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TITVÂNÎ, Muhammed Dâvûd Skip to content Muhammed b. el-Hâc Ahmed b. Dâvûd et-Tıtvânî el-Endelüsî (1901-1984)
Faslı fıkıh âlimi, tarihçi ve gazeteci.
12 Zilhicce 1318’de (2 Nisan 1901) Fas’ın Tıtvân şehrinde Endülüs asıllı bir fakihin oğlu olarak doğdu. 1912 yılından itibaren babasından ve başta Muhammed b. Tâvît et-Tıtvânî ve Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Merîr et-Tıtvânî olmak üzere şehrin önemli âlimlerinden dinî ilimler tahsil etti. Özellikle fakih ve tarihçi Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Muhammed er-Ruhûnî ve fakih Ahmed ez-Zevâkî’nin derslerine devam etti. 1920’de babası tarafından Fas şehrine gönderildi. Karaviyyîn Üniversitesi’nde iki yıl okudu, Ahmed b. Hayyât, Ebû Şuayb ed-Dükkâlî ve Muhammed b. Arabî el-Alevî gibi âlimlerden ders aldı. Tıtvân’a döndükten sonra adliye teşkilâtında çalışmaya başladı. Muhammed b. Abdülkerîm el-Hattâbî’nin sömürgecilere karşı başlattığı bağımsızlık mücadelesi sırasında el-Ehrâm gazetesinin muhabirliğini yaptı. 1925’te arkadaşlarıyla birlikte Kuzey Afrika’da himaye döneminde öğretim dili Arapça olan ve modern usulde öğretim yapan, sömürge yönetiminden bağımsız el-Medresetü’l-ehliyye’yi kurdu ve müdürlüğünü üstlendi. Kuzey Mağrib’de millî hareketin, kültürel uyanışın ve millî gazeteciliğin öncülüğünü yapanların çoğu buradan mezun oldu; bunlar Hizbü’l-ıslâhi’l-vatanî’nin kurucuları ve yöneticileri arasında yer aldı. Tıtvânî’nin gayretleri neticesinde 1928’den itibaren Tıtvânlı öğrencilerin Nablus ve Mısır gibi ilim merkezlerine gönderilmesiyle Doğu İslâm dünyasına kültürel ve siyasal açılım gerçekleşti. Aynı yıl içinde arkadaşlarıyla birlikte Tıtvân’daki ilk büyük matbaa şirketini kurdu. Kuzey Afrika’da istiklâl mücadelesinin ve bağımsızlık düşüncesinin yayılmasında büyük rol oynadı.
1930’da Fas’ın İspanya himayesindeki bölgesinde İslâmî öğretimin ıslahı için kurulan heyete üye seçildi ve heyet adına ıslah projesini hazırladı. Bu yıllarda Fas şehrine giderek Allâl el-Fâsî ve Muhammed b. Hasan el-Vezzânî ile gizli toplantılar yaptı. Üçü birlikte el-Hizbü’l-vatanî için bir kanun hazırladı. 1931’de Kuzey Fas halkını temsil eden Lecnetü’l-metâlibi’l-vataniyye’ye üye seçildi. 1933’te gazeteciliğe yönelerek Mağrib’de bağımsızlığı savunan ilk Arapça gazete olan Selâm ’ı çıkardı. Yazdığı makalelerde müslüman Arap toplumunun kalkınması meselesine ve siyasî konulara özel bir önem vererek bağımsızlık hareketinin olgunlaşmasında etkili oldu. Ancak Fransız sömürge yönetimi 18 Mayıs 1934’te genel emniyeti ihlâl ve yönetimi zora sokma gerekçesiyle gazetenin Fransız himaye bölgesine girişini yasakladı. Ardından İspanya sömürge yönetimi, kamuoyu için tehlikeli olduğu gerekçesiyle onuncu sayısı çıkan derginin yayımını durdurdu. Aynı yıl içinde Tanca uluslararası bölge yönetimi, genel güvenlik yönünden sakıncalı bulunduğu gerekçesiyle Tıtvânî’nin Tanca’dan uzaklaştırılmasına karar verdi. Fransa sömürge idaresi de onun on yıl bölgeye girişini yasakladı.
