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VEZZÂNÎ Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh (Ebû Îsâ) Muhammed el-Mehdî b. Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Hasenî el-İmrânî el-Vezzânî el-Fâsî (1850-1923)
Mâlikî fakihi.
Fas’ın kuzeyindeki Vezzân şehrinde doğdu. Soyu Hz. Hasan’ın torunlarından İmrân b. Yezîd b. Abdullah’a ulaşır. Vezzân’da babasından, Muhammed et-Tıtvânî ve Ahmed b. Arabî el-Küreftî’den kıraat dersleri alan Vezzânî, Ebû Muhammed Abdüsselâm, Ahmed b. Hassûn el-İmrânî ve Muhammed es-Savvâf’tan çeşitli ilimler tahsil etti. Ardından Fas şehrine gitti. Orada dönemin önde gelen eğitim kurumu Câmiu’l-Karaviyyîn’de temel hadis metinleriyle Mâlikî fıkhı ve usulüne dair eserleri, ayrıca Venşerîsî’nin el-Miʿyâr ’ını okudu. Kıraat derslerini Faslı hocası Ebû Sâlim Abdullah el-Bekrâvî’den tamamlayıp icâzet aldı. Daha sonra Abdullah b. İdrîs el-Vedgīrî el-Bedrâvî, Muhammed b. Medenî Gennûn, Muhammed b. Abdurrahman el-Alevî el-Hasenî, Mehdî b. Muhammed İbnü’l-Hâc es-Sülemî, Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Makkarî ez-Zemahşerî, Muhammed b. Abdülvâhid İbn Sûde el-Cellûd, Fas Kadısı Muhammed Hamîd b. Muhammed b. Bennânî, Ca‘fer b. İdrîs el-Kettânî, Muhammed b. Kāsım el-Kādirî, Mehdî b. Tâlib İbn Sûde ile kardeşleri Ömer İbn Sûde ve Ahmed İbn Sûde gibi âlimlerden ders okudu. Fransızlar’a karşı mücadelesiyle tanınan Moritanyalı âlim Mâülayneyn Muhammed Mustafa el-Kalkamî eş-Şinkītî’den de icâzet aldı. Hocalarından Muhammed b. Medenî Gennûn, Karaviyyîn’deki ıslahatçı düşüncenin önde gelen şahsiyetlerinden biriydi. Özellikle yaygın tasavvuf anlayışının bid‘at olduğu, gerilemeye yüz tutmuş müftülük makamının ictihadla yeniden canlandırılması gerektiği yönündeki fikirleriyle ön plana çıkmaktaydı. Hocası Ca‘fer b. İdrîs el-Kettânî de benzer görüşlere sahipti.
Vezzânî, eğitimini tamamladıktan sonra ders ve fetva vermeye başladı; yaşadığı dönemde Fas toplumunun sorunlarıyla ilgilendi. Yetiştirdiği çok sayıdaki öğrencileri arasında Muhammed Sâdık b. Tâhir, Sâlih el-Aselî, Muhammed en-Neccâr, Abdüsselâm b. Abdülkādir İbn Sûde, Muhammed Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Abdülhafîz b. Muhammed Tâhir el-Fâsî ve Muhammed Mahlûf zikredilebilir. 29 Muharrem 1342’de (11 Eylül 1923) Fas şehrinde vefat eden Vezzânî’nin kabri Bâbülfütûh dışındaki Ravzatüşşâmiyyîn’dedir. Vezzânî’nin ilmî otoritesi ve toplumda kazandığı saygınlık, Fas Alevî Hükümdarı Sultan Abdülazîz’e (1894-1908) danışmanlık yaptığı şeklinde yorumlara sebep olmakla birlikte (Terem, s. 60) o döneme ait kaynaklarda bu konuda herhangi bir bilgiye rastlanmamaktadır. Ancak Fransızlar’ın askerî, ekonomik ve idarî reform taleplerini değerlendirmek üzere Şubat 1905’te kurulan ve âlimlerle tâcirlerden oluşan Meclisü’l-a‘yân’da üyelik yapmış, aynı yıl halkın Fransız reformlarına karşı tepkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla Tunus, Cezayir ve Tanca’ya gönderilmiştir.
Fas’ın siyasî istikrarsızlık, sömürgecilik ve modern hayata geçiş döneminin sorunlarıyla yüzleştiği çalkantılı bir dönemde yaşayan Vezzânî eserlerinde bu tür konulara geniş yer verir ve kendi dönemine kadar gelen Mâlikî nevâzil geleneğine öncülük eder. Bu sebeple kitaplarında ele aldığı konular ve fetvaları, hem Mâlikî mezhep birikiminin yeni sorunları çözmedeki potansiyelini hem de hukuk-sosyal realite ilişkisini ortaya koyan önemli belgelerdir. Eserlerini dönemin hararetli siyasî ve ilmî tartışmalarının gölgesi altında kaleme alan Vezzânî, bir yandan kendi ıslah düşüncesini açıklarken bir yandan da reform taraftarlarının taleplerine karşı toplumsal problemlere mezhep içerisinden cevaplar üreterek alternatif bir yol ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. Öte yandan gençlik yıllarını geçirdiği Vezzân şehrinin Abdullah b. İbrâhim el-İdrîsî’nin (ö. 1089/1678) kurduğu Vezzâniyye tarikatının merkezi olması onun erken yaşlardan itibaren tasavvuf kültürüyle yetişmesini sağlamış, bu durum daha sonraki faaliyetlerini ve çalışmalarını etkilemiştir. Eserlerinde bulunduğu bölgede devam edegelen bazı tarikat âdetlerini, zikir halkalarını ve velîleri ziyareti savunması onun bu kültürün içinden gelmesiyle yakından ilgilidir. Muhammed Abduh’un çalışmalarından etkilenen Faslı bazı ilim adamlarının evliyaya tevessül gibi konularda kendisine yönelttiği sorulara el-Miʿyâr’da cevap vermesi de bunu göstermektedir. Ancak Vezzânî tarikat âdâbının şer‘î çerçeve içinde kalması gerektiği hususunda ısrarcı olmuştur.
