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TİRSİNİKLİOĞLU İSMÂİL AĞA Skip to content (ö. 1806)
Rusçuk âyanı.
Rusçuk yakınlarında bir köy olan Tirsinik’te doğdu, kaynaklarda Tirsinikli olarak da geçer. Ailesi hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur. Gençliğinde sakalık yaptığı ve evlere su dağıttığı belirtilmektedir (Mirzayan Manuk Bey’in Hayatı , bl. I). 1791’de Rusçuk âyanı olan ve kanun tanımazlığı yanında vergi ödemediğinden idam edilen kardeşi Ömer Ağa ile birlikte öldürülmek istenmişse de kaçarak kurtulmuştu. Rusçuk âyanlığına getirilen Kadişzâde Ahmed Ağa’nın 12 Nisan 1792 tarihli takririnden kaçak İsmâil’in altmış kişilik bir çetenin başında Ziştovi, Niğbolu, Tırnova, Hezargrad, Plevne ve Lofça taraflarında dolaştığı ve eşkıyalık yaptığı anlaşılmaktadır (Uzunçarşılı, Meşhur Rumeli Âyanlarından , s. 8; Erdoğan v.dğr., s. 36). Üç yıl kadar eşkıyalık eden İsmâil Ağa, nihayet Eflak Voyvodası Aleksandr İpsilanti’nin araya girmesiyle Rusçuk’ta oturması ve herhangi bir işe karışmaması şartıyla affedildi (1795). Ancak kısa zamanda eski gücüne kavuştu ve adamlarını tekrar topladı; Hezargrad ve Tırnova bölgesini denetimine alarak Tuna’dan Balkan dağlarına kadar Orta Bulgaristan’ın en güçlü âyanı haline geldi ve ertesi yıl Rusçuk âyanlığını elde etmeyi başardı (Shaw, s. 307-308; Erdoğan v.dğr., s. 38). İpsilanti, Eflak’la yakın ticarî ilişkiler içinde bulunan bölgenin en zengin tüccar ve sarraflarından Manuk Bey vasıtasıyla harekete geçirilmiş olmalıdır. İsmâil Ağa, Temmuz 1800’de III. Selim’in kız kardeşi Şah Sultan’ın Tırnova’daki mukātaaları voyvodalığına getirildi, ayrıca burada serkeşlik eden Ali Tâhir’in idamını sağladığından bunun mukātaaları da kendisine bırakıldı. İsmâil Ağa, daha fazlasının tahsili ve gereken tutarın düzgün gönderilmemesi gibi suistimallerle önemli gelirler elde etti.
Bu dönemde merkezî idare, Rumeli’deki otoritesini âyanları birbirine kırdırarak ve bunların daha fazla güçlenmesini önleyerek ayakta tutmaya çalışmak zorunda kalmaktaydı. Ancak özellikle 1787-1795 yılları arasında geniş bir alana yayılan ve “dağlı eşkıyası” diye bilinen isyan hareketlerine karşı verilen mücadelede âyanların yardımına ihtiyaç duyulmasından ötürü genel asayişsizliğin sona erdirilmesinde başarılı olamamaktaydı. Bölgelerinde bağımsız konumlarını sürdürebilmek amacıyla dağlı eşkıyasının eylemlerine destek veren âyanın dayanışma içinde bulunmasını sağlamak ise çok defa mümkün olmuyordu. Tirsiniklioğlu, isyanı yüzünden devletin başına büyük belâlar açan Pazvandoğlu Osman’ın aleyhine alınan önlemlere katıldı ve bu sebeple göze girdi. Bu hizmetinden duyulan memnuniyetten ötürü o dönemlerde vezirliğe denk yüksek bir rütbe olan (Cevdet, VII, 148) kapıcıbaşılıkla taltif edildi (Kasım 1797). Bu münasebetle devlete sadık ve ahalisinin kendisinden hoşnut olduğu belirtilen İsmâil Ağa, bizzat III. Selim tarafından “has kulum” diye nitelendirilmiş, istediği dirlik ve rütbenin verilmesi emredilmiş ve kendisine ayrıca samur kontoş ile 15 kese para takdim edilmişti (a.g.e., VI, 299). Ancak İsmâil Ağa ile ilgili bu yargılar ileride tamamen değişecektir. Nitekim İsmâil Ağa, kazandığı itibarı hasmı olan Deliorman âyanı ve Silistre mütesellimi Yılıkoğlu Süleyman Ağa ile uğraşmak için kullanmakta, onun ortadan kaldırılmasını temin ederek bölgesini elde etmeyi planlamaktaydı. Devlete açıkça isyan etmemekle beraber merkezin emirlerine tam olarak riayet etmeyen mütegallibe arasında yer almaktaydı. Rumeli’deki asayişsizlik ve özellikle Pazvandoğlu’nun isyanları sebebiyle kendisinin idare edilmesi kaçınılmaz görülüyordu. Böylece 1802 tarihli bir belgeye göre Yenipazar, Cuma, Osmanpazarı, Şumnu, Hezargrad kazalarıyla Varna dahil Karadeniz sahiline kadar bütün bölgeleri eline geçirmişti. Hatta buralara kendisine bağlı âyanlar tayin etmekteydi. Öldüğünde yönetimi altındaki kazaların sayısı kırk biri buluyordu.
