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URQUHART, David Skip to content (1805-1877)
Türkler’le ilgili eserleriyle tanınan İngiliz gazetecisi, yazar ve diplomat.
İngiltere’nin Cromraty şehrinde doğdu. Babasının ölümü üzerine annesi tarafından İsviçre’ye götürüldü. Cenevre’de Fransız askerî okulunda okudu. İngiltere’ye dönünce Wolwich tophânesinde silâh tekniği öğrendi. Oxford Üniversitesi’nden dersler aldı ve 1827’de Yunan bağımsızlık savaşına katıldı. Londra’ya gidişinde başarılarından dolayı İngiltere Kralı IV. William tarafından kabul edildi. 1831’de İstanbul’a elçi tayin edilen Sir Stratfor Canning ile birlikte elçilik görevlisi olarak İstanbul’a gönderildi. Ertesi yıl Londra’ya geri döndü. 1833’te İngiltere için ticarî imkânlar araştırmak üzere Doğu ülkelerine seyahate çıktı. Bütün Osmanlı ülkesini ve diğer yerleri dolaştı; ardından Osmanlı Devleti’nin ekonomik potansiyelini ortaya koyan Turkey and it’s Resources adlı eserini yayımladı (London 1833). Urquhart, Yunan bağımsızlık hareketi dolayısıyla karşılaştığı Türkler’i elçilikteki görevi ve seyahatleri esnasında daha yakından tanıma fırsatı buldu. Türkler’in İslâmiyet potasında oluşturdukları medeniyete hayran kaldı ve bu arada İslâmiyet’e iyice merak sardı. 1833’te yazdığı “Islâm as a Political System” başlıklı kitap hacmindeki makalesinde Hıristiyanlığın sosyal hayattaki tesiriyle İslâmiyet’in bu fonksiyonunun kıyas bile kabul etmeyeceğini belirtmişti. Makalesinde ayrıca İslâmiyet’in hem ruhanî hem cismanî olduğunu, âhiret hayatı ile beraber insanların dünyevî hayatını da her kademede düzenleyen bir siyasî sisteme sahip bulunduğunu ortaya koyuyordu.
1834’te İstanbul’a gelen Urquhart, Mısır yönetimiyle başı dertte olan Osmanlı idaresine İngiliz ve Fransız yöneticilerinin muhalefetine rağmen destek verdi. Bunun üzerine İngiltere Dışişleri Bakanı Lord Palmerstone, bu sırada İstanbul’daki İngiliz elçisi Lord Ponsonby vasıtasıyla Urquhart’ı Bâbıâli’ye sınır dışı ettirdi. Londra’ya gidince England, France, Russia and Turkey isimli kitabını yayımladı (London 1835). Bu kitabında, o günkü dünya güç dengesini değerlendirmekle beraber İngiliz idarecilerinin gafleti yüzünden Rusya’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne, dolayısıyla Avrupa’ya hükmedeceğine işaret etti. Bu tarihten itibaren Rusya’yı sürekli bir tehlike olarak gören Urquhart, bu konuda Dışişleri Bakanı Lord Palmerstone’a söz geçiremeyeceğini anladığından 1835 yılında kurulan Portfolio adlı haftalık gazetede dış politika yazıları yazmaya başladı. 1836’da bir defa daha İstanbul elçiliği genel sekreterliğine tayin edilince Portfolio kapandı; ancak 1843’te tekrar yayıma başladı ve 1845 yılına kadar devam etti. Bu gazetede Urquhart, özellikle 1838 İngiliz-Türk Ticaret Antlaşması’yla ilgili olarak Lord Palmerstone’u hedef alan ve onu Ruslar’a yardım etmekle suçlayan yazılar yazdı. 1837’de elçilik genel sekreterliğinden ayrılıp Londra’ya döndü. 1838’de yaklaşık 1000 sayfa hacmindeki The Spirit of the East adlı iki ciltlik eserini yayımladı. Bu eser o güne kadar müslüman Doğu ve özellikle Türkler’le ilgili olarak yazılanlardan çok farklı bir özellik taşıyordu. Müellif Osmanlı Türkleri arasında ruh ve fazilet planında yaşanan bir hayattan, dürüstlükten, hoşgörüden, âdil idareden, misafirperverlikten, kadına olan saygıdan ve bütün bunlarla ilgili Batı’daki imajın yanlışlığından söz ediyordu. Onun bu eseri özellikle Avrupa’da yankılar uyandırmıştır.
