştirmek üzere inşa ettirildi. XIV. yüzyılın ortalarında manastırın içerisi Çar Duşan, halefi Kral Uroş, eşi Kraliçe Elena, Duşan’ın kardeşi Dragutin ve elinde manastırın bir modelini tutan eşi Maria’nın portreleriyle süslendi. Ortaçağ Tikveşi’nden hâfızalarda kalan noktalardan biri de bölgenin güneybatısında bulunan bir köyün adına dayanır: Kumaniçevo (Kuman köyü). Yakınlarda mevcut bir tepenin adının da Kumanov Glava (Kuman başı) olması bölgede Kıpçak Türkleri’yle Makedonya Kumanları’nın bir yerleşiminin olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Köyden ilk defa 1378 yılında Prens Konstantin Dejanović’in köyü Panteleimon Athos Manastırı’na bağışlamasından dolayı bahsedilse de burası bundan en az bir asır daha eski bir yerleşim olmalıdır.
1395 yılı öncesinde Tikveş kesiminin nüfusuna dair herhangi bir kayıt yoktur. 1348’de başlayan veba salgınından ötürü pek çok Avrupa ülkesinde köyler boşaldığı gibi buranın da XIV. yüzyılda nüfusunun nisbeten düşük olduğu tahmin edilebilir. Bir iyileşme ancak XV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yavaş yavaş başlayabildi. Tikveş bölgesinin nüfusuna dair eldeki en eski bilgi 893 (1488) tarihli cizye defterinde yer alır; buna göre Tikveş’te 2509 hâne mevcuttur. 925 (1519) tarihli mufassal Köstendil sancağı tahririnde Tikveş’in seksen altı köyünde mevcut hâne sayısının 2997’ye yükseldiği görülür. Bu nüfusun yaklaşık % 1’i (yirmi dokuz hâne) müslümandır. 978 (1570) tahririnde ise rakamın 110 köyde 170’i (% 4) müslüman olan 3980 hâneye ulaştığı dikkati çeker. Tahrir aynı zamanda, daha önce ıssız olan ve sonrasında “Türklük” diye anılacak Vardar’ın doğusundaki arazide yavaş yavaş bir iskân hareketinin başladığını da gösterir. Brusnik köyüne dair önceki tahrirdeki veriler buranın daha evvel Peşternica köylüleri tarafından işlenen boş bir mezra olduğuna, ancak Türkler’in çoğunluğu eşkinci veya yamaklık gibi görevleri olan milislerden meydana gelen on sekiz hâne ile birlikte buraya yerleştiğine işaret etmektedir. Valci Dol mezrası 1570’te yörüklerle bir imamdan oluşan dört hâneyi içeriyordu ve köy olarak kayıtlara geçmişti. Türklük bölgesinin güneydoğusunda yer alan önemli bir köy olan Gradec yakınlarına Turgut Fakih önderliğinde kırk iki hâne yerleşmişti. Bunlar Selânik yörükleriydi. Zamanla daha çok sayıda yörük Türklük denilen bu yerdeki mezralara yerleşti ve Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin son dönemlerinde nüfusları 2000’i buldu. Tikveş’in daha geniş olan batı kısmında İslâmiyet farklı bir şekilde yayıldı. Buradaki müslümanların çoğunluğu yerli mühtediler veya onların soyundan gelenlerden meydana geliyordu. Mevcut söylemde kırsal kesimde yaşanan ihtidâ hareketleri, arazisi bulunmayan köylüler ya da cizyeden kurtularak toplumda daha iyi bir yer edinmek isteyen çiftçilerle açıklanmaya çalışılır. Ancak burada durum farklıdır. Krivolak, Dolni Disan ya da Pepelište gibi köylere dair 1570 yılı kayıtları bütün mühtedilerin tam teşekküllü çift sahibi kimseler olduğunu göstermektedir. 1031 (1622), 1046 (1636) ve 1052 (1642) cizye kayıtları hıristiyan nüfusta hızlı bir azalmaya işaret eder. Bu azalma kısmen yaşanan iklim değişikliğiyle, kısmen de İslâmlaşma ile bağlantılıdır. Sonuçta 1889’da Tikveş köylerinde % 49’undan fazlası müslüman olan 7541 hânenin varlığı bilinmektedir. Mühtediler Makedonca olarak bilinen Batı-Bulgarca lehçesini konuşuyordu (Torbeş veya mahallî olarak daha çok bilinen Pomaklar).
