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TÜRK TARİH KURUMU Skip to content Türk tarihini araştırmak üzere oluşturulan kurum.
Mustafa Kemal’in emriyle 1931’de Ankara’da kurulmuştur. Mustafa Kemal, özellikle Avrupa devletlerinin ders kitaplarında yer alan Türkler’in ikinci sınıf bir millet olduğu iddialarına ve “barbar” diye nitelendirilerek bir istilâcı kavim şeklinde gösterilmesine karşılık Türkler’in dünya tarihinde en eski çağlardan beri gerçek yerinin ve medeniyete ne gibi hizmetlerinin bulunduğunun araştırılması gerektiği düşüncesindeydi. 28 Nisan 1930’da bizzat katıldığı Türk ocaklarının altıncı kurultayında direktifleri doğrultusunda Âfet İnan tarafından bir önerge sunuldu ve, “Türk tarih ve medeniyetini ilmî surette tetkik etmek için hususi ve dâimî bir heyetin teşkiline karar verilmesini ve bu heyetin âzasını seçmek salâhiyetinin merkez heyetine bırakılmasını teklif ederiz” denildi. Teklif Sadri Maksudi (Arsal) ve Reşid Galip tarafından da desteklendi. Aynı gün kurultayda yapılan görüşme sonunda Türk Ocakları Kanunu’na 84. madde olarak “Merkez heyeti, Türk tarihi ve medeniyetini ilmî bir surette tetkik ve tetebbu eylemek vazifesiyle mükellef olmak üzere bir Türk tarihi tetkik heyeti teşkil eder” şeklinde bir madde eklendi. Bu karar çerçevesinde on altı üyeden meydana gelen Türk tarihi tetkik heyeti teşkil edildi, heyet ilk toplantısını 4 Haziran 1930 tarihinde yaptı. Heyetin adı bizzat Atatürk tarafından konuldu. Heyette Tevfik (Bıyıklıoğlu) başkan, Yusuf Akçura ile Sâmih Rifat başkan vekili, Reşid Galip genel sekreter olarak yer aldı. Üyeler, Âfet İnan, İsmail Hakkı (Uzunçarşılı), Hamit Zübeyir (Koşay), Halil Ethem (Eldem), Ragıb Hulûsi, Reşid Saffet (Atabinen), Zakir Kadiri (Ugan), Sadri Maksudi (Arsal), Mesaroş (Ankara Etnografya Müzesi uzmanı), Mükrimin Halil (Yinanç), Vâsıf Çınar ve Yusuf Ziya’dan (Özer) meydana geliyordu. Bu heyetin en önemli yayını Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları isimli dizi eserdir.
Türk Tarih Kurumu, daha önce kurulan Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni ve Türk Tarih Encümeni’nin bir ölçüde yeni şekliydi. 12 Mart 1931 tarihinde Türk ocaklarını kapatma kararı alınınca 15 Nisan 1931’de Türk Tarihi Tedkik Cemiyeti adıyla yeniden teşkilâtlandı ve 1930’daki ilkeler temel alınarak faaliyetlerine devam etti. Kurumun adı 1935’te Türk Tarihi Araştırma Kurumu’na ve 3 Ekim 1935’te Türk Tarih Kurumu’na çevrildi. Kurum bu dönem içerisinde dört ciltlik lise tarih kitaplarını, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’nın Anadolu Beylikleri ’ni, bazı kazı raporlarını, Pîrî Reis’in Kitâb-ı Bahriyye ’sini ve haritasını yayımladı. 1937’den itibaren adını bizzat Atatürk’ün koyduğu Belleten dergisi neşir hayatına başladı. Atatürk hayatının son dönemlerine kadar kurumun çalışmalarıyla yakından ilgilendi, birçok defa çalışma planını kendisi tesbit etti, toplantılara bizzat katıldı. Düzenlediği vasiyetnâmesiyle İş Bankası’ndaki hisselerinin gelirini Türk Tarih Kurumu ile Türk Dil Kurumu’na bağışladı. 25 Mayıs 1940’ta Dahiliye Vekâleti’nce onaylanan yeni cemiyetler kanununa göre düzenlenen tüzüğünün 2. maddesinde kurumun Reisicumhur İsmet İnönü’nün himayesi altında bulunduğu, 3. maddesinde de Maarif vekilinin bu kurumun fahrî reisi olduğu belirtildi. Atatürk’ten sonra gelen bütün cumhurbaşkanları kurumun koruyucu başkanları kabul edildi. Türk Tarih Kurumu, Bakanlar Kurulu’nun 21 Ekim 1940 tarihli kararnâmesiyle kamu yararına çalışan dernekler arasına alındı.
