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VÂSIL b. ATÂ Skip to content Ebû Huzeyfe Vâsıl b. Atâ el-Gazzâl el-Basrî (ö. 131/748)
Mu‘tezile’nin kurucusu olarak bilinen âlim.
80 (699) yılında Medine’de doğdu. Ebü’l-Ca‘d künyesiyle de anılır. Kaynaklarda Benî Dabbe, Benî Mahzûm veya Benî Hâşim’in mevâlîsi olan bir aileden geldiğine işaret edilir. Benî Hâşim’e nisbetinden Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin mevlâsı olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Gazzâl (dokumacı) lakabıyla şöhret bulması, sadaka ve yardımlarını verebileceği fakir kadınları bulabilmek için dokumacılar çarşısına (sûku gazzâl) sık sık uğraması sebebiyledir (Müberred, III, 1111). Basrî nisbesi bir dönem Basra’da yaşadığını göstermektedir. Hayatına dair fazla bilgi bulunmayan Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın çocukluk ve gençlik yıllarının büyük bir kısmını Medine’de geçirdiği tahmin edilmektedir. Bu dönemde Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin oğlu Ebû Hâşim Abdullah’tan usul okudu. Ancak imâmette ve diğer bazı konularda hocasına muhalefet etti. Bir süre sonra Basra’ya giderek Hasan-ı Basrî’nin ders halkasına katıldı ve onun gözde talebeleri arasında yer aldı. Genellikle Sünnî kaynaklarında, Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın mürtekib-i kebîre hususunda farklı bir anlayışa sahip olan Hasan-ı Basrî’nin ders halkasından ayrılması ve onun Vâsıl’ın kendilerinden uzaklaştığını söylemesi dolayısıyla “Mu‘tezile” (ayrılanlar) adının ortaya çıktığı belirtilir. Bazıları Vâsıl b. Atâ yerine Amr b. Ubeyd’i zikrederse de âlimler bunu isabetli görmemiştir. Bu olayın ardından Vâsıl hocasının ders verdiği mescidin ayrı bir köşesinde kendi halkasını meydana getirip ders okutmaya başladı ve Mu‘tezile mezhebinin ilk kuruluşu bu şekilde gerçekleşti.
Hayatının ilk yıllarında köle olduğu bilinen Vâsıl’ın âzat edilip edilmediğine dair kaynaklarda herhangi bir bilgiye rastlanmamıştır. Ancak Basra’daki hayat tarzına bakılarak onun bir dönemden itibaren hürriyetini elde ettiği söylenebilir. Özellikle yoksullara yardım edebilecek, çeşitli yerlere gönderdiği kişilerin masraflarını karşılayabilecek bir servet edinmesi bunu kanıtlamaktadır. Basra’da Amr b. Ubeyd’in kız kardeşiyle evlendi. Vâsıl’ın, Amr b. Ubeyd ile tanıştığı dönemde Basra’da kumaş ticareti yaptığı kaydedilmektedir.
Kaynaklarda Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın Basra’da 131 (748) yılında vefat ettiği bildirilir. Sadece İbn Hallikân onun vefatı için 180 (796) tarihini verir (Vefeyât , VI, 11). Buna göre Vâsıl’ın Abbâsîler devrinin bir bölümünü idrak etmesi gerekir. Ancak böyle bir tahminin doğruluğu tesbit edilememiştir (Işık, XXIV [1981], s. 340). Kabrinin nerede bulunduğu da bilinmemektedir. Öte yandan Müberred, farklı bir tarih ileri sürerek Vâsıl’ı mülhid olduğu kanaatini taşıyan Halife Mehdî-Billâh (775-785) tarafından öldürdüğünü söylemektedir (el-Kâmil , III, 1111).
