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TÜRKİYE BÜYÜK MİLLET MECLİSİ Skip to content Millî Mücadele’yi yöneten ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’ni kuran yasama organı.
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin 23 Nisan 1920’de, ileride ilân edilecek olan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurucu organı halinde teşekkül etmiş olması, Türk demokrasi tarihinin en önemli dönüm noktasını oluşturur. Bu meclisin kurulmasının tarihî çerçevesi, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ’nı sona erdiren Mondros Mütarekesi ’nin imzalanmasından itibaren başlar. Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan ’ın 21 Aralık 1918’de tatil edilmesi üzerine ülkeyi işgallerden kurtarmak amacıyla Müdâfaa-i Hukuk ve Redd-i İlhak cemiyetlerini kuran ve kongreler düzenleyen halk güçleri, milletin bağımsızlığını yine milletin azim ve kararının sağlayacağını belirterek hemen seçimlerin yapılmasını ve meclisin açılmasını istedi. Damad Ferid Paşa hükümetinin buna karşı çıkması yüzünden Sivas Kongresi ’nin ardından İstanbul ile Anadolu’nun haberleşmesi kesildi. Padişah, parçalanmayı önlemek için Damad Ferid’i istifa ettirerek 2 Ekim 1919’da Ali Rızâ Paşa ’yı sadârete getirdi. Kongrelerde alınan bütün kararları kabul eden hükümet seçimlerin yapılacağını açıkladı. Kasım-aralık aylarında gerçekleştirilen ve hükümet karşıtı kimi partilerle ayrılıkçı gayri müslim unsurların katılmadığı seçimleri daha çok Müdâfaa-i Hukuk cemiyetlerince desteklenen adaylar kazandı. 12 Ocak 1920 tarihinde son defa açılan Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan, yeni Türkiye Devleti’nin temel taşını oluşturacak Mîsâk-ı Millî Beyannâmesi’ni onaylayıp 17 Şubat’ta ilân etti. Meclisin bu çalışmalarından memnun kalmayan İtilâf devletleri 16 Mart’ta İstanbul’u resmen işgal ettiler. Bazı mebusları meclisten alıp Limni ’ye ve Malta ’ya sürdüler. Padişah, üyelerinin çoğu dağılan ve 18 Mart’ta kendi iradesiyle çalışmalarına ara veren Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ı 11 Nisan’da tamamen kapattı.
İstanbul’un işgali Mustafa Kemal Paşa ’ya düşündüğü tedbirleri uygulama fırsatını verdi. Erzurum’dan mebus seçildiği halde İstanbul’a gelmeyen Mustafa Kemal, 17 Mart’ta Hey’et-i Temsîliyye adına bir bildiri yayımlayarak ülke yönetimine el konulduğunu ve meclisin Ankara’da toplanacağını duyurdu; 19 Mart’ta da bir genelge çıkarıp seçimlerin hangi ilkeler çerçevesinde yapılacağını bildirdi. Böylece vatanın bütünlüğünü ve milletin özgürlüğünü halka dayanarak kurtarmanın yolunu açtı. Seçim kararının uygulamaya konulması bazı güçlükleri beraberinde getirdi. Zira İtilâf devletleri etkin oldukları yörelerde seçimlerin yapılmasına izin vermiyorlardı. Ayrıca bazı idareciler, Hey’et-i Temsîliyye’nin yurtta tamamıyla etkin olmayıp Ankara’nın gerçek gücünün henüz belli olmaması yüzünden tereddüt içinde bulunduklarından güçlük çıkarıyorlardı. Seçimlerde yerleşik seçim kurallarının dışına çıkılarak Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti üyeleri, il genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üyeleri de seçime sokulup seçmen tabanı genişletildi. Her seçim çevresinden beş milletvekilinin seçilmesi kararlaştırıldığı halde işgal altındaki yerlerin sadece belirli yörelerinde seçim yapılabildi. Nihayet Türkiye’nin yeni yasama organı, İstanbul’dan kaçıp Ankara’ya gelen mebuslar ve yeni seçilen üyelerin katılımıyla 23 Nisan 1920 Cuma günü düzenlenen merasimle açıldı. Geçici başkanlık divanı oluşturulduktan sonra milletvekili mazbatalarını incelemek üzere iki komisyon kuruldu. 24 Nisan günü saat 10.00’da en yaşlı üye sıfatıyla Sinop mebusu Şerif Bey’in başkanlığında çalışmalarına başlayan meclis önce mazbataları incelenen üyelerin mebusluklarını onayladı. Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Mondros Mütarekesi’nin imzalanmasından o güne kadar olan gelişmeleri ve yapılan çalışmaları anlattığı uzun bir konuşma yaptı. Gizli oturumda memleketin dâhilî durumu hakkında bilgi verdi. Yeni bir hükümetin kurulmasını öngören teklifi meclise sundu. Aynı gün yapılan başkanlık divanı seçiminde Mustafa Kemal Paşa birinci başkanlığa, Celâleddin Ârif Bey ikinci başkanlığa, Abdülhalim Çelebi birinci başkan vekilliğine ve Cemâleddin Efendi ikinci başkan vekilliğine seçildi. Kâtip üyelerle birlikte başkanlık divanı teşkil edildi.