Pazvandoğlu’nun isyanı sırasında bölgedeki eşkıyanın te’dibi için faaliyet gösteren İsmâil Ağa, âsilerden Pazarcık âyanı Sarıklıoğlu’nun yanında bulunan Gâvur İmam’ın Rusçuk’taki eşkıyaya yardım etmesine engel oldu, Ziştovi’ye baskı yapan eşkıyanın üzerine yürüdü ve şehri ele geçirmelerini önledi. Silistre Valisi Gürcü Osman Paşa ile Niğbolu’nun da kurtarılmasına yardım etti, şehrin karadan ve denizden baskı altında tutulmasını sağladı. Burada Pazvandoğlu Osman tarafından muhafız olarak bırakılan Otuzbiroğlu Emin Ağa ile birlikte 200 eşkıyanın yakalanıp idam edilmesinde (Şubat 1798) önemli rol oynadı (a.g.e., VI, 302-305). Bu anlamda gösterdiği faaliyet neticede kendi otoritesini yaygınlaştırıyordu. Pazvandoğlu’na karşı çıkılan seferin Fransa’nın Mısır’a saldırısı sebebiyle (Temmuz 1798) yarıda kesilmesi ve harekâtı yürüten Küçük Hüseyin Paşa’nın geri dönmesi zaruretten ötürü affa uğrayan, üstelik kendisine paşalık verilen Pazvandoğlu’nun şöhretini daha da arttırdığından Rusçuk-Şumnu bölgesi Tirsiniklioğlu’nun, İbrâil (Braile) yakası buranın nâzırı olan Ahmed Ağa’nın, Silistre Yılıkoğlu Süleyman’ın, Yanya ve Mora Tepedelenli’nin elinde kaldı (a.g.e., VI, 312). 1800 yılında Pazvandoğlu’nun tekrar âsi ilân edilmesi üzerine Tirsiniklioğlu yine devlete yardım etti; ancak bunu Yılıkoğlu’nun ortadan kaldırılması ve Silistre’ye kendine bağlı bir âyan oturtmak için kullandı (a.g.e., VII, 95, 147). Hezargrad âyanlığına getirilmesine etken olduğu adamı Bayrakdar (Alemdar) Mustafa Ağa’nın da yardımıyla bilhassa Pazvandoğlu’na bağlı Manav İbrâhim’in isyanının bastırılması ve adamlarıyla birlikte öldürülmesinde başarı kazandı (1803); eşkıya takibini Eflak topraklarında da sürdürdü ve Bükreş’e kadar uzandı (a.g.e., VII, 159; Jorga, V, 133). 1805 yılına girildiğinde, Tuna ve Karadeniz sahillerini elinde tutarak Edirne’ye kadar kendisini engelleyecek bir gücün meydana gelmesine izin vermek istemeyen Tirsiniklioğlu’nun bölgedeki hâkimiyetinin önüne geçilmesi, İstanbul’un iâşe yollarının tehlikeye girmesi yüzünden ciddi şekilde düşünülmeye başlandı (Shaw, s. 426-428). Doğu Bulgaristan’ı ve Trakya’yı idaresi altında tutan, Edirne ve İstanbul’u tehdit edecek derecede kuvvetlenen Tirsiniklioğlu, Nizâm-ı Cedîd askeri oluşturmak üzere Balkanlar’ın tamamında asker toplamayı ön gören planının uygulamaya sokulmasından ötürü devletin iç siyasetine müdahale etmeye başladı. 