Tıtvânî, 1934’te İspanya’nın himaye bölgesinde Mahzen Adliye mahkemeleri yasası hazırlama komisyonuna ve İslâmî öğretim yüksek heyetine üye seçildi. Ayrıca Paris’te toplanan Kuzey Afrika talebe cemiyetinin resmî temsilciliğini yaptı. 1935’te hacca gitti. Altı ay süren hac yolculuğu sırasında Mısır, Hicaz, Necid, Irak, Doğu Ürdün ve Filistin’e uğradı. Suriye ve Lübnan’a girişine ise Fransa idaresi izin vermedi. 1936’da el-Aḫbâr dergisini yayımlamaya başladı, ancak beş sayı çıktıktan sonra 12 Nisan 1936 tarihli son nüshasının ardından bu dergi de yasaklandı. 1937’de İspanya himayesindeki bölgede ilk resmî görevi olan İslâmî eğitim genel müfettişliğine tayin edildi. Bu görevi dolayısıyla Mısır, Fransa, İtalya ve İsviçre’ye gitti, Cenova’da Emîr Şekîb Arslan’la buluştu. Onun gayretleri sayesinde bölgede yedi dinî enstitü ve çok sayıda modern okul açıldı. Bu okulların müfredat programlarını da Tıtvânî hazırladı. 1939’da İslâmî Eğitim Yüksek Meclisi başkan yardımcılığına tayin edildi, aynı zamanda Kuzey Mağrib İslâmî Vakıflar Yüksek Heyeti’ne üye seçildi. 1942’de İspanyol himaye bölgesinde maarif müdürlüğüne getirilince görüşlerini ve tekliflerini uygulamak için fırsat buldu; öğretimin ıslahı ve modern metotların uygulanması çalışmalarını yürüten makamlara Doğu ve Batı ülkelerindeki en yeni metotlara dair raporlar sundu. 1948’de müfettişlik görevinden istifa etti. Fas’ın meşrû kralının tahtından uzaklaştırıldığı dönemde idarî görev almadı. Fas’ın bağımsızlığını kazanmasına kadar sadece el-Ma‘hedü’d-dînî el-âlî ve Medresetü’l-muallimât’ta ders verdi. Bu arada özellikle Cerîdetü’l-ümme ’de, imzasız veya Ebü’l-Hasan, el-Mücâhid, el-Vatanî, Fete’l-Arab gibi takma adlarla çeşitli gazete ve dergilerde siyasî ve sosyal içerikli makaleler yazdı.
1956’da bağımsızlık döneminde Tıtvânî, V. Muhammed tarafından Millî İstişare Meclisi üyeliğine tayin edilen dört âlimden biri oldu. Tunus’un istiklâl bayramında bu meclisi temsil etti. Karaviyyîn Üniversitesi’nde uluslararası diploma imtihan heyetinde görevlendirildi. Aynı zamanda eğitim ve öğretimin ıslahı için kurulan heyete alındı. 1957’de İslâm Hukuku Tedvin Heyeti’ne, iki yıl sonra da Millî Eğitim Yüksek Heyeti’ne üye seçildi. 1969’da II. Hasan tarafından Rabat Kraliyet Kütüphanesi müdürlüğüne tayin edildi ve 1974’te sağlık sorunları sebebiyle istifa edinceye kadar burada çalıştı. Beş yıl süren bu görevi esnasında kütüphanede yer alan Tıtvân tarihiyle alâkalı resmî yazışmalar, adlî siciller, vakıf yıllıkları ve diğer resmî belgeleri inceleme imkânı buldu. Tıtvân tarihiyle ilgili hacimli eserinde bu belgelerden önemli ölçüde yararlandı ve kitabında araştırmacılar için bu dönem hakkında ilk defa bol miktarda malzeme toplamış oldu. İstifasının ardından Tıtvân’a dönen müellif 4 Ramazan 1404’te (4 Haziran 1984) vefat etti. Fas bağımsızlık hareketinin öncülerinden olması dolayısıyla “el-üstâdü’l-celîl” unvanı verilen Tıtvânî büyük bir vatan sever olmasının yanı sıra ıslahatçı bir âlim ve çağdaş İslâm düşüncesinin öncülerinden sayılır. Kültürel uyanışın önderlerinden, eğitim ve öğretimin ıslahına önemli katkıda bulunan bir eğitimci, Fas basın ve gazetecilik tarihinde yer almış başarılı bir gazetecidir. Aynı zamanda kendisi bir Tıtvân tarihçisidir. İçindeki nâdir yazma eserler, çok sayıda resmî belge, mecmua, gazete, pul ve paralar bakımından oldukça zengin olan Tıtvân Dâvûdiyye Kütüphanesi’nin de kurucusudur.