1847’de girdiği parlamentoda 1852 yılına kadar milletvekilliği süresince Türkler’in menfaatlerini savunan Urquhart, 1850’de Pillars of Hercules adlı kitabını yayımladı, bunun büyük bir bölümünü “Turkish Bath”a (Türk hamamı) ayırdı. Avrupalılar’ın temiz olmadıklarını söyleyen yazar onların Türkler gibi temizlikle ilgili kurumlardan da yoksun bulunduğunu belirtti. Kitap Avrupa’da ve özellikle İngiltere’de “Turkish Bath Movement” isimli bir kampanyanın başlatılmasına yol açtı. Bu kampanyaya her kesimden insan katıldı. Başta Londra olmak üzere İngiltere’nin birçok şehrinde Türk hamamları inşa edildi. Birçok belediye başkanı Sultan Abdülaziz’e mektup yazarak hamam inşası konusunda uzman istedi. “Turkish Bath” 1856’da Londra’da kitap şeklinde basıldı.
Urquhart, Kırım savaşının ardından Avrupalı devletlerin Osmanlı sultanına yayımlattıkları Islahat Fermanı’nın haksız bir baskının sonucunda ortaya çıktığını ve bu fermanın hıristiyanları müslümanlardan daha ayrıcalıklı duruma getirdiğini ileri sürdü. 1856 yılında Foreign Affairs Committee isimli bir cemiyet kurdu. Bu cemiyetin başlıca amacı Avrupa’nın el birliğiyle reform, ıslahat gibi bahanelerle düzenini bozduğu Osmanlı Devleti’nin milletlerarası alanda haklarını savunmak ve Rusya’nın bu devlet üzerindeki emelleri konusunda resmî makamları uyarmaktı. Free Press bu cemiyetin yayın organı olarak 1855’te yayımlanmaya başlandı. Free Press , Turkish Bath Movement’i bizzat koordine etti ve gelişmelere sütunlarında yer verdi. Foreign Affairs Committee’lerin sayısı 1876’da yirmi bire ulaştı. İskoçya’dan Brighton’a kadar ülkeyi baştan başa saran bu cemiyetlerin fikir babası Urquhart’tı. Free Press , 1866 yılından itibaren Diplomatic Review adıyla yine bu cemiyetlerin yayın organı şeklinde çıkmaya başladı. Bu yayın da Free Press gibi Türkler’i Avrupalılar’a fazilet timsali bir millet olarak takdim ediyordu. Ayrıca Batılılar’ın Osmanlı ülkesinde yaptırmaya çalıştığı reformlar, dış borçlar ve Rus tehlikesi gibi konularda Sultan Abdülaziz, Fuad Paşa ve diğer Osmanlı yöneticilerine yazdığı mektupları burada yayımladı. Özellikle Osmanlılar’ın Avrupalılar’dan aldığı borçların onları batıracağı, dış borç alınmasına son verilmesi, mevcut borçların faizlerinin silinmesi için çalışmaları gerektiğine dair New Castle Foreign Affairs Committee’nin başkanı Mr. Crawshay’a yazdığı iki uzun mektup hem Diplomatic Review ’da yayımlandı, hem de 1867-1876 yılları arasında yurda dönüşüne kadar yakın irtibatta bulunduğu Ali Suâvi tarafından Türkçe’ye tercüme edilerek 1875’te Paris’te kitapçık halinde basıldı.
