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TİLÂVET Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in tecvid ve tertîl üzere okunması anlamında terim.
Sözlükte “okumak, tâbi olmak” anlamındaki tilâvet masdar olup aynı kökün tülüvv (tilvün ) masdarı da “izlemek, peşi sıra gitmek, uymak” demektir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “tlv” md.). Bir kelâmı ve özellikle Kur’an’ı okumayı ifade eden tilâvet terim olarak “Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i hem okumak hem de emir ve yasaklarını, teşvik ve uyarılarını hayata geçirmek suretiyle Allah’ın kitabına uymak” şeklinde tanımlandığı gibi “mânasını anlamak ve gereğince davranmak üzere onu tecvid ve tertîl üzere dikkatlice okumak” şeklinde de tarif edilir. Kökün taşıdığı “izlemek” anlamından hareketle tilâvete “Kur’an’ı takdim ve tehir yapmadan mushaftaki tertibe göre okumak” diye mâna verenler de olmuştur (Tehânevî, I, 171; Kermî, I, 256). Tilâvet kıraatle eş anlamlı gibi görünse de bazan okumak, bazan da uyarılarına uymak suretiyle “Allah’ın indirdiği kitabı izlemek” mânasına geldiğinden her tür okuma için kullanılan kıraate göre daha özel anlam taşır; bu bakımdan her tilâvet kıraattir, fakat her kıraat tilâvet değildir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “tlv” md.; bk. KIRAAT ).
Tilâvet kökü Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de biri masdar (el-Bakara 2/121), biri ism-i fâil (es-Sâffât 37/3), diğerleri fiil kalıbında olmak üzere altmış üç yerde geçmektedir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “tlv” md.). Ayrıca Yûnus sûresindeki (10/30) “teblû” kelimesini kıraat imamlarından Hamza ez-Zeyyât, Kisâî ve Halef b. Hişâm “tetlû” şeklinde okumaktadır. İbnü’l-Cevzî kelimenin Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de “kıraat, ittibâ, inzâl, amel, rivayet” olmak üzere beş mânada kullanıldığını kaydetmektedir (Nüzhetü’l-aʿyün , s. 221-222). “Kur’an’ı yavaş yavaş, düşünerek okumak” anlamındaki “tertîl” ile (el-Furkān 25/32; el-Müzzemmil 73/4) “okumak” mânasına gelen “kıraat” (el-A‘râf 7/204; en-Nahl 16/98; el-İsrâ 17/106; el-Kıyâme 75/18; el-İnşikāk 84/21) tilâvetle yakından ilgilidir. Tilâvet hadislerde de genellikle Kur’an’ı okumayı ifade eder. Aynı anlamda hadislerde tertîl, tahsîn, tezyîn, kıraat, lahn vb. kelimeler de yer alır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “rtl”, “ḥsn”, “zyn”, “ḳrʾe”, “lḥn” md.leri). Kur’an okumayla ilgili terimlerden biri de “edâ”dır. “Kur’an’ı tecvid kaidelerine göre okuma” anlamındaki bu kelime kıraat ilminde “kāriin kıraati hocasından ahzetmesi” şeklinde tarif edilir (Tehânevî, I, 171).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, “Allah’ın kitabını okuyanlar, namazı kılanlar ve kendilerine verdiğimiz rızıktan -Allah için- gizli ve açık sarfedenler asla zarara uğramayacak bir kazanç umabilirler” meâlindeki âyette (Fâtır 35/29) Kur’an tilâvetinin önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Ayrıca Bakara sûresinde yer alan (2/121) “hakka tilâvetih” ifadesi İbn Mes‘ûd, İbn Abbas, Mücâhid b. Cebr, İkrime el-Berberî, Hasan-ı Basrî, Katâde b. Diâme gibi müfessirlerce okunan ilâhî kitaba uymak, onunla hakkıyla amel etmek, helâlini helâl, haramını haram kabul etmek, muhkemiyle amel edip müteşâbihine iman etmek, inzâl edildiği gibi okumak, kastedilen mânanın dışında başka bir şekilde yorumlamamak, mânasını düşünerek tane tane, hakkını vererek, huşû içinde tefekkür ve tedebbürle okumak şeklinde yorumlanmıştır (Taberî, I, 519-521; Fahreddin er-Râzî, IV, 32; Fîrûzâbâdî, s. 14).
