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TUZLA Skip to content Bosna-Hersek’te tarihî bir şehir.
Ülkenin kuzeydoğusunda Majevica dağının eteklerinde kurulmuştur. Kapsamlı arkeolojik araştırmalar Tuzla’nın Neolitik dönemden itibaren bir yerleşim yeri olduğunu gösterir. Roma idaresi devrinden çok az bir iz kalmıştır. X. yüzyılın ortalarında Konstantinos Porpyhyrogenetos ve XII. yüzyılın ortalarında Pop Dukljanin bölgeyi Soli (Tuzla) diye zikreder. XII. yüzyılda Macarlar tarafından idare edilen Tuzla yöresini Ban (vali) Boriç, Bosna’ya dahil etti. 1253’ten itibaren Macarlar’ın Mačva banlığının bir parçası idi. 1284-1300 yılları arasında Soli dahil Usora bölgesinin doğu bölümü Macar vasalı olan Sırp Kralı Dragutin tarafından yönetildi. Ban II. Stjepan Kotromanić’in idaresi esnasında (1322-1353) Usora ve Soli de Bosna Devleti’nin bir parçası oldu. Burada Bogomiller denilen heretik Bosna kilisesi taraftarlarının erken dönemden itibaren bulunduğu kaynaklarda zikredilir. Onlardan kalma lahit benzeri, süslemeli pek çok mezar taşı bugüne ulaşmıştır. 1340’ta Macar Katolik kilisesi Bogomiller’e karşı bölgeye Fransisken rahipleri yolladı. Bosna ve Drina nehirleri arasındaki topraklarda on Fransisken manastırı inşa edildi. Bunların ikisi Soli’deydi. Manastırlar Osmanlı idaresinin ilk yüzyılında fonksiyonlarını devam ettirdi ve vergi imtiyazı tanındı. Bölgede Tuzla adıyla anılan iki ayrı yerleşim yeri vardı. Bunlardan Donja Tuzla (Aşağı Tuzla) bugünkü Tuzla kasabasıdır; 10 km. uzaklıkta olan diğeri ise Gornja Tuzla (Yukarı Tuzla) adını taşıyordu. Donja Soli ahşap ve kerpiçten yapma bir istihkama sahipti. Burayı 1463’te Osmanlı tarihçisi Neşrî Ağaçhisar diye zikreder. Bosna kralı Ağaçhisar’ı Osmanlılar’ın eline geçmesini önlemek için yaktırmıştır. Tarihî araştırmalarda uzun süre Tuzla’nın Osmanlılar tarafından 1512 yılında ele geçirildiği yazılmıştır. Ancak 872 (1467-68) tarihli Tahrir Defteri ’ndeki kayıtlar (İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet, nr. O. 76) buranın 1474 Nisanından önce Osmanlı idaresine girdiğini gösterir.
884 (1479) tarihli bir mukātaa defterinde (BA, MAD , nr. 176) Donja Tuzla’da yetmiş beş, Gornja Tuzla’da on beş hıristiyan hânesi bulunduğu belirtilir. 1480’de bu iki Tuzla, Macar baskınlarına karşı daha iyi korunması için İzvornik (Zvornik) sancağına dahil edildi. 1479’da tuzlalardan 12.304 akçe sağlanmıştı. 1548 yılında iki tuzlanın geliri on kat artacak ve 129.856 akçeye ulaşacaktır. 1521’de Osmanlılar’ın Belgrad’ı fethinden sonra Doğu Slavonya ve 1526’da Osijek’te (Essek) hâkimiyet kurulunca Tuzla bölgesi sınır olmaktan çıktı ve hızlı biçimde gelişmeye başladı. 1533 tarihli Tahrir Defteri ’nde bölgede İslâmlaşma’nın hızlandığına ve yayıldığına işaret edilir (BA, TD , nr. 173). Osmanlı kayıtlarında Memleha-i Zîr (Aşağı Tuzla) diye geçen Donja Tuzla yedi müslüman, kırk altı hıristiyan, Memleha-i Bâlâ (Yukarı Tuzla) diye geçen Gornja Tuzla 144 müslüman, on hıristiyan hânesinden ibaretti. Müslümanlar tahrir defterlerindeki pek çok örnekte görüldüğü gibi mahallî halktan Bosna asıllılar, büyük bir ihtimalle de vaktiyle Katolikleştirilen gizli Bogomiller idi. 955 (1548) tarihli Tahrir Defteri ’ne göre her iki yerleşim ilginç bir büyüme gösterdi. Aradan geçen on beş yıl içerisinde Donja Tuzla müslümanları yediden 283’e, hıristiyanlar ise kırk altıdan 123 hâneye ulaşmıştı. Gornja Tuzla’nın 144 müslüman hânesi 422’ye çıkmış, hıristiyan hânesi ondan on üçe yükselmişti. Böylece bu sonuncu kasaba % 99’u müslüman olan bir yerleşim yerine dönüşmüştü. Aynı yıllar arasında kasabanın tam merkezindeki Gornja Tuzla Franjevački Samostan Sv. Marije Manastırı bölgenin tamamen müslümanlaşmasıyla kapanmıştı. 