David Urquhart, Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın Sultan Abdülaziz’e 1867’de Avrupa’dan gönderdiği mektuba sert tepki gösterdi. Onun mektupta en çok tepki gösterdiği husus sultana paşa tarafından teklif edilen laikliktir (Diplomatic Review , April 3, 1867 s. 53-54). 1866 yılında başlayan Girit İsyanı esnasında Fuad Paşa’ya yazdığı mektupta Hz. Peygamber’in, “Ne zulmediniz ne de kendinize zulmettiriniz” hadisiyle söze başlar ve Osmanlı yönetiminin isyancılara ve kışkırtıcı yabancılara karşı takındığı yumuşak tavrı tenkit eder (Diplomatic Review , [April 7. 1869], s. 60-62). 1875’te Bulgar İsyanı ve ardından Hersek’te çıkan ayaklanmalar üzerine Montrö’de rahatsızlığına rağmen hanımı ile beraber kaleme aldıkları yazılarla Osmanlılar’ı savunmayı sürdüren Urquhart, gerek eserlerinde gerekse makalelerinde Osmanlı ülkesinde ezilen sınıfın hıristiyanlar değil müslümanlar olduğunu ileri sürdü. Şark meselesinin Rusya tarafından ortaya atılmış suni bir iddia mahiyeti taşıdığını, yalnız Rusya’nın emellerine hizmet ettiğini ısrarla vurguladı. Sultana yazdığı mektuplarda Osmanlılar için tek çözümün bütün dış müdahaleleri reddedip kendine güvenmek ve şer‘î yönetimden ayrılmamak olduğunu ifade etti. Hatta 1876’da Butler Johnstone vasıtasıyla sultana ulaştırılmak üzere yirmi bir Foreign Affairs Committee başkanının imzaladığı bir mektupta, “Sizin selâmetiniz ancak size Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’le indirilen hükümlere tamamen bağlı kalmanızdadır” deniyordu (Public Record Office, FO, nr. 78/2454). Onun bu görüşlerini Foreign Affairs Committee mensupları, daha 1867’de Sultan Abdülaziz’in Londra ziyareti esnasında Buckingham Palace’ta sultana verdikleri bir brifingde arzetmişlerdi. Sultana yapılan hitabe daha sonra Diplomatic Review ’da karşılıklı sütunların birinde Fransızca, birinde Türkçe olarak yayımlandı (4th September 1867, s. 1-2). Rahatsızlığından dolayı 1864 yılından itibaren İsviçre’de Montrö’de oturan ve zaman zaman İngiltere’ye giden Urquhart 1877’de Napoli’de öldü, cenazesi Montrö’de toprağa verildi. Urquhart, İngiliz tarihinde “döneminin en meşhur Türk dostu” ifadesiyle yerini almıştır (National Register of Archives , nr. 26573). Ardında yüzlerce kitap, binlerce makale, mektup bırakan Urquhart’ın şahsî evrakları British Museum Elyazmaları Bölümü ile Kuzey Londra’daki History of Medicine Museum’da bulunmaktadır.
Başlıca Eserleri. Turkey and it’s Resources (London 1833; Fransızca trc., Paris 1836), England, France, Russia and Turkey (London 1834), The Spirit of the East (I-II; London 1838, Almanca trc., Stuttgart 1839), Pillars of Hercules (London 1850), The Mystery of Danube (London 1851), The Occupation of Crimea (London 1854), The Turkish Bath (London 1856), The English-Turkish Treaty of 1838 (London 1859), The Military Strength of Turkey (London 1868), The Foreign Affairs Committee and the Sultan (London 1875), Le sultan et le pasha d’Egypte (Paris 1839).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ali Suâvi, David Urquhart Efendi’nin Bu Kere Umûr-ı Ecnebiyye Komitelerinden New Castle Cemiyetinin Reisi Mister Crawshay’a Yazdığı Tahrîr-i Nesâyih-âyâtın Kendi Kalemiyle Olan İngilizce Aslından Lisân-ı Osmânî’ye Tercümesi , Paris 1875.
Huzûr-ı Şevket-Mevfûr-ı Padişahî’ye, İngiltere Umûr-ı Ecnebiyye Komiteleri Canibinden Seksen Dört Buçuk Milyon Liralık Hakk-ı Düyûn Lâyihasını Kabul Niyazıyla Arzuhal , Paris 1876.
R. Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876 , Princeton 1963, tür.yer.
Şerif Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought , Princeton 1962, tür.yer.
Abdurrahman Âdil, “Osmanlı Türklerinde İnkılabât-ı Fikriyye”, Hâdisât-ı Hukūkiyye ve Târihiyye , 1/10, İstanbul 1341, s. 129-132.
Portfolio (gazete) koleksiyonları (1835, 1843-1845), London.
Free Press (gazete) koleksiyonları (1955-1866), London.
Sadakat Gazetesi , nr. 73-74 (2-3 Şubat 1877).
Basiret Gazetesi , nr. 2114, 23 Cemâziyelevvel 1294 (16 Mayıs 1877).
Diplomatic Review , gazete koleksiyonları: London 1866-77.
Morning Advertiser , gazete koleksiyonları: London 1890.
National Register of Archives , nr. 26573, London.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 180-181 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.