1806 Haziran başında kendisini destekleyen diğer âyanlarla birlikte büyük bir kuvvetle Edirne’ye doğru ilerledi ve Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa idaresindeki merkez ordusunun karşısında yer aldı. Devlet kuvvetleriyle çatışmalara girişildi. Sadrazam Hâfız İsmâil Paşa’nın Nizâm-ı Cedîd uygulamalarının aleyhinde olması ve Tirsiniklioğlu ile irtibata geçerek gizli tertipler peşinde koşması neticesinde reform hareketine Edirne Vak‘ası (Temmuz 1806) diye bilinen hadiseyle ağır bir darbe vuruldu ve uygulama iptal edildi. Tirsiniklioğlu’nun gücü ve baskısı bu olaydan sonra daha da arttı (Uzunçarşılı, Meşhur Rumeli Âyanlarından , s. 25-26; Shaw, s. 473-475; Erdoğan v.dğr., s. 115-120).
Bu aşamada Tirsiniklioğlu’nun beklenmedik ölümü merkezî idareyi rahatlattı (12 Ağustos 1806). Kendisinin ortadan kaldırılmasının bir tertip neticesinde gerçekleştirilmiş olduğu ihtimali ağırlık kazanmaktadır. Bunun son gelişmeler üzerine bizzat Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa tarafından düzenlendiği ve onun bir adamı tarafından işlendiği ileri sürülmüştür (Shaw, s. 475). Tirsiniklioğlu’nun da öldürülme endişesi taşıdığı ve bunu Rusçuk üzerinden İstanbul’a gitmekte olan Fransız elçisi Sebastiani’ye aksettirdiği, devlete sadâkatle hizmet ettiğini söyleyerek elçiden kendisini kayırmasını istediği bilinmektedir (Erdoğan v.dğr., s. 120). Hakkında düşülen, “Azamet ve vahşiliğin karışımı bir yapıya sahip olduğundan pek çok kimseyi düşman edinmişti. Bu düşmanları sadece avam tabakadan değildi, her an yanında bulunan büyüklerden, her gün bağışlarından yararlananlardan bile düşmanları vardı” kaydı (Mirzayan Manuk Bey’in Hayatı , bl. IV), kendisine karşı kullanılacak kişilerin temininde büyük zorluklarla karşılaşılmadığına işaret edebilir. Resmî yazışmada, Tirsiniklioğlu’nun köyündeki çiftliğinde eğlenirken kölelerinden biri tarafından atılan bir kurşunun göğsüne isabet etmesiyle öldürüldüğü bildirilmektedir (Erdoğan v.dğr., s. 120-121). Olayı duyarak Hezargrad’dan hemen yola çıkan ve halefi sıfatıyla idareyi eline alan Alemdar Mustafa Ağa, daha sonraları sadrazamlığa getirildiğinde Manisa’da gizlenen katili Karaosmanoğlu vasıtasıyla yakalattırıp idam ettirmiştir (Uzunçarşılı, Meşhur Rumeli Âyanlarından , s. 28). İstanbul’a ölüm haberi Eflak Voyvodası Konstantin İpsilanti, Alemdar’ın yerine geçtiği haberi ise Tirsiniklioğlu’nun sarrafı ve halefinin de parasal işlerini idare edecek olan Mirzayan Manuk Bey tarafından bildirilmiştir. Rumeli âyanlarının son silâhlı direnişlerini infial ve beddualarla karşılayan III. Selim’in bu konudaki hissiyatının gizli kalmadığı Tirsiniklioğlu’nun öldürülmesi dolayısıyla düşülen kayıtlardan anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim “te’sîr-i inkisâr-ı mülûkâneleriyle vücûd-ı hiyâneti izâle” veya ettiği beddualar sebebiyle “şîşe-i hayatı şikest” olduğuna dair yapılan beyanlar padişahın üzüntüsünün boyutlarını göstermektedir (a.g.e., vesika nr. 5, 7).
