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URÛZ Skip to content Altın ve gümüş para dışında kalan mal türlerini ifade eden fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “genişlik; dağ, bulut” anlamlarındaki arz kelimesinin çoğuludur (Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “ʿarż” md.; Tehẕîbü’l-luġa , I, 457). Bunun yanında arz dirhem ve dinarın (altın ve gümüş para) dışındaki malları ifade eder (İbn Fâris, Muʿcemü meḳāyîsi’l-luġa , “ʿarż” md.; Tehẕîbü’l-luġa , I, 455). Cevherî’nin kendisinden sonra birçok lugatta tekrarlanan arz tarifi şöyledir: “Arz metâdır; dirhemlerin ve dinarların dışındaki her şey arzdır, bu ikisi ise ayndır.” Buna bağlı olarak birçok klasik lugatta arz kelimesi karşılığında metâ (çoğulu emtia ) kullanılır. Para dışındaki diğer malları ifade etmesi bakımından arz ile eş anlamlı gösterilen metâ sözlüklerde çoğunlukla “kendisinden faydalanılan her nesne” (Feyyûmî, el-Miṣbâḥu’l-münîr , “mtʿa” md.) ya da “ticarete konu olan ve kendisinden faydalanılan yiyecek maddesi, elbise ve ev eşyası gibi mallar” diye tanımlanır (bk. MET ). Bazı klasik sözlüklerde arz kelimesinin yukarıdaki kapsamını daraltan ikinci bir tanımı daha vardır. Ebû Ubeyd’e atfedilen bu tanıma göre arz “hacim ölçeği (keyl) ve ağırlık ölçeği (vezn) altına girmeyen hayvan ve akardan başka metâ”dır (Cevherî, eṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ , “ʿarż” md.).
Klasik lugatlardan anlaşıldığına göre mallar öncelikle altın ve gümüş para ile (nakd) bunun karşısında diğer malları ifade eden arz ya da metâ şeklinde ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Nakd kelimesini karşılamak üzere “cevher” anlamına gelecek şekilde “ayn” kelimesi de kullanıldığı için (Cevherî, eṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ , “ʿarż” md.) gerek klasik lugatlarda gerekse fıkıh literatüründe nakd-arz ayırımı ayn-arz ayırımı şeklinde de belirtilir (Hattâb, VI, 9). Bu ayırıma göre altın ve gümüş para maddî varlıkları yönüyle değerli maden oldukları gibi para birimi ve diğer malların değerinin bu ikisiyle ölçülmesi yönüyle de cevher niteliğindedir. Bu şekilde âdeta ayn-menfaat ya da ayn-deyn ayırımlarının arkasında bulunan cevher-araz ayırımının farklı bir bakış açısıyla da olsa malların ayn-arz şeklinde ikiye ayrılmasında esas alındığı söylenebilir.
Lugatlarda arz kelimesiyle birlikte kendisine anlam ve lafız bakımından benzeyen “araz” kelimesi de yer alır. Buna göre araz sözlük ve bazı bilim dallarındaki teknik anlamlarının yanı sıra malla ilgili olarak “dünyanın bütün metâı, geçici dünya malı, dünyalık, az ya da çok olsun dünyadaki payından insana düşen hisse” mânalarına gelir (İbn Fâris, Muʿcemü meḳāyîsi’l-luġa , “ʿarż” md.; İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “ʿarż” md.) ve genelde ahlâkî-tasavvufî bağlamda kullanılır. Nitekim Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de beş yerde geçen araz kelimesi (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ʿarż” md.) “geçici dünya malı ya da basit yollarla elde edilen fayda” anlamı taşır (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ʿarż” md.). Arazın bu anlamlarda kullanılışına hadislerde de sıkça rastlanır (meselâ bk. Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-vaḥy”, 15; Müslim, “Îmân”, 186, “Zekât”, 120). Ayrıca klasik lugatlarda yer alan “her arzın bir araz olduğu, ancak her arazın bir arz olmadığı” ifadesi de (Tehẕîbü’l-luġa , I, 455) arazın altın ve gümüş para dahil bütün malları içine alması sebebiyle kapsam yönünden arzdan daha geniş olduğunu vurgulamayı amaçlar. Öte yandan arz gibi arazın çoğulunun da urûz gelmesi sebebiyle iki terim zaman zaman birbirine karıştırılmaktaysa da fıkıhta kullanılan urûz kelimesinin tekilinin arz olduğunda ittifak vardır; arzın aksine araz fıkıh literatüründe malların bir türünü gösteren terim şeklinde yer almaz.