1541’de Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın izniyle mahallî Katolik Knez Petar Soić, Gornja ve Donja Tuzla arasındaki Gradovrh tepesine manastırı tekrar yaptırdı. 1683-1699 yıllarında süren uzun savaşlara kadar bu manastır varlığını devam ettirdi. XVI. yüzyılda Donja Tuzla, Gornja Tuzla’nın duraksadığı bir dönemde ilerleme gösterdi ve ana yerleşim merkezi haline geldi. 1533-1548 yılları arasında Donja Tuzla savunma duvarlarıyla güçlendirildi. 981’de (1573) burası bir kadılık merkezi oldu. 1548’de Osmanlı idaresi Tuzla’daki tuz yatakları için bir kanun çıkardı ve bu kanun Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin sonuna kadar yürürlükte kaldı. Buna göre her yıl buradan 400 ile 600 ton tuz elde edilmiştir.
Hamza Bâlî’nin müridlerince yürütülen heretik Hamzaviyye tarikatı faaliyetleri dışında Tuzla bölgesinde tarikat hareketlerine dair çok az şey bilinmektedir. Hamza Bâlî özellikle Tuzla ve civarında faal olup bâtınî fikirlerini yaymaya çalıştı. Daha sonra bir bakıma Hamzaviyye hareketi merkezi haline gelen Gornja Tuzla’da tutuklandı ve İstanbul’da idam edildi (1573). 990’da (1582) çıkan yeni bir Hamzavî isyanı bastırıldı, isyancılardan birkaçı Gornja Tuzla’da idam edildi. Hareket gizli de olsa XVIII. yüzyıla kadar bölgede varlığını sürdürdü. Tuzla, 1555’ten kısa bir süre önce kurulan Üsküp’teki Halvetiyye/Sinâniyye Tekkesi’nin kurucusu olan Şeyh Velî Efendi’nin de memleketidir. Sinâniyye tarikatı Makedonya, Kosova, daha kuzeye Slavonya’ya ve Osmanlı Macaristanı’na Üsküp’ten yayıldı.
1572’den kısa bir süre önce Semendire sancak beyi olan Tur Ali Bey, Donja Tuzla’da bir cami, bir mektep, bir hamam, bir han, bir su sistemi, otuz sekiz dükkânı içeren bir vakıf kurdu ve bu vakfa 300.000 akçe tahsis etti. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında her iki yerleşim birimi büyümeye devam etti. 1600-1604 yıllarında kaleme alınan İzvornik Livâsı Tahriri ’nde (BA, TD , nr. 743) Donja Tuzla’da 373 müslüman ve 133 hıristiyan hânesinin bulunduğu belirtilir (tahminen 2500 kişi). Gonja Tuzla’nın ise neredeyse tamamı müslümandı, cami ve mescidleriyle birlikte on bir mahallesi bulunuyordu. Buradaki hıristiyanlar bir mahalleye toplanmıştı. XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında pek çok Ortodoks hıristiyan Eflak, Tuzla ve civarına yerleşti, bunlar giderek Sırplaştırıldı. Bölgede bilinen en eski Ortodoks kilisesi 1528’de zikredilen Teočak Kalesi’nin yakınındaki Srednj/Rudine köyündeydi. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Ortodoks hıristiyanlar bölgeyi dinî ve kültürel açıdan önemli kılan birkaç manastır yapmıştı (Papraća ilk defa 1547 yılında zikredildi; Tamna 1548 ve 1587 arasında, Ozren 1587 vb.). Bu yapıların mimarilerinde dikkate değer bir Osmanlı etkisi görülür.