Osmanlı idaresiyle birlikte ortaya çıkan Tikveş bölgesinde yeni ziraî ve iktisadî gelişmeler oldu. Muhtemelen XV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında pirinç ziraatı başladı. 925 (1519) tarihli mufassal Köstendil tahriri (BA, MAD , nr. 170) Tikveş nahiyesinin beş farklı yerinde çeltik tarımının yapıldığını gösterir. 978 (1570) yılı tahririnde çeltikçi on beş müslüman ve 105 hıristiyan ismi sayılır. İşin başında müslümanlar bulunuyordu ve sulama kanallarının bakımını üstleniyordu. 1519 ve 1570 defterlerinin bir mukayesesi Tikveş çeltiklerinde pirinç üretiminde önemli ölçüde artış olduğuna işaret eder (1519’da yılda 3634 kile / 33 metrik ton, 1570’te 47 metrik ton). Hıristiyan veya müslüman olmalarından bağımsız olarak çeltikçiler imtiyazlı bir konuma sahiptiler. Avârız ve tekâlîf vergilerini ödemiyorlar (Manastirec ve Vozarci örneğinde), bazı durumlarda hâne başına düşen 25 akçelik ispenceyi de vermiyorlardı.
Osmanlılar’la birlikte nâdir bulunan pahalı bir mineralin kullanımı da başladı. Bu, bütün Rumeli’de tek olan, Tikveş’in güneybatı ucundaki Moriovo bölgesinde yer alan Rožden köyü yakınlarındaki arsenik (zırnıh/zırnık) madenidir. Osmanlı Balkanları’nda Rožden zırnıkından başka sadece Bosna’daki Kresevo maden şehri yakınlarında zırnık bulunuyordu. 1467-1468’de Rožden köyünde otuz yedi hâne mevcuttu. Arsenik madeninin işletilmesi dolayısıyla bu köy bir nahiyenin merkezi haline geldi ve 1481-1482’de 76, 1530’da 157 hânelik (yaklaşık 700-750 kişilik) bir nüfusa ulaştı. XVII. yüzyılın sonunda meydana gelen büyük karışıklıklar sürecinde arsenik üretimi durdu. Bölgenin iktisadî hayatında önemli olan bir diğer üretim de şarapçılıktır ve 1519, 1550, 1570 tahrir defterlerinden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla Osmanlı döneminde de önemli gelir kaynağı durumundaydı. Pek çok köyün ekonomik hareketliliğinin yarısını şarap üretimi teşkil ediyordu.
1081 (1670) yılında Arnavutluk’tan gelip Ohri, Manastır ve Pirlepe üzerinden Ustrumca ve ötesine seyahat eden Evliya Çelebi, Tikveş’ten de kısaca bahseder. Aslında kendisi yeni gelişmekte olan Kavadarcı kasabasını tasvir etmektedir. Dört müslüman mahallesi, iki “müşrikî” mahallesi ve toplamda 300 kiremit örtülü ev barındıran bu kasabada çok sayıda “a‘yân-ı kibâr” mevcuttur. Kasabada üç cami, iki mescid, bir medrese, bir mektep, bir hamam, bir tekke ve iki han bulunmaktadır. Kasaba beyaz aba beziyle meşhurdur. Bu küçük kasaba mâmur yetmiş köyden oluşan bir bölgenin merkezidir. Evliya Çelebi’nin bu tasviri gerçekleri yansıtmamakta olup bazı büyük binaların bânileri ve inşa tarihlerine dair verdiği bilgiler bir hayli eksiktir. Onun çizdiği tablo, ancak Kavadarcı’nın 1570-1668 yılları arasında küçük bir köyden gerçek bir kasaba olmaya doğru ilerlediğini teyit eder. Evliya Çelebi’nin bahsettiği medrese aynı tarihli Rumeli kayıtlarında geçmemektedir. Resmî Rumeli kadılık listelerinde de Tikveş, listede yer alan on iki kategoriden onuncu sırada bir kadılık olarak zikredilmektedir.
XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında müşterek Avrupa güçlerine karşı verilen uzun savaş Makedonya’da yıkıcı sonuçlar doğurdu. 1689’da Avusturya ve Macar birlikleri Üsküp ve Prizren’i yıkıp yağmaladılar. İştip ve Köstendil’i de alarak buralarda müslüman sivilleri katliamdan geçirdiler. Vardar boyunca Tikveş’e çok yakın olan Köprülü’ye (Veles) doğru ilerlediler. Bir kilise defterinin kenarına not edilen bir bilgiye göre 1689’da büyük bir Türk ordusu 100.000 Tatar’ın da desteğiyle geniş bir alanı yeniden ele geçirmiş ve çok sayıda köyü yakıp yıkmıştı. Bu karmaşık dönemin ve ardından yaşanan savaşın sonrasında (1699) pek çok yerli hıristiyan müslüman oldu, bu da XV. yüzyılda başlayan İslâmlaşma sürecini hızlandırdı (Radovanović, s. 198-200).