Kur’an okumayı teşvik eden birçok hadis bulunmaktadır (meselâ bk. Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 20); bunlar genellikle “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, “S̱evâbü’l-Ḳurʾân”, “Menâfiʿu’l-Ḳurʾân” gibi başlıklar altında toplanmıştır. Hz. Peygamber’in Kur’an’ı yavaş yavaş, tane tane, tefekkür ve tedebbürle okuduğu (Tirmizî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 23; Ebû Dâvûd, “Vitir”, 20), tecvid kaidelerini uyguladığı (Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 29), gece kıldığı namazlarda bazan aynı gecede Bakara, Âl-i İmrân ve Nisâ sûrelerini okuduğu, müjde âyetine geldiği zaman dua edip dilekte bulunduğu, korku âyetleri geldiğinde Allah’a sığındığı (Müsned , VI, 92), namaz sırasında okuduğu bir sûreyi tertîl üzere yavaş yavaş okuduğu için o sûrenin sanki uzun sûrelerden daha uzun hale geldiği (a.g.e. , VI, 92) nakledilen rivayetler arasındadır. Ayrıca, “Kur’an’ı seslerinizle süsleyiniz” (Ebû Dâvûd, “Vitir”, 20; İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 176); “Yüce Allah Peygamber’ine Kur’an’ı teganni ile okumasına (terennüm) müsaade ettiği kadar hiçbir şeye müsaade etmemiştir” (Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 19; Müslim, “Ṣalâtü’l-müsâfirîn”, 232-233) meâlinde hadisler bulunduğu gibi kendisinin de güzel ve etkili bir okuyuşla okuduğu (Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 52/1; Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 177), Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî ve Sâlim Mevlâ Ebû Huzeyfe gibi Kur’an’ı güzel sesle okuyanları takdir ettiği (Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 31; İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 176) bilinmektedir. Kur’an’ın makamla okunması hususunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmekle birlikte harflerin mahreç ve sıfatlarını gözetip diğer tecvid kaidelerini uygulayarak makamla okumak câiz görülmüştür. Ancak “tatrîb” (ses perdelerini değiştirmek, medleri gereğinden fazla çekmek, medli olmayan yerleri uzatmak), “terkīs” (sesi oynatmak, sâkine hareke vermek) ve “ter‘îd” (okurken sesi titretmek) şeklinde nitelenen okuyuş biçimleri, lahn kapsamına giren diğer okuma çeşitleri ve müzik aletleri eşliğinde tilâvet câiz kabul edilmemiştir (İbnü’l-Cezerî, et-Temhîd , s. 55-57).
Tilâvet Çeşitleri. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm yavaştan hızlıya doğru tahkik, tedvîr ve hadr olmak üzere üç şekilde okunmuştur. a) Sözlükte “bir şeyin hakkını tam vermeye özen göstermek” anlamına gelen tahkik okumanın en yavaş şeklidir. Harfleri mahreçlerinden çıkarıp sıfatlarına riayet ederek ve medleri gereği kadar uzatarak; hareke, ihfâ, izhar, iklâb, gunne vb. tecvid kurallarını yerine getirmeye özen gösterip durulması gereken yerlerde durarak Kur’an’ı okumaya tahkik denir. Ancak bu okuyuşta harekeleri uzatmamaya, sâkine hareke vermemeye, harflerin arasında sekte yapmamaya dikkat edilmelidir. Bu tür okuyuşa yakın bir de tertîl tarzı vardır ki bu da Kur’an’ı acele etmeden yavaş yavaş okumaktır. Tahkik tertîli de içine alan daha geniş bir anlama sahip olduğundan her tahkik tertîldir, fakat her tertîl tahkik değildir. Tahkik tâlim ve temrin için, tertîl ise tefekkür ve istinbat içindir (İbnü’l-Cezerî, en-Neşr , I, 208-209). b) Sözlükte “bir şeyi döndürüp çevirmek, sıra ile yapmak” mânasına gelen tedvîr tahkikle hadr arasında orta bir okuyuş biçimidir. c) “Süratli olmak” anlamındaki hadr Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i tecvid kaidelerine uymak kaydıyla en hızlı okuyuş biçimidir (a.g.e. , I, 207). Hadrdan daha süratli okuma şekline “hezreme” (yürümek, hızlı ve anlamsız konuşmak; Kur’an’ı tecvid kaidelerini göz ardı edip harfleri birbirine katarak okumak) veya “tahlît” (bozmak, karıştırmak) denir. Bu tür okuyuşta harfler mahrecinden kayar, sıfatlarını kaybeder; heceler birbirine karışır; bu tür okuyuş câiz görülmemiştir. Ebû Amr ed-Dânî (et-Taḥdîd , s. 73) ve İbnü’l-Cezerî (et-Temhîd , s. 62), hezremeyi hadr ile eş anlamlı gibi kullanmışlardır. Hz. Ömer’in hezremeyi “en kötü okuyuş” olarak nitelendirdiği bilinmektedir (Zemahşerî, IV, 175).