1655’te Bosna Katolik papazı Marjan Maravić, Aşağı Tuzla’yı (Salina Inferior) 550 Türk, 250 hıristiyan hânesi ve altı camisi bulunan bir yer olarak tasvir eder. Yukarı Tuzla ise (Salina Superior) 250 müslüman ve hıristiyan hânesi olan, yine altı camisi bulunan bir yerdi. Aşağı Tuzla’daki Saint Peter Manastırı, Tuzla bölgesinin Katolikler’ine hizmet veriyordu; bunlar 700 kişilik bir nüfusu barındıran 160 hâneye sahipti. Tuzla’da 1660-1674 yıllarında Behram Bey Camii diye bilinen Eskicami yanına bir medrese inşa edildi. 1660 yılına ait Osmanlı medrese listesinde Tuzla’da herhangi bir medresenin varlığından söz edilmez. Ancak 1674’te Katolik papazı Olovçiç, Aşağı Tuzla’da Behram Bey Medresesi’nden bahseder; burası II. Dünya Savaşı’na kadar faaliyet göstermiştir. Tuzla 1688’de Ludwig von Baden kumandasındaki Habsburg ordusunun işgaline uğradı. 1688 ve 1690’da iki Fransisken manastırının rahipleri kuzeye kaçtı. Aşağı Tuzla’daki Saint Peter Manastırı 1690’da boşaltıldı. Kısa bir süre sonra tekrar inşa edildi, ancak 1697’de Prens Eugen’in ölümcül saldırısında kesin biçimde ortadan kaldırıldı. Aynı savaş esnasında ve 1699’daki Karlofça Antlaşması’nın ardından Slavonya ve Macaristan’dan göç eden müslüman gruplar Tuzla’nın geniş alanlarına yerleşti.
XVIII. yüzyılda büyüyen güvensizlik ortamı ve 1699 yılından beri Habsburg sınırının emniyetsiz oluşu, devleti tuz yataklarından gelen parayla gelirleri karşılanan ayrı bir askerî bölge (kaptanlık) oluşturmaya sevketti. Aşağı Tuzla palankası taş duvarlarla sağlam bir kale olarak yeniden inşa edildi ve 1758’de inşaat tamamlandı. Tuzla kaptanlığı XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar devam etti. Birkaç kaptana ve onların aile üyelerine ait güzel hatlarla süslenmiş mezar taşları Hâfız Hanumina Camii’nin hazîresinde yer alır (Mujezinović, II, 149). 1833 tarihli bir raporda yirmi dört adet top mermisinin bulunduğu Tuzla Kalesi’nin iyi durumda olduğu bildirilmiştir. XVIII. yüzyılın ilk yıllarında Tuzla, Hacı Bacı Kadın adını taşıyan ve 1907’ye kadar faal olan ikinci bir medreseye kavuştu. Osmanlı dönemine ait camiler arasında Hacı Hasan Camii, Hâfız Hanumina Camii (Jalska Džamija) ve Sagrdijan Camii XIX. yüzyılda restore edilen camilerdir.
1842’de Frano Jukić, Aşağı Tuzla’yı bir “müsellim paşa”nın, müftü ve kadının ikamet ettiği yer şeklinde tasvir eder. Burası 6000 kişilik nüfusu, on iki camisi, canlı ticareti ve el sanatlarıyla öne çıktı. Kasabanın sadece kırk Katolik ve Ortodoks hıristiyan hânesi vardı, bu durumda müslümanların oranı % 96’nın üzerindeydi. Yukarı Tuzla’nın 150 müslüman hânesi ve üç camisi bulunmaktaydı. 1851-1852 sayımlarına göre Yukarı ve Aşağı nahiyeleriyle birlikte Tuzla 4020 müslüman ve 1123 hıristiyan hânesine, toplamda 12.985 müslüman erkek ve 4336 hıristiyan erkek nüfusa sahipti. Hâne sayısına göre yapılan hesaba göre nüfusun % 78’i, erkek nüfus sayısı üzerine yapılan hesaplamada nüfusun % 75’i müslüman çıkmaktaydı, çünkü hıristiyan aileleri müslüman ailelerine göre daha kalabalıktı. 1855’te Tuzla bir yangın sonucu hemen hemen tamamen yandı. 1871 Eylülünde Tuzla’nın bütün pazar bölgesi yakıldı. Hâlâ ayakta kalan on tarihî camisi, geç Osmanlı dönemi ve Avusturya işgali zamanında yapılan yenileme çalışmalarının bir ürünüdür. Avusturyalılar’ın idaresi altında gerçekleştirilen yenileme çalışmaları, yeni idarenin Osmanlılar’dan farklı olduğunu göstermek için Kuzey Afrika mimarisi tarzında gerçekleştirildi. Geç dönem Osmanlı idaresi zamanında XX. yüzyılın ilk yarısına kadar Tuzla’da ayrıca küçük bir yahudi cemaati mevcuttu.