Mustafa Kemal’in hükümet kurulması konusundaki teklifi 25 Nisan’da ele alındı. Önce on beş kişiden teşekkül eden bir lâyiha encümeniyle geçici bir icra encümeni oluşturuldu. İcra Vekilleri Heyeti’nin oluşum biçimini belirleyen kanun tasarısı 1 Mayıs’ta meclise sunuldu ve uzun tartışmalardan sonra 2 Mayıs’ta kabul edildi. Meclis üyeleri arasından tek tek oylanmak suretiyle bir meclis hükümeti kuruldu. Böylece yeni bir millî karar organı daha ortaya çıkarılırken imparatorluktan millî devlete geçiş yönünde önemli bir adım atılmış oldu. Meclise verilecek isim konusundaki tartışmalar daha 11 Nisan 1920 tarihinde vilâyette yapılan toplantıda başladığı halde bir uzlaşmaya varılamamıştı. Mebusların bağlı bulundukları toplumsal tabakaya, kültür düzeylerine, dünya görüşlerine ve temsil ettikleri politik düşüncelere göre çeşitli isimler ortaya atılmıştı. Meselâ İslâmcılar Meclis-i Kebîr / Meclis-i Kebîr-i Millî, Türk Ocağı sempatizanları Kurultay, Osmanlıcılar Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan, milliyetçiler ise Büyük Millet Meclisi denilmesini istiyorlardı. Hâkimiyet-i Milliye gazetesi Meclis-i Kebîr-i Millî derken Meclis-i Âlî’den söz edenler de vardı. Meclisin geçici başkanı Şerif Bey açış konuşmasına, “Büyük Millet Meclisi’ni açıyorum” diyerek başlamıştı. Aynı şekilde meclisin toplanma sebeplerini kamuoyuna açıklamak için Hamdullah Suphi’nin (Tanrıöver) kaleme aldığı meclis bildirisinde de Büyük Millet Meclisi adı kullanıldı. Afyon mebusu Mehmed Şükrü’nün Hıyânet-i Vataniyye Kanunu önerisinde ve Hukūk-ı Esâsiyye Encümeni’nin 15 Ağustos’ta hazırladığı raporda meclisin tanımı yapılırken de Büyük Millet Meclisi adı benimsendi. Büyük Millet Meclisi hükümetinin imzaladığı ilk milletlerarası antlaşma olan, 2-3 Aralık 1920 tarihinde Ermenistan’la yapılan Gümrü Antlaşması’nda ise Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi adı kullanıldı. Nihayet Mustafa Kemal’in 8 Şubat 1921 tarihinden itibaren İcra Vekilleri Heyeti kararlarını Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi reisi sıfatıyla imzalamasından sonra Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi adı süreklilik kazandı. 1 Mart 1921’de Afganistan ve 16 Mart’ta Rusya ile imzalanan dostluk antlaşmalarında da Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi adı kullanıldı.
