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TİRMİZÎ Skip to content Ebû Îsâ Muhammed b. Îsâ b. Sevre (Yezîd) et-Tirmizî (ö. 279/892)
Kütüb-i Sitte ’den el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’in müellifi, muhaddis.
Muhtemelen 209 (824) yılında bugün Özbekistan sınırları içinde bulunan Tirmiz’de (veya Tirmiz’e bağlı Buğ köyünde) doğdu. Kendisinin belirttiğine göre Merv’den gelip Tirmiz’e yerleşen bir aileye mensuptur. Benî Kays Aylân kabilelerinden Benî Süleym’e nisbetle Sülemî nisbesiyle de anılır. Tirmizî 235 (849) yılı civarında hadis tahsiline başladı. Önce Tirmiz’de, daha sonra Horasan, Irak ve Hicaz başta olmak üzere diğer bazı bölgelerdeki âlimlerden hadis öğrendi. Kütüb-i Sitte imamlarının her birinin hocası olan İbnü’l-Müsennâ, Bündâr diye tanınan Muhammed b. Beşşâr, Ziyâd b. Yahyâ el-Hassânî, Abbas b. Abdülazîm el-Anberî, Eşec el-Kindî, Fellâs, Ya‘kūb b. İbrâhim ed-Devrakī, Muhammed b. Ma‘mer el-Kaysî el-Behrânî ve Nasr b. Ali el-Cehdamî’den faydalandı. Diğer hocaları arasında İshak b. Râhûye, Kuteybe b. Saîd, Hennâd b. Serî, Ali b. Hucr, Ahmed b. Menî‘, İmam Buhârî, İmam Müslim ve Ebû Dâvûd gibi muhaddisler vardır. Tirmizî’nin Bağdat’a gitmediği, dolayısıyla Ahmed b. Hanbel’den istifade etmediği anlaşılmaktadır (el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ , nşr. Ahmed M. Şâkir, neşredenin girişi, I, 83). İlim tahsili için muhtemelen Mısır ve Suriye’ye de gitmemiştir. Tirmizî, uzun süre Buhârî’nin talebesi oldu, ondan pek çok hadis rivayet etti ve fıkhü’l-hadîsi öğrendi (Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , II, 634). Kendi ifadesine göre hadislerdeki illetler, râviler ve isnadlar konusunda Irak ve Horasan bölgelerinde Buhârî’den daha üstün bir âlim bulunmadığı için hocasından bu konularda da büyük ölçüde yararlandı (el-ʿİlel , V, 738). Ayrıca Buhârî’nin et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr ’i Tirmizî’nin ilel konusunda en çok faydalandığı kitaplardan biridir. Buhârî de Tirmizî’nin ilmini ve zekâsını takdir etmiş, el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ dışında ondan bir (veya iki) hadis rivayet etmiş, Tirmizî’nin naklettiğine göre kendisine, “Aslında benim senden faydalandıklarım senin benden faydalandıklarından daha çoktur” demiştir (İbn Hacer, IX, 389). Tirmizî’nin Buhârî’den çok faydalanmasına ve kendisinden pek çok hadis öğrenmesine rağmen el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde ondan hiç hadis almaması, İmam Müslim ile (“Ṣavm”, 4) Ebû Dâvûd’dan (“Vitir”, 11) birer hadis rivayet etmesi bu üçünün genellikle aynı hocalardan hadis nakletmesiyle açıklanmaktadır. İmam Müslim de Buhârî gibi ondan sadece bir hadis almıştır. Tirmizî, ilel konusunda Buhârî’den sonra en çok Abdullah b. Abdurrahman ed-Dârimî ile Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî’nin görüşlerinden yararlandı. İbn Halfûn el-Endelüsî, Şüyûḫu Ebî ʿÎsâ et-Tirmiẕî adlı eserinde onun hocalarını tesbit etmiştir (Ziriklî, VI, 36). Tirmizî’nin sika bir muhaddis olduğu hususunda âlimlerin icmâ etmesi onun hadis rivayetinde eriştiği güveni, en