Berlin Antlaşması’ndan sonra 1878 Ağustosunda Avusturya güçleri şiddetli çatışmaların ardından Tuzla’yı işgal etti. Avusturya dönemi yeni bir gelişmeye yol açmadı. 1885’ten itibaren şehir demiryolları ile Orta Avrupa’dan Saraybosna’ya, yan bir yolla İzvornik’e bağlandı. Eski kale 1896’da yıkıldı, yerine modern otellerin yapıldığı yeni bir şehir merkezi kuruldu. Büyük linyit madeni, amonyak ve mavi ispirto fabrikaları bir endüstri merkezi olarak Tuzla’nın gelişimine katkıda bulundu. 1913’te nüfus 12.400’e çıktı. Avusturya döneminde gösterişli kiliseleriyle Katolik Hırvat cemaati güçlendi. Aynı dönemde Fransisken rahipleri de şehre döndü ve günümüzde hâlâ ayakta duran yeni bir manastır inşa etti. Eski Yugoslavya Krallığı zamanında büyük değişiklikler görülmedi; bununla birlikte 1948’deki yıkıcı bir savaştan sonra Tuzla her şeye rağmen 22.730 nüfusa sahipti.
II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Tuzla ve civarı tekrar büyük gelişme kaydetti. 1948 sayımları şehrin ve altmış beş köyün toplam nüfusunu 49.821 olarak kaydeder. 1991 sayımı % 48’i müslüman olan 131.618 kişilik bir nüfus gösterir. Şehrin 1961’de nüfusu 41.450, 1991’de 83.770 olup bu rakamın % 53’ü müslüman, % 16’sı Sırp ve % 7’si Hırvat, geri kalanı karışık evlilikten doğanlardan oluşmaktaydı. Bosna savaşı esnasında (1991-1995) şehir herhangi bir milliyetçi grup tarafından işgal edilmedi, Bosna’nın diğer bölgelerinden daha az hasara uğradı ve savaş sırasında müslüman güçlerin elinde kaldı. Savaş süresince ve daha sonra pek çok Sırp şehri terkederken mülteciler buraya akın etti. 1991’de şehrin 83.770 kişilik nüfusu vardı. Bu nüfus 2004 yılı tahminlerine göre 123.500’e yükselmiştir. Tuzla şehri banliyöleriyle birlikte günümüzde yaklaşık üçte ikisi müslüman olan 170.000 kişinin üzerinde bir nüfusu barındırmaktadır. Sahip olduğu camileri ve çeşitli hıristiyan cemaatlerine ait kiliseleriyle beraber şehir nüfusunun çok dinli, çok ırklı görünümü hâlâ devam etmektedir. Yukarı Tuzla bir gelişme kaydetmedi. 1991’de % 92’si müslüman olan sadece 3237 kişilik bir nüfusu bulunmaktaydı. Bugünlerde Tuzla’nın eski şehir merkezi geç XIX. yüzyıl manzarasını korumuştur; bazı sokak adları da Zlatarska (kuyumcular), Kazandijka gibi Osmanlı esnafını hatırlatmaktadır. XVII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Tuzla’dan iki şair çıkmıştır. Bunlar Tuzla müftüsü şair Sâlih Efendi Sabaviye ile Türkçe ve Farsça şiirler yazan Nabiye Tuzlak ve daha önemlisi Bosna edebiyatının en iyi “alhamijado”su ve yazdığı Türkçe-Boşnakça Makbûl-i Ârif (Potur Šahidija) adlı sözlüğüyle tanınan Muhammed Hevaî Üskûfî’dir (ö. 1651).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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M. Filipović, “Propast Franjeva manastire Gradovrha kod Tuzle”, a.e. , IV (1960), s. 89-94.
Alija A. Sadiković, “Hadži-Badže Kadun Medrese u Tuzli”, Anali GHB , XVII-XVIII (1996), s. 357-368.
Omer Nakičević, “Gornjo Tuzlanski Protokol”, a.e. , XXXI (2010), s. 65-83.
Nihat Azamat, “Hamza Bâlî”, DİA , XV, 503-505.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 453-455 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.