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi bütün halk kesimlerini temsil eden bir meclisti. Meclise katılan üyelerin % 34,2’si sivil bürokratlardan, % 24’ü serbest meslek sahiplerinden, % 13,2’si askerlerden, % 12,7’si yerel yöneticilerden, % 8,6’sı din âlimlerinden, % 4’ü doktor ve eczacılardan, % 1,2’si aşiret reislerinden ve % 1’i teknik elemanlardan oluşuyordu. Aynı zamanda genç bir meclisti. Zira otuz yaş grubunda bulunanların oranı % 38, kırk yaş grubunda bulunanların % 35 idi. Meclis üyelerinin % 39,4’ü yüksek öğretim, % 27’si ortaöğretim, % 22’si medrese ve % 3,8’i meslek okulu mezunuydu. Üyelerin yarısı Türkçe dışında bir yabancı dil biliyordu. Bilhassa otuz yaş grubunda Fransızca’nın, kırk ve elli yaş gruplarında Arapça ve Farsça’nın belirleyici olduğu dikkati çekiyordu. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, millî mücadele şartlarının gereği her türlü fırkacılığı reddettiği halde üyelerinin pek çoğu daha önce çeşitli siyasî parti ve derneklerde görev almış kişilerdi. Bilhassa İttihatçı düşünceye sahip olanların sayısı hayli çoktu. Amerikan mandacılığını savunan Wilson Prensipleri Cemiyeti’nin kurucularından Yunus Nadi ile Sivas Kongresi ’nde mandacılığı savunan İsmâil Fâzıl Paşa, Kara Vâsıf, Bekir Sâmi ve Refet beyler de mebus seçilmişlerdi. Numan Usta Osmanlı Mesai Fırkası’nda, Ahmed Ferid ve Dr. Adnan Millî Türk Fırkası’nda, İsmail Suphi ve Bekir Sami Millî Ahrar Fırkası’nda, Rıza Nur Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası ’nda, Yunus Nadi ve Tevfik Rüştü Teceddüt Fırkası’nda, Celâleddin Ârif ve Abdurrahman Şeref Vahdet-i Milliyye’de ve Hamdullah Suphi Türk ocaklarında çalışmıştı. Fakat hepsi, yeni meclisin çatısı altında Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti ’nin birer neferiydi.
Birinci Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin öncelikli amacı Mîsâk-ı Millî ile çizilen sınırlar içindeki yurt topraklarını işgalden, hilâfet ve saltanatı düşman baskısından kurtarmaktı. Ayrıca yurt topraklarının bir daha işgale uğramaması için önlem alınması zorunluydu. 18 Kasım 1920’de yayımlanan bildiride Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin asıl amacının millî hudutlar dahilinde ülkenin bağımsızlığını sağlamak, hilâfet ve saltanat makamını esaretten kurtarmak diye vurgulanıyordu. Bu gayeye ancak Türkiye halkının emperyalizmin tahakkümünden kurtarılması ve kendi egemenliğinin sahibi kılınmasıyla ulaşılabileceği dile getiriliyordu. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin halkın öteden beri uğradığı sefaletin sebeplerini yeni bir teşkilâtla kaldırmayı, yerine refah ve saadeti getirmeyi başlıca hedef saydığı belirtiliyordu. Toprak, maarif, adliye, maliye, evkaf ve diğer meselelerde kardeşlik ve yardımlaşma duygularının hâkim kılınacağı, halkın ihtiyaçlarına göre yenilikler yapılacağı, bu maksatla siyasî ve içtimaî umdelerin milletin ruhundan alınmasının, uygulamada milletin eğilimlerinin ve geleneklerinin gözetilmesinin düşünüldüğü açıklanıyordu. Kendini olağan üstü yetkilerle donatan Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi çalışmalarını belli bir süreyle sınırlandırmak istemiyordu. 18 Ağustos 1920 tarihinde bu konuda yapılan uzun müzakerelerden sonra olağan üstü şartların ortadan kalkmasına kadar meclisin aralıksız çalışmasına karar verildi. Ankara bu dönemde küçük bir Anadolu kasabasıydı. Ulus’taki meclis binası gaz lambasıyla aydınlatılıyor ve saç sobayla ısıtılıyordu. Mebuslar çevredeki okullardan getirtilen tahta sıralarda oturuyor, komisyonlar gaz tenekesinden oluşturulan masalar üzerinde çalışıyordu. Mebusların kalabilecekleri ve yemek yiyebilecekleri bir otel ve lokanta bile yoktu. İlk gelenler başta Yüksek Öğretmen Okulu olmak üzere çeşitli okullara yerleştirilmişti. Ardından gelenler ise derme çatma han odalarında kalıyorlardı. Mebuslar daha sonra okullardan ve hanlardan çıkarak üç beş kişi ortaklaşa ev kiralamaya başladılar. Önce kale içindeki sağlık şartları uygun olmayan azınlıklara ait evlerde oturdular. Ardından müslümanlar da evlerini kiraya vermeye başladılar. Bu şartlardan şikâyet etmeyen mebusların devletin kendilerine verdiği 100 lira maaşın bir kısmını bütçe açığını gidermek amacıyla geri verdikleri bile oluyordu. Üyeler, gerektiğinde cepheye gidip askerlerle birlikte savaştıkları gibi köyleri ve kasabaları dolaşarak meclisin amaçlarını halka anlatıyorlardı. Toplumun her kesiminden gelen bu insanlar, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi çatısı altında işgalci güçleri yurttan atıp bağımsız yeni Türkiye Devleti’ni kurdular.
