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VA‘D ve VAÎD Skip to content Mu‘tezile’nin beş temel prensibinden (usûl-i hamse) biri.
Sözlükte “ileride gerçekleştirilecek bir şeye dair söz vermek” anlamındaki va‘d ve vaîd masdar olarak, ayrıca isim şeklinde kullanılır. Gerçekleştirilecek şeyin niteliği belirtilmeden kullanıldığında va‘d “iyilik”, vaîd ise “kötülük ve ceza” mânasına gelir. Hâricîler ve Mu‘tezile’ye büyük günah işleyenin ebediyen cehennemde kalacağını ileri sürmeleri sebebiyle vaîdiyye veya ashâbü’l-vaîd denilmiştir. Va‘d kavramı Kur’an’da 100’ü aşkın âyette geçmekte, bunlardan fiil kalıplarında bulunanlarla elliye yakın yerde va‘d kelimesi bazan “müjde”, bazan “azap” mânasını ifade etmekte, altı âyetteki vaîd ise “azap” anlamında kullanılmaktadır (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “vʿad” md.; Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “vʿad” md.). Va‘d ve vaîd, A. J. Wensinck’in el-Muʿcem ’inde (“vʿad” md.) Kütüb-i Sitte ’den yapılan nakillerde Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’dekine benzer anlamlara gelmektedir.
Va‘d ve vaîdi daha önce Hâricîler ile Mürcie tartışma konusu yapmıştır. Bu esas, Mu‘tezile’de Vâsıl b. Atâ ve Amr b. Ubeyd tarafından büyük günah işleyenin âhiretteki durumuyla ilgili tartışmalarda dolaylı biçimde ele alınmışsa da mürtekib-i kebîreye yönelik âyetlerin yorumu sırasında Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın va‘d ve vaîdinden dönüp dönmeyeceği hususunun beş esas arasına girmesi -yazdığı eserlerin adlarından hareketle- ilk defa Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf ile gündeme gelmiştir. Kebîre meselesi çerçevesinde incelenen vaîd konusu Mu‘tezile açısından bakıldığında, büyük günah işleyen müminin imanla küfür arasında bir yerde bulunduğu hükmünün verilmesi münasebetiyle tartışma alanına girmiştir. Kādî Abdülcebbâr’a göre va‘d, bir kimsenin hak etsin veya etmesin gelecekte fayda göreceğini veya zarardan kurtulacağını bildiren haberdir. Vaad edilen şey iyi olacağı gibi kötü de olabilir. Vaîd ise birine hak etsin veya etmesin gelecekte zarar göreceğini ya da faydadan yoksun kalacağını bildiren haberdir (Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 134-135). Bahis konusu fayda veya zarar sözle gerçekleşirse va‘d veya vaîd kapsamına girmez. Kelâm literatüründe va‘d Allah’ın, emir ve yasaklarına uyan kimseyi mükâfatlandıracağını bildirmesi, vaîd ise bunlara uymayan ve bazı günahlar işleyenleri ebedî bir ceza ile uyarmasıdır. Konuyla ilgili tartışmaların siyaset ve kelâm açısından iki önemli boyutu vardır. Emevî ve Hâşimî soyu arasındaki iktidar mücadelesi Hz. Osman döneminden itibaren alevlenmiş ve ardından iç savaşa dönüşmüştür. Toplumu derinden etkileyen bu hadisede müslüman olarak ölen, öldürülen ve büyük günah işlemiş olanların dünyada ve âhiretteki durumu tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Hâricîler Hz. Osman, Ali ve taraftarlarının büyük günah işlediklerini, bu sebeple küfre düştüklerini, tövbe etmeden öldükleri takdirde ebedî azapla cezalandırılacaklarını ileri sürmüş, vaîd konusundaki bu katı görüşleri dolayısıyla başta Ezârika olmak üzere vaîdiyye diye anılmışlardır (Şehristânî, I, 114, 115, 121, 122, 131). Bunların yanında Mu‘tezile ve diğer fırkalardan aynı görüşü savunanlara da vaîdiyye veya ashâbü’l-vaîd denilmiştir.