Eserleri. 1. Târîḫu Tıṭvân. Kuruluşundan müellifin dönemine kadar mufassal bir Tıtvân tarihidir. Her dönem için önce şehrin valileri tanıtılıp önemli olaylar anlatıldıktan sonra şehirde kadılık yapan âlimler, şehirde yetişen meşhur şahıslar, o dönemde şehri ziyarete gelen tanınmış kişiler ele alınır. Ardından şehrin siyasî, ilmî, edebî ve içtimaî durumu hakkında bilgi verilir. Eserde Tıtvân’ın sosyokültürel tarihinin yanı sıra şehrin topografyası, gelenek ve görenekler, lehçeler ve bayramlar hakkında zengin bilgi bulunmaktadır. Müellifin özellikle Rabat Kraliyet Kütüphanesi’ndeki görevi sırasında faydalandığı belgelere dayanarak hazırladığı, XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı ile XX. yüzyılın başlarına ait çok sayıda belgeye yer verdiği bölüm şehrin tarihinin bu safhası bakımından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Aynı zamanda eserde bölgedeki gelişmelere de kısmen yer verilmiş, bütün Mağrib tarihinin önemli olayları üzerinde durulmuştur. On iki ciltlik eserin ilk sekiz cildi müellifin sağlığında basılmış (Tıtvân 1379-1398/1959-1978), daha sonra kızı Hasnâ Dâvûd önce IX. cildi (Tanca 1419) ve ardından X-XII. ciltleri (Tıtvân 2009-2012) yayımlamıştır. Târîḫu Tıṭvân ’ın VI. cildindeki sekizinci babın ikinci kısmı en-Nûrü’l-berrâḳ fî tercemeti’ş-Şeyḫ Muḥammed el-Ḥarrâḳ adıyla müstakil olarak da yayımlanmıştır (Tıtvân 1968). 2. Muḫtaṣaru Târîḫi Tıṭvân (Tıtvân 1955). 3. ʿAlâ Raʾsi’l-erbaʿîn: Müẕekkirât (nşr. Hasnâ Dâvûd, Tıtvân 1421/2001). 1915 yılında yazmaya başladığı, kırk yaşına kadar yaşadıklarına dair hâtıratıdır. Hasnâ Dâvûd, daha sonra babasının çeşitli eserlerinden onun kırk yaşından sonraki yıllarına dair hâtıralarını toplayıp bu esere tekmile mahiyetinde ʿAlâ Raʾsi’s̱-s̱emânîn adıyla yayımlamıştır (Tıtvân 2011). 4. el-Ems̱âlü’l-ʿâmmiyye fî Tıṭvân ve’l-bilâdi’l-ʿArabiyye. I. cildi el-Muḳaddemât ve’l-ems̱âl adıyla Hasnâ Dâvûd tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Tıtvân 1999). Tıtvân’da yaygın halk tabirleri, hikmetli sözler ve darbımeseller, diğer Arap ülkelerinde kullanılan benzerleriyle karşılaştırılarak açıklamalı şekilde incelenmiştir. Kitabın neşre hazırlanmakta olan II. cildi darbımeseller ve açıklamalarını içermektedir. 5. Min Ḳuḍâti Tıṭvân ve ʿudûlihâ ve ves̱âʾiḳıhâ fi’l-ḳarneyni’l-ʿâşir ve’l-hâdî ʿaşer. Tıṭvân mecmuasının ikinci sayısında yayımlanmıştır (1957). 6. Elf mes̱el ve mes̱el min ems̱âli Tıṭvân (Mecelletü’l-baḥs̱i’l-ʿilmî , sy. 2, Rabat 1964). Müellifin kendi kurduğu Tıtvân Dâvûdiyye Kütüphanesi’nde muhafaza edilen yazma halindeki eserleri de şunlardır: el-Ems̱âlü’l-ʿâmmiyye fî Tıṭvân ve’l-bilâdi’l-ʿArabiyye ’nin ikinci kısmı et-Tekmile (Târîḫu Tıṭvân ’ın zeyli), 1200’den fazla ailenin tanıtıldığı ʿÂʾilâtü Tıṭvân, el-Müctemaʿu’t-Tıṭvânî min ḫilâli ems̱âlihî ve deʿavâtihî ve teʿâbîrihî, Muʿcemü’l-luġati’l-ʿâmmiyye fî Tıṭvân, Kitâbü’t-Tekmile fî vaṣfi ḫıṭaṭı Tıṭvân ve sükkânihâ ve’l-ḥayâti’l-ictimâʿiyye bihâ, el-ʿUmletü’l-Maġribiyye fî miʾeti ʿâm.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Muhammed Dâvûd et-Tıtvânî, Târîḫu Tıṭvân , Tıtvân 1379/1959, I. cildin son kısmı, s. e-h; a.mlf., ʿAlâ Raʾsi’l-erbaʿîn: Müẕekkirât (nşr. Hasnâ Dâvûd), I, Tıtvân 1421/2001; Üstâẕ el-celîl er-râʾid el-kebîr el-merḥûm Muḥammed Dâvûd fî mihricânihi’t-teʾbînî (haz. Mustafa eş-Şa‘şû‘), Tıtvân 1404/1984; Aʿmâlü Nedve, Muḥammed Dâvûd, el-Ḥareketü’l-vaṭaniyye fi’ş-Şimâl ve’l-mesʾeletü’s̱-s̱eḳāfiyye , Rabat 1990; İbnü’l-Hâc el-Fâtımî es-Sülemî, İsʿâfü’l-iḫvâni’r-râġıbîn bi-terâcimi s̱ülletin min ʿulemâʾi’l-Maġribi’l-muʿâṣırîn , Dârülbeyzâ 1412/1992, s. 146-150; Teʾbînü’l-faḳīh Muḥammed Dâvûd , Tıtvân 1996; Muhammed eş-Şerîf, “et-Tıṭvânî, Muḥammed b. el-Ḥâc Aḥmed b. Dâvûd”, Mv.AU , IV, 475-480.
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