önde gelen âlimler için kullanılan “imam” lakabıyla anılması da hadis ilmindeki üstün yerini göstermektedir. Tirmizî el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’i tamamladıktan sonra onu Horasan, Irak ve Hicaz bölgelerindeki âlimlere gösterdi, onların takdir ve tasviplerini aldı (İbn Hacer, IX, 389). Doğu İslâm dünyasındaki şöhretine rağmen İbn Hazm’ın Tirmizî hakkında “meçhul” terimini kullanması onun el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’i ile el-ʿİlel ’ini görmediğini ortaya koymakta, bu eserlerin V. (XI.) yüzyılın ilk yarısında Endülüs’te yeterince tanınmadığını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte İbn Hazm’ın diğer bazı önemli şahsiyetler için meçhul ifadesini kullanmasına bakarak onun bu konuda kasıtlı davrandığı da ima edilmektedir (a.g.e. , IX, 388). Tirmizî’nin pek çok talebesi arasında Ebü’l-Abbas Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Mahbûb el-Mahbûbî, Ebû Saîd Heysem b. Küleyb eş-Şâşî (Şâşî eş-Şemâʾilü’n-nebeviyye ’nin de râvisidir), Ebû Zer Muhammed b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed et-Tirmizî, Ebû Muhammed Hasan b. İbrâhim el-Kattân, Ebû Hâmid Ahmed b. Abdullah et-Tâcir, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Fezârî el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’i rivayet etmekle ünlüdür. Diğer talebelerinden muhaddis Hammâd b. Şâkir en-Nesefî ile Mekhûl b. Fazl en-Nesefî de anılabilir. Tirmizî 13 Receb 279’da (9 Ekim 892) Tirmiz’e bağlı Buğ köyünde vefat etti; onun Tirmiz şehrinde öldüğü de ileri sürülmüştür.
Tirmizî, yaşadığı devirde fıkıh mezhepleri yaygınlaştığı için her bir mezhebin belli başlı görüşlerini o mezhebin imamının önde gelen talebelerinden öğrenme fırsatı bulmuş, diğer Kütüb-i Sitte imamları gibi o da hiçbir mezhebe intisap etmemiştir (Mübârekfûrî, I, 352). el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’e aldığı fıkhî hadislerin ardından o hadisle ilgili naklettiği diğer görüşler ve kendisinin bu görüşler arasında yaptığı tercihler fıkıh konusundaki derin bilgisini gösterdiği gibi kuvvetli hâfızâsını ve üstün zekâsını da ortaya koymaktadır. Nitekim Zehebî de Tirmizî’nin kuvvetli hâfızasına işaret etmek üzere, onun Mekke’ye giderken, daha önce rivayetlerini iki cüz halinde yazdığı bir şeyh ile görüşmesi sırasında bu hadisleri ve başkalarını adı zikredilmeyen bir şeyhe ezberden okuduğuna dair bir rivayete yer vermiştir (Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , II, 635). Tirmizî’den bir asır sonra vefat eden Hâkim el-Kebîr’in naklettiğine göre hocalarından biri Buhârî’nin vefatının ardından Horasan bölgesinde Tirmizî gibi ilmi, güçlü hâfızası, zühd ve takvâsı ile tanınan bir başka âlimin kalmadığını, onun takvâsı sebebiyle gözlerini kaybedinceye kadar ağladığını söylemiştir. Bu tür rivayetler ve daha başka olaylar Tirmizî’nin doğuştan âmâ olduğu iddiasının aksini göstermektedir. Tirmizî’nin çok duygulu bir insan olduğu, kendisine söz getirebilecek her davranıştan uzak durduğu, dünya malına değer vermediği ve bütün gayretiyle âhiretini imar etmeye çalıştığı bilinmektedir.