Va‘d ve vaîdin kelâm boyutuna gelince müslümanlar, Kur’an’daki va‘d ve vaîd beyanlarından hareketle Allah’ın inananlara yaptığı vaadler dolayısıyla kendilerini cennet ehli, küfür ve şirke düşenlere yöneltilen ebedî azap tehdidi sebebiyle de kâfirleri cehennem ehli olarak görüyorlardı. Hâricîler’in büyük günah işleyen kimseyi kâfir diye nitelendirip cehennemlik kabul etmesinden sonra Kur’an’da kâfirlere yönelik vaîd âyetlerinin kapsamına müminlerin de gireceği iddia edilmiştir. Daha sonraki tartışmalar va‘d ve vaîd âyetlerinde görülen mükâfat ve tehdidin kapsamı üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Vaîdiyye, kebîre işleyenin cehennemde ebedî azap görme tehdidini hak ettiği için mümin sayılamayacağını ileri sürmüştür (Bedreddin er-Râzî, s. 50-53). Mürcie ise büyük günah işleyen kimsenin cennetlik veya cehennemlik sayılacağı hususunda herhangi bir hüküm vermeyip böylesinin durumunu kıyamet gününde Allah’ın vereceği karara bırakmış, haramı helâl ve helâli haram görmediği sürece cehennemde ebedî kalmayacağı fikrini savunmuştur (Şehristânî, I, 139, 141). Ayrıca âyetlerden hareketle büyük günah işleyenlerin Allah’ın mağfiretine ve cennetine hak kazanacaklarını, melekler, nebîler ve bütün insanların dualarında affedilmesini istedikleri kimseler arasında yer alacaklarını, dolayısıyla Allah’ın ebedî cehennemlik tehdidine muhatap olmadıklarını söylemiştir (dayandıkları âyetler için bk. Bedreddin er-Râzî, s. 50-53). Asr-ı saâdet’teki Tebük Seferi’ne katılmayanlar arasında bulunan üç kişi hakkında indiği kabul edilen ve “ircâ” kavramını da içeren âyeti (et-Tevbe 9/106; bk. Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân , VI, 450, 469-470) esas alan Mürcie büyük günah işleyenin affedilmesi veya cezalandırılması konusunda kesin hüküm vermemiş, Allah’ın vaadinin değişmemesine rağmen vaîdinin değişebileceğini, bazı kayıtlarla daraltılabileceğini veya vaadde istisnanın bulunmamasına karşılık vaîdde gizli bir istisnanın olabileceğini ileri sürmüştür. Mürcie’ye göre sevap ve mükâfatlandırma fazilet ve üstünlüktür, dolayısıyla vaadden dönme bir noksanlık sayılacağı için Allah’a nisbet edilmesi mümkün değildir. Cezalandırma ise adalet uygulamasından ibarettir ve bu hususta Cenâb-ı Hak dilediği şekilde tasarruf eder. Sonuçta Allah’ın Kur’an’da geçen vaîdlerini değiştirmesi ve büyük günah işleyenlere azap etmemesi imkân dahilinde görülmektedir.