Vâsıl b. Atâ üstün bir zekâya sahipti. Çok konuşmayı sevmediğinden onu dilsiz sananlar da vardı (İbnü’l-Murtazâ, s. 29-30). “R” harfini telaffuz edemeyen Vâsıl konuşmalarında bu harfi kullanmamaya özen gösterirdi. Irak Valisi Abdullah b. Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in huzurunda Basra hatipleri arasında yapılan bir yarışmada irticâlen “râ”sız konuşmasına rağmen en güzel hutbenin onun tarafından irat edildiği belirtilir. Bu kabiliyeti sayesinde “Hatibü’l-Mu‘tezile” (Mu‘tezile’nin hatibi) diye anılmıştır. Vâsıl zâhid ve âbid bir kişiliğe sahipti. Hanımının verdiği bilgiye göre geceleri yanına kâğıt ve kalem alarak namaza durur, Kur’an okuması esnasında hasımlarına karşı delil olabilecek âyetler geçince onları not alıp namaza devam ederdi (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, s. 235-236, 238; İbnü’l-Murtazâ, s. 30-31). İkna edici gücüyle hem naklî hem aklî delilleri en güzel şekilde yorumlardı. Güzel konuşma yeteneği ve şairliğinin yanı sıra edebiyatın inceliklerine de vâkıftı ve cedel konusunda söz sahibiydi. Elf mesʾele fi’r-red ʿale’l-Mâneviyye adıyla bir risâle yazan Vâsıl b. Atâ ile daha sonra gulât-ı Şîa’ya meyleden arkadaşı Abdülkerîm b. Ebü’l-Avcâ, ayrıca Sâlih b. Abdülkuddûs ve şair Beşşâr b. Bürd gibi Seneviyye’ye ait fikirleri savunan kişiler arasında Basra’da sık sık tartışmalar oluyordu (Ahmed Emîn, III, 98).
Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın yetişmesinde önemli rol oynayan iki kişiden biri, Medine dönemindeki tahsili esnasında kendisinden ders okuduğu Ebû Hâşim Abdullah b. Muhammed, ikincisi de Basra Mescidi’nde derslerine katıldığı Hasan-ı Basrî’dir. Kaynaklarda kendileriyle görüştüğü veya tartıştığı kişiler arasında Katâde b. Diâme ile Dırâr b. Amr gibi şahsiyetler de zikredilmektedir. Ancak Dırâr b. Amr bazı kaynaklarda onun öğrencisi olarak gösterilmiştir (krş. İbn Hazm, IV, 192; Ebü’l-Vefâ et-Teftâzânî, s. 61-62). Yöneticilerden uzak duran Vâsıl, hocası Hasan-ı Basrî’den ayrıldıktan sonra kendi halkasında yetiştirdiği öğrencilerin bir kısmını İslâm ülkelerinin değişik bölgelerine gönderip görüşlerini yaymaya gayret göstermiştir. İbnü’l-Murtazâ onun Abdullah b. Hâris’i Mağrib’e, Hafs b. Sâlim’i Horasan’a, Kāsım b. Sa‘dî’yi Yemen’e, Eyyûb b. Evten’i el-Cezîre’ye, Hasan b. Zekvân’ı Kûfe’ye ve Osman et-Tavîl’i Ermenistan’a yolladığını kaydetmektedir (Ṭabaḳātü’l-Muʿtezile , s. 32). Hz. Hüseyin’in torunu Zeyd b. Ali de Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın talebesi olmuştur. Mu‘tezile mezhebinin kuruluş döneminde âlimlerin ve devlet adamlarının Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın davetçilerini İslâm dünyasının çeşitli yerlerine gönderdiklerine ve bu hizmetlerin hasımları tarafından bile takdirle karşılandığına kaynaklarda işaret edilmektedir (Fâlih er-Rebîî, s. 46-53).
Mu‘tezile mezhebinin II. (VIII.) yüzyılın başlarında, büyük günah işleyenler hakkında Hâricîler’le Mürcie’nin ileri sürdüğü görüşlere Vâsıl b. Atâ ve Amr b. Ubeyd’in karşı görüş ortaya koymalarıyla Basra’da zuhur ettiğini söylemek mümkündür. Bazı Mu‘tezile âlimleri, Vâsıl b. Atâ ile Amr b. Ubeyd’in Ebû Hâşim’e öğrencilik yaptıklarını, dolayısıyla i‘tizâlî düşünceleri ondan ve babası Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’den aldıklarını söyleyerek i‘tizal hareketinin Hz. Ali vasıtasıyla Resûlullah’a kadar dayandığını iddia etmişlerdir. Nitekim Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Belhî, Mu‘tezile ricâlini Vâsıl b. Atâ ve Amr b. Ubeyd ile başlatmaktadır (Ẕikrü’l-Muʿtezile , s. 64). Taşköprizâde ve Zühdî Hasan Cârullah da 80 (699) yılında doğan Vâsıl b. Atâ ile Amr b. Ubeyd’in yirmi yaşından önce Hasan-ı Basrî’nin meclisinden ayrılmalarının uzak bir ihtimal olduğunu göz önünde bulundurarak Mu‘tezile’nin Hasan-ı Basrî’nin (ö. 110/728) ölümünün ardından ortaya çıkmış olabileceğini kaydetmektedir (Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , II, 163; el-Muʿtezile , s. 20). Ancak Vâsıl’ın ölümünden sonra Amr b. Ubeyd hareketin önderliğini üstlenmiş, siyasî konularda Vâsıl’dan farklı düşünceler taşıyan Amr faaliyetlerini Basra ve Bağdat’la sınırlı tutmuştur.