Hadisçiliği. Tirmizî hadis ilminde önde gelen âlimlerden biridir. İbn Hibbân bir muhaddiste bulunması gereken öğrendiği hadisleri derleme, tasnif etme, ezberleme ve müzakere etme vasıflarının Tirmizî’de bulunduğunu söylemiştir. Zehebî de el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’in onun hadis ilminde imam ve güçlü bir hâfıza sahibi olduğunu, ayrıca fıkhı çok iyi bildiğini ortaya koyduğunu ifade etmiştir. Tirmizî, hadislerin sıhhatini zedeleyici mahiyette, tesbit edilmesi son derece zor gizli kusurları mükemmel şekilde bilen çok az sayıdaki hadis âlimlerinden biridir. İlel sahasında meydana getirdiği eserlerle güçlü bir hadis tenkitçisi olduğunu ispat etmiştir. Bu yetkinliği sebebiyle Tirmizî, eserine almak istediği bir konuya dair sahih hadis bulamadığı durumlarda bazı zayıf hadisleri almakta sakınca görmemiş, fakat bunların senedlerini tenkit ederek râvilerinin ne ölçüde güvenilir olduğunu belirtmiştir. Bazı âlimler onun hem ilel hem cerh ve ta‘dîl sahasındaki otoritesi sebebiyle eserinin Ṣaḥîḥayn ’dan sonra üçüncü sırada yer alması gerektiğini söylemiştir. Hadisleri seçerken bir fakihin o hadisi delil olarak kabul etmesine özellikle dikkat ettiğini söyleyen Tirmizî, iki hadis dışında eserindeki bütün rivayetlerin kendisiyle amel edilen hadis niteliği taşıdığını ileri sürmüştür (el-ʿİlel , V, 736). Tirmizî’nin hadis ilmine olan hizmetlerinden biri de hasen terimine kazandırdığı özel anlamdır. Bu terim, II. (VIII.) yüzyılda sözlük anlamında kullanılırken kelimeyi ilk defa Tirmizî terim şeklinde kullanmaya başlamıştır. Bir kısım âlimler hasen kelimesine isnad ve metinle ilgili bir terim şeklinde Tirmizî’den önce de rastlandığını, Tirmizî’nin hasenin tarifini yaparak el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde bu tür hadislere çokça yer verdiğini ifade etmiş, bazıları da önceleri hadisler sıhhat açısından sahih ve zayıf olmak üzere ikiye ayrılırken Tirmizî’nin haseni ilk defa terim halinde kullanmak suretiyle hadisle ilgili üçlü taksimi başlattığını belirtmiştir (DİA , XVI, 374-375).
Eserleri. 1. el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ . Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî, Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’inin büyük bir kısmı ile Buhârî, Müslim ve Tirmizî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’lerini müsned tertibine koyarak Câmiʿu’l-mesânîd ve’l-elḳāb adlı yedi ciltlik kitabını meydana getirmiştir (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 662; Suppl. , I, 917; Abdülhamîd el-Alûcî, s. 89-90). Birçok şerhi ve muhtasarları bulunan eserin pek çok neşri arasından Delhi’de (1269, 1270) ve Bulak’ta (I-II, 1292) yapılan, daha sonra ilk iki cildi Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir (Kahire 1356), III. cildi Muhammed Fuâd Abdülbâkī (Kahire 1356), IV ve V. ciltleri İbrâhim Utve Avd (Kahire 1382/1962) tarafından hazırlanan neşirleri anılabilir. Eseri Beşşâr Avvâd Ma‘rûf da el-Câmiʿu’l-kebîr adıyla yayımlamıştır (I-VI, Beyrut 1996). el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ üzerine hazırlanan yüksek lisans tezlerinden Mûsâ Sekr Boks el-Endonîsî’nin el-Metrûkûn ve merviyyâtühüm fî Kitâbi’l-Câmiʿ li’l-İmâm et-Tirmiẕî (1394, Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ eş-şerîa ed-dirâsâtü’l-ulyâ eş-şer‘iyye), Hasan b. Gānim b. Dahîl el-Gānim’in, er-Ricâlü’lleẕîne tekelleme fîhim et-Tirmiẕî fî Câmiʿihî: Tecrîden ve taḥḳīḳan (1400, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye külliyyetü usûli’d-dîn) adlı çalışmaları zikredilebilir. Mahmûd Nassâr, el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’in zevâidini Yûsuf b. Abdurrahman el-Mizzî’nin Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf bi-maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf ’ından faydalanarak et-Taṣrîḥ bi-zevâʾidi’l-Câmiʿi’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ Süneni’t-Tirmiẕî adıyla yayımlamış (I-II, Beyrut 1421/2000), Abdullah b. Sâlim el-Basrî’nin Ḫatmü’l-Câmiʿi’l-İmâm et-Tirmiẕî adlı risâlesini Arabî Dâiz el-Firyâtî neşretmiştir (Liḳāʾü’l-ʿaşri’l-evâḫir bi’l-Mescidi’l-Ḥarâm , IV/46 [Beyrut 1423/2002], s. 47-88).