Tanzimat’ın bir parçası olan 1864 vilâyet reformu sırasında Tikveş kazası yeniden düzenlendi. Kuzeybatıda Köprülü kazasına bağlı, büyük bir müslüman nüfusu barındıran Kruşevice, Rosoman ve Sirkovo köyleriyle hıristiyan köyleri olan Debrište, Faris, Mrzen ve Kamendol, Köprülü’den ayrılarak Tikveş’e bağlandı. Aynı zamanda güneybatıda yer alan Carević, Smolani ve Dren köyleri Tikveş’ten alınıp Pirlepe kazasına, diğer taraftan zırnık madenini içeren Rožden de Pirlepe’den ayrılıp Tikveş’e bağlandı. 1324 (1906) Selânik vilâyeti salnâmesinde kazanın merkezi olan Kavadarcı 1297 hâne, elli talebesi olan bir medrese, bir Rifâî Tekkesi, altmış talebeli bir rüşdiye, 150 erkek ve seksen kız talebesi olan iki ibtidâî mektep, bir hususi mektep, bir Bulgar mektebi, on beş han, 225 dükkân ve beş susam yağı değirmeni olan bir kasaba olarak tasvir edilmektedir. Buradaki Şeyh Abdullah Camii, 24 Muharrem 1249 (13 Haziran 1833) tarihinde tescillenen ve bir çiftlik, bir değirmen, bir kahvehane ve bazı dükkânların gelirleri kendisine bağlanan bir medrese 1234 (1819) kayıtlarında geçmektedir. Kavadarcı’da Melâmî-Nûriyye tarikatına bağlı Abdülkadir Bey Tekkesi ismiyle bilinen bir tekke vardı. 1900 yılında Kančov’un verdiği bilgiye göre kasabada 3120 müslüman (3000 Pomak, 120 Çingene) ve 1940 hıristiyan Bulgar nüfusu mevcuttu. Buna göre kasabanın toplam nüfusu % 62’si müslüman olan yaklaşık 5000 kişiden ibaretti. 1880’de sultanın izniyle arsenik madeni, Selânikli meşhur Alatini ailesiyle Fransız Charteau firmasının ortak teşebbüsü olan Alşam adlı bir Osmanlı-Fransız firması tarafından tekrar çalışır hale getirildi. Rožden köyü yeniden büyüdü ve 1900 rakamlarına göre nüfusu Tikveş’in güneybatısındaki fakir bir araziye göre oldukça iyi bir rakam olan 984’e yükseldi. Maden 1912-1913 Balkan savaşlarına kadar işletildi. Savaşların ardından nitelikli eleman ve yatırım eksikliğinden ötürü çalıştırılamadı.
Ekim 1912’de Kumanova Savaşı’nın ardından Sırp ordusu bütün Kuzey Makedonya’yı ele geçirerek buraları Sırp Devleti’ne bağladı. Çok sayıda müslüman güneye kaçtı ve ardından Anadolu’ya yerleşti. Haziran 1913’te yerel halk acımasız Sırp yönetimine karşı isyan etti. Tikveş ayaklanması olarak bilinen bu isyan Sırplar tarafından zorbalıkla bastırıldı; 1200 kişi öldü, binlerce ev yıkıldı ve 2700 erkek hapislerde çürütüldü. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Tikveş ile Kuzey Makedonya, Bulgar ordusu tarafından işgal edildi. 1895’te gerçekleştirilen Osmanlı nüfus sayımında seksen yedi köyü ile birlikte Tikveş kazasının nüfusu, hâne sayısı ve savaşlardan sonrasına dair elde edilen rakamlar mukayese edildiğinde (1324/1906 Selânik vilâyeti salnâmesi, Vasil Kančov’un 1900 yılına ait verdiği istatistikler ve Radovanović’in 1922’de yaptığı geniş araştırmanın sonuçları) 1912-1918 arasındaki üç savaşın bölgeye etkileri görülür. 1895’te Tikveş’in neredeyse nüfusunun tamamı hıristiyanlardan oluşan elli dört köyünde 2581 hâne bulunurken 1922’de bu rakam 2635 oldu. Tamamı müslümanlardan meydana gelen on dört köyde ise (sekiz Türk, altı Pomak köyü) 1900’de 1312 hâne varken bu rakam 1922’ye gelindiğinde 1066’ya düştü. Türklük’te yer alan Aşağı ve Yukarı Promet ile Sofular köyleri yıkıldı ve terkedildi, bir daha yeniden inşa edilmedi. Bir diğer Türk köyü Brusnik’in 1895’te 174 olan nüfusu 1922’de yirmi beşe kadar indi. Aynı şekilde Koşarka Türk köyünün hâne sayısı 140’tan elli sekize geriledi. Bir Pomak köyü olan Turska Kuriya’da 1900 yılında 180 nüfus yaşarken 1922’ye gelindiğinde köyde tek bir müslüman dahi kalmadı, sadece kırk hıristiyan hânesi yaşamaya başladı. 1895’te bu müslüman köylerinin nüfusu hızla arttı (hâne başına 5,09 kişi) ve yirmi yedi yıllık süreçte nüfusları kolaylıkla 2000’i bulabildi. Müslüman ve hıristiyanların bir arada yaşadığı on dokuz köyde 1900-1922 arasında hıristiyan nüfusu % 13 azalırken müslüman nüfusunda bu oran % 30’du. 1918-1941 yılları arasında bölgede nisbî bir iyileşme görülse de II. Dünya Savaşı’nda ikinci Bulgar işgaliyle bölge yeniden zarar gördü. 1945’ten sonra Mareşal Tito sınırları açınca Türkçe veya Bulgarca/Makedonca konuşan binlerce müslüman Türkiye’ye göç etti. Tikveş’in özellikle kuzeydoğusunda yer alan geniş köylerde büyük bir müslüman nüfusu günümüze kadar kalmayı başardı.