Vâsıl b. Atâ mezhebin içinde zuhur eden Vâsıliyye adlı ilk fırkanın kurucusu ve lideri sayılmaktadır. Şehristânî, Vâsıliyye fırkasının Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr döneminde Mağrib’de bulunan İdrîs b. Abdullah el-Hasenî önderliğinde orada da yayıldığını kaydeder. Bu fırka hakkında Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî, Ebü’l-Muzaffer el-İsferâyînî ve Şehristânî tarafından kısaca tanıtım yapılmış, ancak Şehristânî’nin verdiği bilgiler daha titiz bir metotla sunulmuştur (krş. el-Farḳ beyne’l-fıraḳ , s. 96-100; et-Tebṣîr , s. 40-42; el-Milel ve’n-niḥal , s. 50-53). Buna göre Vâsıliyye dört esas üzerine kurulmuştur. Bunlardan birincisi hayat, ilim, kudret ve irade gibi kadîm sıfatların (mâna sıfatları) varlığının inkâr edilmesidir. Sıfat-zât ilişkisi münasebetiyle sıfatlar konusunda ilk tartışmayı Ca‘d b. Dirhem başlatmış, onun sıfat telakkisini Cehm b. Safvân ve Vâsıl b. Atâ benimsemiştir. Buna göre taaddüd-i kudemâya meydan vermemek için mâna sıfatları zât-ı ilâhiyyeye nisbet edilmemelidir, aksi takdirde tevhid ilkesi bozulur. İkinci esas kader meselesidir. Bu meselede Ma‘bed el-Cühenî ile Gaylân ed-Dımaşkī’nin görüşlerinden etkilenen Vâsıl kulun şer ve zulüm içeren fiillerinin yaratılmasının Allah’a nisbet edilemeyeceğini, aksi halde O’nun adl sıfatının ortadan kalkacağını kabul etmiştir. Hatta Şehristânî’ye göre Hasan-ı Basrî tarafından kaleme alınıp Emevî Halifesi Abdülmelik b. Mervân’a gönderildiği söylenen kader konusundaki risâleyi aslında Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın yazdığı tahmin edilmektedir. Vâsıliyye’nin üçüncü esası “menzile beyne’l-menzileteyn”dir. Bu konuya çok önem veren Vâsıl konuyla ilgili bir eser de kaleme almıştır (DİA , XXXI, 398). Büyük günah işleyen kimse doğrudan doğruya küfrü gerektiren bir iş yapmadığı için kâfir sayılmamakla birlikte işlediği günah yüzünden imanda kalamayıp iman ile küfür arasında bir yerde bulunur. Bu görüşünden dolayı Hasan-ı Basrî’nin meclisinden ayrılan Vâsıl söz konusu yorumuyla farklı görüşler arasında ortak bir noktaya ulaşmaya çalışmıştır. Buna göre mürtekib-i kebîre ne mümin ne de kâfirdir, bu kişi fâsık olup tövbe etmeden öldüğü takdirde ebediyen cehennemde kalır. Aynı görüşü Amr b. Ubeyd de benimsemiştir. Dördüncü esas, Cemel ve Sıffîn savaşlarına katılan taraflardan hangisinin hatalı olduğunun bilinemeyeceği şeklinde özetlenebilir. Vâsıl b. Atâ, Cemel ve Sıffîn’deki taraflardan birinin hatalı sayıldığını, fakat hatanın kimde olduğu hususunun tesbit edilemediğini, dolayısıyla haklarında karar vermeyip konuyu Allah’a havale etmenin gerektiğini ileri sürmüş, ancak her iki tarafın şahitliklerinin kabul edilemeyeceğini, ayrıca Hz. Osman ile Hz. Ali’nin de hata etmiş olabileceğini söylemiştir (Şehristânî, s. 50-53). Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî bu esaslardan kader, menzile beyne’l-menzileteyn, Cemel ve Sıffîn savaşlarına katılanlar hakkındaki görüşleri sebebiyle Vâsıl b. Atâ’yı tekfir etmektedir (Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 335).