2. eş-Şemâʾilü’n-nebeviyye . Sahasında ilk çalışma olan eser bu konuda yazılanların en mükemmeli kabul edilmiş, içindeki hadislerin büyük çoğunluğu sahih, önemli bir kısmı hasen, pek azı zayıf rivayetlerden meydana gelmiştir. Üzerinde birçok şerh, hâşiye, ihtisar çalışması yapılan, çeşitli dillere tercüme edilen ve çeşitli taş baskıları yapılan eseri İzzet Ubeyd ed-De‘‘âs neşre hazırlamış (Humus 1388/1968; Beyrut 1406/1985), Semîh Abbas da eseri Evṣâfü’n-nebî adıyla yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1985; Beyrut 1985).
3. el-ʿİlelü’l-kebîr . Tirmizî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’ten önce kaleme aldığı eser el-ʿİlelü’l-müfred ve ʿİlelü’t-Tirmiẕî el-kebîr adlarıyla da anılır. Âlimler, “Tirmizî bunu el-ʿİlel ’de rivayet etmiştir” ifadesiyle bu kitabı kastederler. Nûreddin Itr eser hakkında önemli bilgiler nakletmiştir (el-İmâmü’t-Tirmiẕî , s. 426-437; ayrıca bk. KİTÂBÜ’l-İLEL ). Aslı bilinmeyen eserin Ebû Tâlib el-Kādî tarafından fıkıh bablarına göre tertip edilen şekli yayımlanmıştır (nşr. Hamza Dîb Mustafa, I-II, Amman 1406; nşr. Subhî el-Bedrî es-Sâmerrâî v.dğr., Beyrut 1409/1989).
4. el-ʿİlelü’ṣ-ṣaġīr . el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’in sonunda elli birinci kitap şeklinde yer alan bölüm bu adla anılmaktadır. Müellif çalışmasında el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’te takip ettiği usulü, kaynaklarını, eserde geçen râvileri ve terimleri açıkladığı için eser el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’in mukaddimesi mahiyetindedir. İbn Receb el-Hanbelî el-ʿİlelü’ṣ-ṣaġīr ’i, Tirmizî’nin metinlerini zikretmeden bu metinleri ilâvelerle genişletip ve eksiklerini tamamlamak suretiyle Şerḥu ʿİleli’t-Tirmiẕî adıyla şerhetmiştir (nşr. Subhî Câsim el-Humeyd, Bağdat 1396/1976; nşr. Nûreddin Itr, I-II, Dımaşk 1398/1978; nşr. Subhî es-Sâmerrâî, Beyrut 1985; nşr. Hemmâm Abdürrahîm Saîd, Zerkā 1987; nşr. Kemâl Ali Ali el-Cemel, Mansûre 1998). Mübârekfûrî de eseri Şifâʾü’l-ġilel fî şerḥi Kitâbi’l-ʿİlel adlı çalışmasında şerhetmiş ve eser Tuḥfetü’l-aḥveẕî ’nin X. cildinin sonunda yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1384/1964, X, 458-530). Mücteba Uğur, “Muhammed b. Îsâ et-Tirmizî’nin Kitâbü’l-İlel’i” adıyla bir makale yazmıştır (Diyanet İlmî Dergi , XXXVI/3 [Ankara 2000], s. 45-66).
5. Tesmiyetü aṣḥâbi’n-nebî (Kitâbü Esmâʾi’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe , Tesmiyetü aṣḥâbi Resûlillâh ṣallallāhü ʿaleyhi ve sellem ). Sahâbe adlarının sadece ilk harfine göre alfabetik düzenlenen esere aşere-i mübeşşere ile başlanmıştır. Eserin Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde mevcut iki nüshasına göre (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2840/2; Lâleli, nr. 2089/1) kitapta 730 sahâbînin adı zikredilmektedir. Aynı nüshalardan faydalanarak eseri Ali Yardım (“Tesmiyetü aṣḥâbi’n-nebî ʿaleyhisselâm”, DEÜİFD , sy. 2 [1985], s. 247-346) ve Âmir Ahmed Haydar (Tesmiyetü aṣḥâbi Resûlillâh , Beyrut 1406/1986, 1410/1990) yayımlamıştır.