2002 nüfus sayımına göre Kavadarcı, beş satırlık kitâbesinde kaydedildiği üzere, II. Abdülhamid tarafından 1892 yılında yerli müslüman halkın talebi üzerine yeniden inşa ettirilen bir camileri olan, çok küçük bir müslüman nüfusu da içinde barındıran 38.391 kişilik bir nüfusa sahipti. Şehirde mevcut XVIII. yüzyıla ait beş katlı kule Osmanlı döneminden ayakta kalan tek önemli yapıdır. Benzer kulelere çeltikçi köyleri olan Manastirec (Begova Kula) ve Negotin kasabasında da rastlanmaktadır. Negotin’deki kule XIX. yüzyılın başlarında, 1913 Tikveş ayaklanması sırasında yıkılacak olan bedesteni de yaptıran Hacı Tâhir Ağa tarafından inşa edilmişti. Bölgede yer alan köylerde Osmanlı döneminde de faal olan bazı kiliseler vardır: 1595’te yaptırılan Mokliste Manastırı, 1625’te yaptırılan Pravednik Kilisesi ve XVII. yüzyıla ait duvar süslemelerinin tesbit edildiği Klinovo ve Galiste köylerinin kiliseleri bunlar arasında sayılabilir. Büyük oranda müslümanların yaşadığı köylerdeki camiler üzerinde henüz ciddi bir çalışma yapılmamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Cizye Defteri , Sofya Millî Ktp., nr. F. 134A, nr. F.Mk 26/11; V. Kančov, Makedonija: Etnografija i statistika , Sofia 1900, II, 453-456; V. S. Radovanović, Tikveš i Rajeć , Beograd 1924; L. Schultze-Jena, Makedonien, Landschafts- und Kulturbilder , Jena 1927, s. 156-159; K. Balabanov v.dğr., Spomenici na Kulturata na Makedonija , Skopje 1980, s. 142-147, 150-157; Ayverdi, Avrupa’da Osmanlı Mimârî Eserleri III , s. 83-84; Džemal Ćehajić, Derviški redovi u jugoslovenskim zemljama , Sarajevo 1986, s. 208-209; J. V. A. Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans , Ann Arbor 1987, tür.yer.; K. N. Kostić, Naše novi Gradovi na Jugu (ed. R. Dordević), Beograd 1922, s. 125; I. Mikulčić, Srednovekovni gradove i tvrdini vo Makedonija , Skopje 1998, s. 200-204 (Devol), s. 204-206 (Grad Tikveš, naselba, regionalno središte), s. 230-238 (Prosek); Z. Georgiev, “Stobi”, Macedonian Cultural Heritage, Archaeological Sites (ed. P. Kuzman), Skopje 2008, s. 30-35; V. Popovska-Korobar, “Monastery at Pološko”, Macedonian Cultural Heritage, Christian Monuments (ed. J. Tričkovska), Skopje 2008, s. 94-99; J. Wisemann – Dj. M. Zissi, “Excavations at Stobi”, American Journal of Archaeology , LXXV, Washington 1971, s. 375-411; V. J. Djurić, “Pološko-Hilendarski metoh I Dragutinova grobnica”, Zbornik Narodnog Muzeja , VIII, Beograd 1975, s. 327-344; S. Pejić, “Arhitektonska plastika Bogorodicine crkve u Drenovo”, Starinar , XXXVI, Beograd 1985, s. 161-171; Enciklopedija Jugoslavije , Zagreb 1971, VIII, 332.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 600-603 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.