Eserleri. Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın kaleme aldığı risâle türündeki eserler beş kısma ayrılabilir. Birincisi Mu‘tezile mezhebinin esaslarıyla ilgilidir; ikincisini çeşitli fırka ve mezheplere yönelik reddiyeler oluşturur; üçüncü kısmı mevâiz türünde risâlelerdir; dördüncü ve beşinci kısımlar Kur’ânî yorumlar ve bazı fetvalardan ibarettir. Eserlerinin çok azı günümüze ulaşabilmiştir.
1. Kitâbü Mâ cerâ beynehû ve beyne ʿAmr b. ʿUbeyd . İbn Abdürabbih’in eserinde yer almaktadır (el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , s. 386-387).
2. Ḫuṭbetü Vâṣıl b. ʿAṭâʾ (Kitâbü Ḫuṭbetihî elletî aḫrece minhâ ḥarfe’r-râʾ) (nşr. Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn, Nevâdirü’l-maḫṭûṭât , Kahire 1371/1951, II, 117-136; 1392/1973, II, 117-136).
3. el-Ḫuṭab fi’t-tevḥîd ve’l-ʿadl . Ebü’l-Vefâ et-Teftâzânî bu eserin Houtsma tarafından neşredildiğini söylüyorsa da (Dirâsât Felsefiyye , s. 74) bu doğru değildir. Houtsma, İbnü’n-Nedîm’in el-Fihrist ’ine dair makalesinde el-Fihrist ’e atıfta bulunarak Vâsıl’ın bu eserinin adını zikretmektedir (Houtsma, IV [1890], s. 220).
Vâsıl’a ait yazma halindeki risâleler çoğunlukla İstanbul kütüphanelerinde, ayrıca Türkiye dışında bulunmaktadır (Brockelmann, I, 103, 337-338; Muʿcemü’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-mevcûde , III, 1633-1634). Bunlardan başka kendisine nisbet edilen eserlerin bir kısmı şunlardır: Aṣnâfü’l-Mürciʾe , Kitâbü’t-Tevbe , Meʿâni’l-Ḳurʾân , el-Menzile beyne’l-menzileteyn , es-Sebîl ilâ maʿrifeti’l-ḥaḳ , Ṭabaḳātü ehli’l-ʿilm ve’l-cehl , Kitâb fi’d-daʿve , Kitâbü’l-Fütyâ , Elf mesʾele fi’r-red ʿale’l-Mâneviyye (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 203; İbn Hallikân, VI, 11; Zehebî, s. 559; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, VI, 215; Ebü’l-Vefâ et-Teftâzânî, s. 73-76; Ahmed Emîn, III, 98).
Vâsıl b. Atâ hakkında İslâm dünyasında ve Batı’da birçok ilmî çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir (Abdurrahman Badawi, s. 35-53; Ebü’l-Vefâ et-Teftâzânî, s. 39-78; Watt, s. 129-134; Işık, XXIV [1981], s. 337-357). Süleyman eş-Şevâşî Vâṣıl b. ʿAṭâʾ ve ârâʾühü’l-kelâmiyye adıyla bir doktora tezi hazırlamış (Tunus 1981; Trablus 1993), Hans Daiber, Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın ilmî kişiliği, düşünceleri ve usûl-i hamse anlayışını konu edinen, ardından Ḫuṭbetü Vâṣıl b. ʿAṭâʾ adlı eserin metniyle birlikte Almanca çevirisini sunan bir çalışma yapmıştır: Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭāʾ als Prediger und Theologe (Leiden 1988).
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Omer Spahić, “İʿtizâlü Vâṣıl b. ʿAṭâʾ ʿani’l-Ḥasani’l-Baṣrî bidâyetü merḥaletin cedîde li’l-cedeli’l-kelâmî”, et-Tecdîd , V/10, Kuala Lumpur 2001, s. 133-162.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 539-541 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.