Arz kelimesinin fıkıhtaki terim anlamı esas itibariyle klasik sözlüklerde belirtilen lugat mânasının dışına çıkmaz. Bir yoruma göre arz ism-i mef‘ûl (ma‘rûz) anlamında, yani “çarşıda pazarda satışa arzedilen şey” mânasında masdar-isimdir (Buhûtî, Şerḥu Müntehe’l-irâdât , II, 270). Fıkıhçıların kullanımında da arz ilk planda altın ve gümüş paranın dışındaki bütün mallardır. Bu anlamıyla geniş bir kapsama sahiptir. Ancak terimin klasik fıkıh literatüründeki kullanımları incelendiğinde kelimenin kapsamının her zaman bu kadar geniş olmadığı, bağlama göre çoğunlukla daha dar ve farklı kapsamlarda kullanıldığı görülür. Buna göre urûz standart tek bir anlam taşımayıp kelimenin kapsamı bakımından geniş, orta ve dar anlamlarından bahsedilebilir.
Urûzun geniş anlamı sözlüklerde en çok yer alan altın ve gümüş para dışındaki bütün mallardır (Ebü’l-Bekā, s. 624). Fukaha çoğunlukla arz/urûzdan bu anlamı kasteder. Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme arzı tanımlarken, “Değişik türleriyle birlikte semenlerin dışındaki bütün mallardır, hayvanlar, akar, elbiseler gibi” diyerek (el-Muġnî , II, 623) kelimenin bu geniş anlamını tekrar eder. Özellikle nakit niteliğinde olan mallarla olmayanlar birbirinden ayrılmak istendiğinde urûz geniş anlamında kullanılmakta ve diğer bütün malları ifade eden bir terim haline gelmektedir. Mecelle ’nin, para olarak kullanılmayan altın ve gümüşün urûz kategorisinde yer aldığının belirtildiği 1334. maddesinde arz geniş anlamındadır. Yine Mecelle ’nin 447, 1338, 1340 ve 1544. maddelerinde de urûz kelimesinin bu anlamda kullanıldığı söylenebilir. Urûzun orta kapsamlı anlamı altın ve gümüş para ile birlikte hayvan ve akar dışındaki mallardır. Bu anlam seviyesinde arz lafzı keylî ve veznî türden mislî malları da içerecek şekilde kıyemî ve mislî pek çok mala şâmil olur (Ali Haydar, I, 231). Mecelle ’nin 165 ve 421. maddelerinde bu anlamda kullanılmıştır (a.g.e. , I, 248). Para dışındaki mallar bu şekilde akar, hayvan ve urûz diye üç gruba ayrılmaktadır. Ancak urûz kelimesinin bu kapsamda kullanımının diğer iki kullanıma göre daha az olduğu görülmektedir. Urûzun dar anlamı ise Mecelle ’de yer alan (md. 131) urûz tanımıdır: “Urûz arzın cem‘i olup nukūd ve hayavanattan ve mekîlât ve mevzûnattan başka olan metâ ve kumaş emsali şeylerdir.” Ali Haydar maddenin şerhinde akarı da ekleyerek onu urûz dışında tutmuş ve urûza şöyle bir örnek vermiştir: “Meselâ masa, sandalye, kitap, elbise, yorgan, yatak ve emsali şeylerdir” (a.g.e. , I, 230). Bu tanım Ebû Ubeyd’in yukarıda aktarılan arz tanımına uygundur. Dar anlamıyla arz kelimesinin kendisinden faydalanılması kullanılmasıyla gerçekleşen malları içerdiği, diğer bir ifadeyle tüketilerek yararlanılmaktan ziyade kullanılarak yararlanılan malları ifade ettiği görülür. Bu mallar, insanların ihtiyaçlarını doğrudan karşılayan nisbeten dayanıklı ve çoğunlukla insan yapımı ve üretimi mallardır. Üretimine insanların el emeğinin doğrudan katkısı bulunmayan arazi, hayvanlar gibi mallarla para ve gıda maddeleri gibi bir defa kullanıldığında tüketilen malların ise urûz kapsamı dışında kaldığı görülür. Mecelle ’nin 465. maddesinde urûz bu anlamdadır.