Birinci Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin en belirgin özelliklerinden biri de ihtilâlci bir karakter taşımasıydı. Çünkü üyeler her türlü tehlikeyi göze alarak Ankara’ya gelmişlerdi. Nitekim Hamdullah Suphi ihtilâlci bir kuvvet olduklarını, milletin kutsal değerleri savunulurken ölümün bile düşünülemeyeceğini söylüyordu. Ali Şükrü Bey de bu meclisin sıradan bir meclis olmadığını, fevkalâde şartlardan doğduğunu vurguladıktan sonra, “Bunun nâm-ı diğeri ihtilâl meclisidir” diyordu. Gerçekten de Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi yasama, yürütme ve yargı erklerini üzerinde toplayarak, Hıyânet-i Vataniyye Kanunu’nu çıkararak, İstiklâl mahkemelerini kurarak ve egemenliği kayıtsız şartsız millete veren anayasayı kabul ederek kendi üstünde hiçbir güç tanımadığını ortaya koydu. İstanbul hükümetinin yaptığı antlaşmaları, verdiği imtiyazları geçersiz sayıp nihayet 1 Kasım 1922’de hilâfetle saltanatı birbirinden ayırdı ve Osmanlı saltanatını kaldırarak ihtilâlci özelliğini açıkça gösterdi. Bir kurucu meclis şeklinde tasarlanan Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, daha sonra olağan üstü yetkiye sahip bir meclis diye adlandırıldığı halde kuruculuk özelliğini hep önde tuttu. Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın da belirttiği gibi bu meclis mevcut Kānûn-ı Esâsî ’yi kaldırma, değiştirme ve yerine yenisini koyma hakkına sahipti. Nitekim 20 Ocak 1921’de Teşkîlât-ı Esâsiyye Kanunu adıyla kısa, fakat geleceğe açılımı bakımından geniş ufuklu bir anayasa benimsendi. Bundan sonra devlet yapısı Kānûn-ı Esâsî’nin öngördüğü yapıdan uzaklaşarak Teşkîlât-ı Esâsiyye Kanunu’na göre yeniden düzenlendi.
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, kendinden öncekilerle ve sonrakilerle karşılaştırılamayacak kadar demokrat bir meclistir. Zira değişik siyasal düşüncelere sahip mebuslar görüşlerini iç tüzüğe uygun biçimde savundular ve hiçbir engelle karşılaşmadılar. Ülkenin ve milletin kurtuluşu için öngördükleri bütün düşünceleri meclis kürsüsünden açıkça ortaya koydular. Meclis içinde “halk zümresi, tesanüt grubu, ıslahat grubu” gibi küçük bazı gruplar ortaya çıkmıştı. Hatta Yeşil Ordu Cemiyeti ile Türkiye Halk İştirâkiyyûn Fırkası ve Türkiye Komünist Fırkası gibi sosyalist temellere dayanan örgütlenmeler de olmuştu. Ancak asıl mücadele, Mustafa Kemal ve arkadaşları tarafından kurulan Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Grubu ile bu grubun politikalarını eleştiren ikinci grup arasında geçti. Bu iki grubun tartışmaları meclisin demokratik kimliğinin de göstergesi oldu. Gayri müslimlerin katılmadığı birinci Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi gerek teşekkül biçimi gerekse amaçları bakımından milliyetçi ve daha çok halka dayanan ve halkın sorunlarını çözmeyi amaç edinen bir meclistir. Halkçılık bu dönemde en çok kullanılan bir kelime olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. II. Meşrutiyet döneminde ülke gündemine giren halkçılık, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin açılmasından sonra âdeta meclisin ideolojisi haline geldi. Fevzi Paşa (Çakmak) olayların kendilerini halkçılığa doğru sürüklediğini söylerken Mustafa Kemal Paşa da varlıklarının yegâne dayanağının halkçılık olduğunu belirtiyor ve halk hükümetini savunuyordu. Bu düşüncelerini Halkçılık Programı adıyla 13 Eylül 1920’de meclise sundu. Meclis kendi içinden seçtiği hükümet üyelerini sıkı bir denetime tâbi tuttu; sözlü ve yazılı soruların dışında yoğun bir gensoru önergesiyle bu işlevini yerine getirdi. Hatta bazan verdiği gensorularla hükümet üyelerini görevlerinden aldı. Birinci Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, 1 Nisan 1923’te seçimlerin yenilenmesine karar vererek 16 Nisan 1923’te çalışmalarını sona erdirdi. Böylece oluşum biçimi, amaçları ve bu amaçlarını gerçekleştirmekte gösterdiği kararlılık, yurt ve millet sevgisi, devlet ciddiyeti, özveri, millî saygınlık bakımından alınması gerekli derslerle dolu bir meclis olarak tarihteki yerini aldı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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