Tilâvet Âdâbı. Gazzâlî ve Nevevî gibi bazı âlimler Kur’an’ın tilâvet âdâbıyla ilgili birçok hususa dikkat çekmişlerdir. Kur’an okurken abdestli olmak, temiz bir yerde bulunmak, kıbleye yönelmek, okumaya istiâze ve besmele ile başlamak, sadece Allah rızasını gözetmek, tecvid kurallarına riayet ederek tertîl ile ve huşû içinde okumak, mushafın tertibini gözetmek, meşhur kıraatlerden sadece biriyle okumak, âyetler üzerinde düşünmek ve okuduklarıyla amel etmek, rahmet âyetleri gelince Allah’ın rahmetini istemek, azap âyetlerinde O’na sığınmak, secde âyetlerinde secde etmek bunlar arasındadır. Bazı âyetlerde geçen “Allah doğruyu söylemiştir” anlamındaki “sadakallah” ifadesi (Âl-i İmrân 3/95; el-Ahzâb 33/22) ve Hz. Peygamber’in hatim duasında aynı ibareyi kullanmasıyla ilgili münkatı‘ ve zayıf bir rivayet (Beyhakī, II, 372) dikkate alınarak Kur’an okumayı tamamlayınca “sadakallāhü’l-azîm” demek de tilâvet âdâbından sayılmıştır (Kurtubî, I, 27-28; XVI, 222). Ancak bunun Hz. Peygamber ve sahâbe uygulamasında bulunmayıp bid‘at olduğu yönünde görüşler vardır (Fetâvâ , IV, 118-119). Ayrıca Kur’an’ın mushafa bakılarak ve başkalarını meşgul etmeyecekse sesli okunması, her gün Kur’an’dan bir miktarın okunmasının âdet haline getirilmesi, ezberlenen yerlerin unutulmaması için sıkça tekrarlanması tavsiye edilmiştir. Kur’an okurken gülmek, konuşmak ve lüzumsuz şeylerle uğraşmaktan kaçınmak da dikkat edilecek hususlar arasındadır.
Gazzâlî’ye göre Kur’an’ı hakkıyla okuyabilmek için dilin, aklın ve kalbin iş birliği içinde olması gerekir. Buna göre dil okumalı, akıl okunanları tercüme etmeli, kalp de bunlardan gereken dersleri almalıdır (İḥyâʾ , I, 339). Tilâvet ve âdâbına dair bilgilere hadis kitaplarının “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, “S̱evâbü’l-Ḳurʾân”, “Menâfiʿu’l-Ḳurʾân” bölümleriyle fezâilü’l-Kur’ân’a dair eserlerde yer verilmiştir. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kurtubî’nin et-Teẕkâr fî efḍali’l-eẕkâr (nşr. Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Sıddîk el-Gammârî, Kahire 1355/1936), Nevevî ile (bk. bibl.) Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr’in Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân (Beyrut 1407/1987), Leknevî’nin Kur’an tilâveti sırasında yapılan bid‘atlara dair üç çalışması (DİA , XXVII, 135), Ahmed Madazlı’nın Kırâat Âdâbı (doktora tezi, 1973, EÜ İlâhiyat Fak.), Ebû Tâhir Abdülkayyûm b. Abdülgafûr es-Sindî’nin et-Teshîl fî ḳavâʿidi’t-tertîl (Mekke 1415), Abdüllatîf Fâyiz Deryan’ın et-Tebyîn fî aḥkâmi tilâveti’l-kitâbi’l-mübîn (Beyrut 1420/1999), Saîd b. Ahmed b. Ali el-Anebtâvî’nin Zînetü’l-edâʾ şerḥu Ḥilyeti’l-ḳurrâʾ fî aḥkâmi’t-tilâve ve’t-tecvîd (şerheden: Mahmûd Ahmed Mürûh Mustafa, Amman 1420/1999), Abdullah Aydemir’in Hz. Peygamber ve Sahâbenin Dilinden Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Faziletleri (İzmir 1981) ve Mehmet Besim İsmailefendioğlu’nun Kur’an-ı Kerim Tilavetinde Edeb (yüksek lisans tezi, 1987, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) adlı çalışmaları konuyla ilgili eserlerden bazılarıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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“Cevâzü ḳavli ṣadaḳallāhü’l-ʿaẓîm baʿde ḳırâʾeti’l-Ḳurʾân”, http://darulfatwa.org.au/content/view/1538/235/.
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