Kurum 7 Kasım 1982 anayasasının 134. maddesiyle oluşturulan Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu bünyesine tüzel kişiliğe sahip, îtâ âmirliği ve yürütme organı sıfatıyla bu çatı altında yer aldı. Türk Tarih Kurumu’nun amacı hem 1931 yılındaki kuruluş tüzüğünde hem 2876 sayılı kanunda şöyle belirlenmiştir: “Türk tarihini, Türkiye tarihini ve bunlarla ilgili konuları, Türkler’in medeniyete hizmetlerini ilmî yoldan incelemek, araştırmak, tanıtmak, yaymak, bunlara dayanarak Türk tarihini ve Türkiye tarihini yazmak.” Önceleri Türk Ocağı halkevleri binasında hizmet veren kurum 1940’ta Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi’ne, 12 Kasım 1967 tarihinde projesi Turgut Cansever’e ait şu anda bulunduğu binasına taşındı. Bu bina 1980 yılında Uluslararası Ağahan mimari ödülünü almıştır. Kurumda teşkilinden itibaren on iki başkan görev yapmıştır: M. Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu (14 Nisan 1931 – 8 Nisan 1932), Yusuf Akçura (8 Nisan 1932 – 11 Mart 1935), Hasan Cemil Çambel (23 Mart 1935 – 17 Aralık 1941), Mehmet Şemsettin Günaltay (17 Aralık 1941 – 19 Ekim 1961), Şevket Aziz Kansu (28 Nisan 1962 – 21 Nisan 1973), Enver Ziya Karal (21 Nisan 1973 – 18 Ocak 1982), Sedat Alp (16 Nisan 1982 – 17 Ekim 1983), Yaşar Yücel (17 Ekim 1983 – 16 Mart 1992), Neşet Çağatay (başkan vekili, 16 Mart 1992 – 21 Ocak 1993), İbrahim Agâh Çubukçu (başkan vekili, 21 Ocak 1993 – 23 Eylül 1993), Yusuf Halaçoğlu (23 Eylül 1993 – 23 Temmuz 2008), Ali Birinci (1 Ağustos 2008 – 13 Eylül 2011), Bahaeddin Yediyıldız (başkan vekili, 14 Eylül 2011 –)
Türk Tarih Kurumu teşkilinden bu yana otuz dizi halinde 1400 civarında eser yayımlamıştır. Bunlar tıpkıbasımlar, Türk tarihinin kaynakları, kaynakların eleştirmeli baskıları ve arşiv belgeleri, Osmanlı kronikleri, dünya tarihi, Türk tarihinin ana hatları için hazırlanan monografilerle Türk tarihine dair araştırmaların çevirileri, araştırmalar ve doktora çalışmaları, çeşitli bölgelerde sürdürülen kazı sonuçları ve raporlardan meydana gelmektedir. Kurumun yayın organı olan Belleten Türkçe’den başka İngilizce, Almanca ve Fransızca makalelerin de yer aldığı uluslararası bir dergidir (bk. BELLETEN ). Ayrıca 1964 yılında yayımına başlanan Belgeler adlı dergide Türk arşivlerindeki belgeler açıklamalı olarak neşredilmektedir (bk. BELGELER ).
Kurumun kuruluş amaçlarından biri de yeni buluşları ve bilimsel konuları tartışmak üzere toplantılar, kongreler düzenlemektir. Bu toplantı ve kongrelerin en önemlisi Türk tarih kongreleridir. Dünyada kendi alanında en saygın kongreler arasında yer alan Türk tarih kongrelerinin ilki Atatürk’ün direktifiyle 2-11 Temmuz 1932’de yeni Türk tarih tezinin ve tarih eğitiminde izlenecek yolun öğretmenlere anlatılması amacıyla toplanmış, daha sonra uluslararası nitelik kazanmıştır. 1937’den itibaren on altı kongre düzenlenmiş, kongre bildirileri kırk sekiz cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır. Dört yılda bir yapılan bu kongreler dışında birçok konferans, sempozyum ve kongre düzenlenmektedir. Bunların en önemlilerden biri 1994’te gerçekleştirilen Türk Dünyası Tarih Araştırmaları Kongresi’dir.