6. Kitâbü’t-Târîḫ . İbnü’n-Nedîm’in bu adla, Sem‘ânî’nin ise et-Tevârîḫ adıyla kaydettiği bu eser hakkında bilgi bulunmamaktadır.
7. Kitâbü’l-Esmâʾ ve’l-künâ . İbn Hacer’in bu eseri gördüğü anlaşılmaktadır (Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , IX, 389).
8. ez-Zühd . İbn Hacer eserden söz etmekte, fakat onu görmediğini belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , a.y.).
Yûsuf b. Muhammed Abdullah ed-Dahîl Suʾâlâtü’t-Tirmiẕî li’l-Buḫârî (1400, Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye), Muhammed Ali Muhammed Sâlih Dirâsât ḥavle mâ yeḳūlü’t-Tirmiẕî fîhi ḥadîs̱ün ṣaḥîḥ (1401, Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye) ve Abdurrahman Sâlih Muhyiddin, el-Eḥâdîs̱ elletî ḥassenehâ Ebû Îsâ et-Tirmiẕî ve’nferede bi-iḫrâcihâ ʿan baḳıyyeti’s-sünne (1401, Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye ed-dirâsâtü’l-ulyâ es-sünne) adıyla yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamışlardır. Ayrıca Kemâleddin Abdülganî el-Mürsî’nin, Menhecü’t-Tirmiẕî fî naḳdi’l-ḫaber (1404, Câmiatü’l-İskenderiyye külliyyetü’l-âdâb kısmü’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye), Muhammed Habîbullah Muhtâr’ın Keşfü’n-niḳāb ʿammâ yeḳūlühü(bi-ḳavlihi)’t-Tirmiẕî: ve fi’l-bâb (I-V, Karaçi 1409) ve Ekrem Ziyâ el-Ömerî’nin Türâs̱ü’t-Tirmiẕî el-ʿilmî (Medine 1412) adlı eserleri bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tirmizî, el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ (nşr. Ahmed M. Şâkir), Kahire 1356/1937, neşredenin girişi, I, 75-91.
a.mlf., el-ʿİlel (es-Sünen içinde, nşr. İbrâhim Atve İvaz), Kahire 1382/1962, V, 736, 738.
İbn Hibbân, es̱-S̱iḳāt , IX, 153.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 325.
Sem‘ânî, el-Ensâb (Bârûdî) , I, 459-460.
Mecdüddin İbnü’l-Esîr, Câmiʿu’l-uṣûl (nşr. Abdülkādir el-Arnaût), Beyrut 1403/1983, I, 193.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Lübâb , I, 213, [630].
Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , II, 633-635.
a.mlf., Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 270-277.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , IX, 387-389.
Mübârekfûrî, Muḳaddimetü Tuḥfeti’l-aḥveẕî (nşr. Abdurrahman M. Osman), Kahire 1386/1967, I, 335-355.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 662; Suppl. , I, 917.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 154-156.
Abdülhamîd el-Alûcî, Müʾellefâtü İbni’l-Cevzî , Bağdad 1385/1965, s. 89-90.
Nûreddin Itr, el-İmâmü’t-Tirmiẕî ve’l-muvâzene beyne Câmiʿihî ve beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn , Kahire 1390/1970.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , VI, 36.
Addâb Mahmûd el-Hameş, el-İmâmü’t-Tirmiẕî ve menhecühû fî kitâbihi’l-Câmiʿ , Amman 1423/2003, I, 65-144.
Selman Başaran, “Tirmizi ve İbn Mace’yi İbn Hazm’ın Mechul Olarak Vasıflandırması”, UÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , II/2, Bursa 1987, s. 19-24.
A. J. Wensinck, “Tirmizî”, İA , XII/1, s. 388-389.
G. H. A. Juynboll, “al-Tirmid̲h̲ī”, EI2 (Fr.) , X, 587.
Mücteba Uğur, “Hasen”, DİA , XVI, 374-375.
Ahmed Pâketçî, “Tirmiẕî”, DMBİ , XV, 233-246.
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