Büyük günah işleyenin dünyada ne mümin ne de kâfir olduğunu ileri sürmekle Hâricîler’den ayrılan Mu‘tezile, onun ebediyen cehennemde kalacağı fikrini benimsemesi açısından onlarla aynı görüşü paylaşmıştır. Böylece tartışma daha geniş biçimde Kur’an’daki va‘d ve vaîdle ilgili âyetler üzerinden sürdürülmüştür. Başlangıçta Mürcie ile Mu‘tezile arasında cereyan eden tartışmalar neticesinde Mu‘tezile kelâmcıları va‘d ve vaîdi beş inanç esasına dahil etmiştir (bk. USÛL-i HAMSE ). Daha sonraki dönemlerde bu mesele İmam Mâtürîdî ve Mâtürîdîler’le Mu‘tezile kelâmcıları arasında tartışma konularından biri haline gelmiştir (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 674 vd.). İtikadî alandaki bu tartışmalar, özellikle Hanefîliği benimseyen Mu‘tezile ile Mâtürîdî hukukçuları tarafından fıkıh usulüne taşınarak devam ettirilmiştir. Tartışmalarda büyük günah işleyen kimsenin ebediyen cehennemde kalıp kalmayacağı, âhirette azap görüp görmeyeceği, va‘d ve vaîd âyetlerinin umumiliği ve hususiliği, bunların hem mümin hem kâfirler için mi yoksa va‘din müminler, vaîdin kâfirler için mi olduğu, ayrıca Allah’ın va‘d ve vaîdinin değişip değişmeyeceği gibi soruların cevapları aranmıştır. Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî, Mürcie’nin va‘d âyetlerini umumi mânada almakla Mu‘tezile ve Hâricîler’den daha gerçekçi davrandığını belirtmiş, bunun Allah’ın rahmet, af ve mağfiret sıfatlarına daha uygun düştüğünü söylemiştir (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 549 vd.). Allah’ın şirk dışındaki bütün günahların affedilebileceğine dair vaadi dolayısıyla vaîdin hususiliği daha isabetli görülmüştür. Çünkü vaîdin gerçekleşmesi haramın helâl kılınmasına ve günahta ısrar edilmesine bağlıdır. Bu tartışmalar sonucunda Mu‘tezile va‘d ve vaîdle ilgili görüşlerini şöyle açıklamışlardır: İnsan akıl sahibi bir varlıktır, fiillerinde özgürdür ve yaptıklarından sorumludur. İyilik işleyenin mükâfatsız, kötülük yapanın cezasız kalması Allah’ın adaletine aykırıdır. Büyük günahlar tövbe etmeden Allah’ın lutfuyla veya şefaatle affedilmez. Şefaat sadece tövbe edenler, küçük günah işleyenler, dolayısıyla cennet ehli içindir. Büyük günah işleyen kimse kâfir veya mümin olsun kıyamet günü ebedî azaba uğrayacaktır. Zira Allah, va‘dinden ve vaîdinden asla dönmez (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 666; a.mlf., el-Muġnî , XIV, 335, 337).
Va‘d konusunda hemen bütün mezhepler birbirine yakın kanaatler taşımakla birlikte vaîdde farklı görüşler benimsenmiş, İslâm âlimlerinin bir kısmı Mürcie’nin, bir kısmı da Mu‘tezile’nin yanında yer almıştır. Zeydiyye, Mu‘tezile ile aynı görüşleri paylaşmaktadır. İmâmiyye Şîası, bazı konularda Mu‘tezile’den etkilenmişse de imamların şefaatinin ayrı bir konumda görülmesi dolayısıyla onlardan ayrılmıştır. Ehl-i sünnet âlimleri genelde büyük günah işleyen müminin ebediyen cehennemde kalmayacağı, günahının karşılığı kadar azap çektikten veya Peygamber’in şefaatine nâil olduktan sonra cennete gireceği görüşünü benimsemiştir. Va‘d ve vaîd, Sünnî kelâm kitaplarının sem‘iyyât bölümünde büyük günah işleyenin dünyada ve âhiretteki hükmünün ele alındığı “el-Esmâ’ ve’l-ahkâm” başlığı altında incelenmiştir. Mu‘tezile ve Zeydiyye’nin eserlerinde ise bu konuya “el-Va‘d ve’l-vaîd” şeklinde müstakil olarak, ayrıca “el-Menzile beyne’l-menzileteyn” ve “el-Adl” başlığı altında atıflarda bulunulmuştur. Mustafa Şen, Kur’an’da Vaad ve Vaîd adıyla yüksek lisans tezi (1997, UÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) hazırlamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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U. Rudolph, “al-Waʿd wa’l-Waʿīd”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 6-7.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 414-415 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.