Urûz kelimesi fıkıh literatüründe özellikle zekât konusunda “urûzu’t-ticâre, arzu’t-ticâre” şeklinde kullanıldığında hayvanları da içine alacak şekilde zekât verilmesi gereken ticaret mallarını ifade eder. Bu sebeple bazı İslâm hukukçuları urûzu zekât bağlamında tanımlarken hayvan vb. malları dışarıda bırakan Ebû Ubeyd’in tanımının bu konularda geçerli sayılmadığını belirtir (İbnü’l-Hümâm, II, 218). Fıkıh literatüründe arz ve metâ kelimeleriyle birlikte bunlara yakın ya da eş anlamda kullanılan “sil‘a” (çoğulu sila‘) kelimesi de vardır. Klasik sözlüklerde sil‘a bazan metâ kelimesiyle karşılanır, bazan da “ticarete konu olan mal” şeklinde tarif edilir (Cevherî, eṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ , “slʿa” md.). Sil‘anın birçok bakımdan urûzla eş anlamlı olarak ilk planda nakit dışındaki nesneleri belirtmek için metâ kelimesinden daha yaygın biçimde kullanıldığı ve arz-semen (nakd) kavram ikilisinin bu anlamda sil‘a-semen ikilisi şeklinde de ifade edildiği görülür. Öte yandan bir malın urûz kategorisinde yer almasına bağlanan birtakım hükümler ve sonuçlar vardır. Bunların en önemlisi urûzun nakit ve semenle ilgili hükümlerin dışında tutulmasıdır. Meselâ bazı akidlerin konusunun nakit (para) olması şarttır ve geniş anlamıyla urûz bu akidlere konu teşkil etmez. Şirket akdi böyle olup Mecelle ’de yer aldığı üzere, “Sermayenin nukud kabilinden olması şarttır” (md. 1338); “Urûz ve akar gibi nukūddan ma‘dûd olmayan emval üzerine akd-i şirket sahih olmaz” (md. 1342).
Altın ve gümüş fıkıh literatüründe esas itibariyle para ve nakit olarak değerlendirilmekle birlikte bazı durumlarda altın ve gümüşün de urûz kategorisinde yer alması mümkündür. Hanefî doktrininde kabul edilen ilkeye göre para olarak basılmış altın ve gümüş sürekli biçimde ve başka bir şarta gerek kalmadan doğrudan para niteliğindedir. Ancak para olarak basılanın dışındaki altın ve gümüşün para niteliği kazanması için örfen piyasada para şeklinde kullanılması gerekir. Eğer böyle bir örf teşekkül etmemişse bu durumda bunlar en azından belirli işlemler açısından urûzdur. “Meskûk olmayan altun ve gümüş ile muamele beyne’n-nâs örf ve âdet ise bunlar dahi nukūd hükmünde olurlar, değilse urûz hükmündedirler” (Mecelle , md. 1340). Bunun aksine bakırdan basılmış paraların bazı hükümler açısından nakit hükmünde olup olmadığı tartışılsa da Mecelle ’de bunları semen/nakit hükmünde kabul eden görüş benimsenmiştir (md. 1339).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Fîrûzâbâdî, el-Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ , “ʿarż” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf (Dahrûc) , II, 1172.
Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , II, 203, 207; VII, 116, 147; XI, 101; XII, 127; XIII, 121, 125, 126.
Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , Beyrut 1405, II, 623.
İbnü’l-Hümâm, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , II, 218.
Hattâb, Mevâhibü’l-celîl (nşr. Zekeriyyâ Umeyrât), Beyrut 1995, VI, 9, 173-174.
Buhûtî, Keşşafü’l-ḳınâʿ (nşr. M. Emîn ed-Dannâvî), Beyrut 1417/1997, II, 69-70.
a.mlf., Şerḥu Müntehe’l-irâdât (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî), Beyrut 2000, II, 270.
Ebü’l-Bekā, el-Külliyyât , s. 598-599, 624-625.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , II, 298.
Mecelle , md. 274, 534, 998, 1141, 1358, 1409.
Ali Haydar, Dürerü’l-hükkâm , İstanbul 1330, I, 230, 231, 247, 248.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 181-183 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.