Türk Tarih Kurumu Arşivi gerek bağış gerekse satın alma yoluyla birçok arşiv malzemesini bünyesinde toplamıştır. Buradaki belgeler Osmanlı Devleti’nin son dönemlerini ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti dönemini kapsamaktadır. Belgelerin yanı sıra Osmanlı ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti dönemlerine ait zengin fotoğraf koleksiyonu, bunun yanında Atatürk’ün cenaze resimleriyle bir Atatürk fotoğraf koleksiyonu vardır. Rıfkı Melül Meriç başkanlığında oluşturulan bir heyetin Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’nda kitâbelerin tesbiti çalışmaları sonuçlandırılmamış olup bunlarla ilgili fişler kurum kütüphanesinde bulunmaktadır. Tarih ve arkeoloji alanında Türkiye’nin en büyük kütüphanesi olan Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi bir ihtisas kütüphanesidir. Değişim, bağış ve satın alma yoluyla kütüphaneye sağlanan yayınlar 260.000 cilde ulaşmıştır. Kütüphaneye 383’ü yurt dışından, 246’sı yurt içinden 629 süreli yayın gelmektedir. Ayrıca yurt dışı ve yurt içindeki çeşitli üniversite, enstitü, yayın kuruluşu ve araştırma merkezleriyle değişim yapılmaktadır.
Kurumda Cumhuriyet’in ilk dönemlerinde Alacahöyük’te başlatılan kazı çalışmaları halen devam etmektedir. Her yıl yaklaşık yirmi-yirmi beş kazıya maddî destek verilmektedir. 1996’da Kırgızistan’ın Tanrı dağlarında Son-Köl’de başlatılan kazı çalışmaları 2000 yılından itibaren Oş bölgesinde sürmüş ve 2004’te tamamlanmıştır. Yine 1997’de Ukrayna’nın Özü Kalesi’nde ve Kırım yarımadasında Akkirman’da kazılar yapılmış, 2002 yılından sonra Güney Sibirya ve Kuzey Moğolistan’da kazı çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Türk Tarih Kurumu yurt dışında birçok kurum ve kuruluşun üyesidir. Bunlardan Uluslararası Akademiler Birliği’nin Türkiye’deki tek üyesi durumundadır. Ayrıca Uluslararası Tarih Bilimleri Komitesi, Uluslararası Askerî Tarih Komisyonu, Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Birliği, Osmanlı Öncesi ve Osmanlı Araştırmaları Uluslararası Komitesi gibi kuruluşların üyesi ve kurucularındandır. Bunların dışında Macaristan, Rusya, Moldova, Azerbaycan, Türkmenistan, Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, İran gibi ülkelerle ikili iş birliği protokolleri yapılmıştır. Türk tarihinin araştırılmasında, özellikle ekip çalışmaları olarak Türkiye’nin sosyal ve kültürel tarihi, yurt dışındaki tarihî Türk eserlerinin tesbiti, başlangıcından günümüze Türk dünyası tarihi, Türk sûfîlik tarihi gibi projeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu projeler çerçevesinde Türk tarihinin en eski yazılı belgeleri olan Çin imparatorluk günlüklerinin Türk tarihiyle ilgili kısımlarının tercümesi yapılmış, bunlardan Çin Kaynaklarında Türkler: Eski Tang Tarihi (2006) ile Han Hanedanlığı Tarihi (2004) basılmıştır. Yine bu proje çerçevesinde Kırgızların Milli Giysileri (2004) ve Kazaklar’da Yaşam Estetiği (2004) neşredilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Uluğ İğdemir, Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılında Türk Tarih Kurumu , Ankara 1973.
Fahri Çoker, Türk Tarih Kurumu: Kuruluş Amacı ve Çalışmaları , Ankara 1983.
2876 Sayılı Atatürk Kültür Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Kanunu , Ankara 1983, md. 53, 54.
“Türk Tarih Heyeti”, TY , sy. 224 (1930), s. 58-59.
Resmî Gazete , sy. 4652, Ankara 5 Teşrînisâni 1940, s. 1.
Âfet İnan, “Atatürk ve Tarih Tezi”, TTK Belleten , III/10 (1948), s. 243-246.
J. M. Landau, “Mad̲j̲maʿ ʿIlmī”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 1099-1100.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 547-549 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.