Cenazesi Rusçuk’ta yaptırdığı cami ve çevresindeki külliyenin yanındaki mezarlığa gömüldü. İsmâil Ağa’nın geride kalan mallarının tesbiti için Cihanzâde Hüseyin Ağa tayin edilmiştir. 15 Ekim’de Rusçuk’a varan Hüseyin Ağa’nın yaptığı teftiş sonucu esnafa ve ulûfeli sekban askerine büyük miktarda borcu olduğu ortaya çıkmış, bunların mallarının satışından karşılanamayacağı görülmüştür (Erdoğan v.dğr., s. 130-131). Borçlarının ödenmesini Alemdar Mustafa Ağa üstlenmiştir. Tirsiniklioğlu’nun ortadan kaldırılmasının ise İstanbul’a rahat bir nefes aldırdığı açıktır. Bununla beraber bütün bu gelişmelerin III. Selim’in saltanatının süratle sona ermesini birinci derecede etkilediği muhakkaktır (Shaw, s. 475-477).
Tirsiniklioğlu İsmâil Ağa “pek zorlu bir adam” olarak tarif edilir (Cevdet, VI, 298). Onun aşağı tabakadan yükselmiş, eğitimsiz insanlara has bir karakter taşıdığı ileri sürülmektedir. Bazan insanî işler yapar, adamlarının haksızlık ve zorbalıklarını şiddetle cezalandırır, şahsına karşı olan hakaretlerde başka birini öldürüp intikam alabileceği yerde büyüklük göstererek affeder; bazan da bunun tam aksi davranırdı. Bu sebeple bazıları kendisine iyilik sever bir insan diye saygı gösterir, onu över, ancak çoğu kendisinden son derece korkar ve nefret ederdi (Mirzayan Manuk Bey’in Hayatı , bl. I). Hakkında bilgi veren Manuk Bey, Tirsiniklioğlu’nun sarraflığının dışında siyasette de akıl hocasıydı. Manuk Bey bu durumunu Alemdar’ın yanında da sürdürmüş ve Rusçuk yâranı içinde yer almıştır. Tirsiniklioğlu’nun, yakın ilişki içinde bulunduğu Eflak voyvodası gibi Rusya’ya yakın bir siyaset tercihi içinde olması şüphesiz her iki tarafta da etkin olan Manuk Bey tesiriyledir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mirzayan Manuk Bey’in Hayatı (Ermenice), Viyana 1853, bl. I, IV, VI.
Cevdet, Târih , V, 223; VI, 263, 298, 299, 300-305, 312; VII, 95, 147, 148, 159; VIII, 50-54, 91-93.
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Meşhur Rumeli Âyanlarından Tirsinikli İsmail, Yılık Oğlu Süleyman Ağalar ve Alemdar Mustafa Paşa , İstanbul 1942, tür.yer.
a.mlf., “Vezir Hakkı Mehmed Paşa: 1747-1811”, TM , VI (1936-39), s. 179-181, 195-197, 243, 245, 249.
K. Arapyan, Rusçuk Âyanı Mustafa Paşa’nın Hayatı ve Kahramanlıkları (trc. Esat Uras), Ankara 1943, tür.yer.
Yücel Özkaya, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Dağlı İsyanları (1791-1808) , Ankara 1983, s. 60-64, 67, 71, 84-86, 95-96, 99.
N. Jorga, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi (trc. Nilüfer Epçeli), İstanbul 2005, V, 104, 126, 133, 143.
Stanford J. Shaw, Eski ve Yeni Arasında: Sultan III. Selim Yönetiminde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, 1789-1807 (trc. Hür Güldü), İstanbul 2008, s. 296, 307-308, 315, 317, 319-320, 407, 411, 419, 425-429, 472-477, 546.
Ali Yaycıoğlu, The Provincial Challenge: Regionalism, Crisis and Integration in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1792-1812 (doktora tezi, 2008), Harvard University, s. 128-129, 138.
Meryem Kaçan Erdoğan v.dğr., Rusçuk Ayanı: Tirsiniklizâde İsmail Ağa ve Dönemi (1796-1806) , İstanbul 2009, s. 35-131.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 204-205 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.