Eserleri: 1. el-Miʿyârü’l-cedîd . Mâlikî fıkıh ansiklopedisi niteliğindeki eserin tam adı en-Nevâzilü’l-cedîdetü’l-kübrâ fîmâ li-ehli Fâs ve ġayrihim mine’l-bedvi ve’l-ḳurâ el-müsemmâ bi’l-Miʿyâri’l-cedîdi’l-câmiʿi’l-muʿrib ʿan fetâva’l-müteʾaḫḫirîn min ʿulemâʾi’l-Maġrib ’dir (I-XI, Fas 1328; nşr. Ömer b. Abbâd, I-XII, Rabat 1417-1421/1996-2000). Vezzânî bu eserini Venşerîsî’nin el-Miʿyâr ’ının devamı mahiyetinde yazmış, onun döneminden kendi zamanına kadar yaşamış Mağrib Mâlikîleri’nin nevâzil türü eser ve fetvalarını derlemiştir. Eserde yer alan konular ve bunlara verilen cevapların, karşılaşılan yeni meselelere çözüm sunacak bir nitelik taşıdığını kitabın girişinde ima eden Vezzânî, çalışmasına el-Miʿyârü’l-cedîd adını vermekle kendini döneminin Venşerîsî’si olarak gördüğünü ileri sürmektedir. Muḫtaṣarü’l-Ḫalîl ’in konu başlıkları esas alınarak düzenlenen eserde Mağrib Mâlikîliği’ne ait nevâzilin yanı sıra müellife ve diğer bazı âlimlere ait bazı eserler de bütünüyle nakledilmiştir. Daha çok 1008-1317 (1600-1900) yılları arasında yaşamış âlimlerin fetvalarını ihtiva eden eserin büyük kısmı Vezzânî’nin kendi fetvalarından oluşur. Kitabın bir bölümü, Jacques Berque tarafından Les nawāzil el-Muzāraʿa du Miʿyār al-Wazzānī adıyla Fransızca’ya tercüme edilmiştir (Rabat 1940). Muhammed el-Hafzâvî, et-Taṭbîḳu’l-maḳāṣıdî fî fıḳhi’l-emvâl min ḫilâli’l-Miʿyâri’l-cedîd el-muʿrib ʿan fetâva’l-müteʾaḫḫirîn min ʿulemâʾi’l-Maġrib adıyla bir doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (2009, Sîdî Muhammed b. Abdullah Üniversitesi, Sais/Fès).
2. el-Mineḥu’s-sâmiye fi’n-nevâzili’l-fıḳhiyye (I-IV, Fas 1318-1319; I-IV, Rabat 1992-1993). en-Nevâzilü’ṣ-ṣuġrâ olarak da bilinen eser el-Miʿyârü’l-cedîd ’den yirmi yıl kadar önce yazılmıştır. Müellife ait fetvaların yanı sıra hocalarının ve Venşerîsî’den sonraki dönemde yaşamış Mağribli âlimlerin nevâzillerini de içerir.
3-4. Şerḥu ʿAmeliyyâti Fâs . Vezzânî, Ebû Zeyd Abdurrahman b. Abdülkādir el-Fâsî’nin Fas’taki örfî uygulamaları içeren el-ʿAmelü’l-Fâsî adlı 300 beyitlik manzumesine iki şerh yazmıştır. Bunların ilki, meseleleri genişçe ele aldığı Şerḥu ʿAmeliyyâti Fâs el-kübrâ: eş-Şifâʾ elleẕî lâ yuġādiru seḳamen velâ beʾsen adlı şerhtir. Diğerinin adı Şerḥu ʿAmeliyyâti Fâs eṣ-ṣuġrâ: Tuḥfetü ekyâsi’n-nâs bi-şerḥi ʿAmeliyyâti Fâs olup (Fas 1333; nşr. Hâşim Alevî el-Kāsımî, Rabat 1422/2001) ilkinin özeti niteliğindedir.
5. el-Kevâkibü’n-neyyâre ve’l-cevâhirü’l-muḫtâre ʿalâ şerḥi’l-Mürşidi’l-muʿîn li’ş-şeyḫ Meyyâre (I-II, Fas 1322). Mâlikî fakihi Meyyâre’nin, hocası İbn Âşir’in el-Mürşidü’l-muʿîn adlı ilmihaline ed-Dürrü’s̱-s̱emîn adıyla yazdığı şerh üzerine kaleme alınan bir hâşiyedir. Eserin sonunda müellifin çeşitli konulara dair üç risâlesi yer almaktadır.
6. Tuḥfetü’l-huẕẕâḳ bi-neşri mâ tażammenethu Lâmiyyetü’z-Zeḳḳāḳ . Zekkāk’ın İslâm muhakeme usulüne dair kasidesinin İbn Sûde et-Tâvüdî tarafından yazılan şerhinin hâşiyesidir (asıl metin ve şerhle birlikte, Fas 1301, 1308, 1315, 1325, 1327, 1334, 1341).
7. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ şerḥi’ṭ-Ṭurfe fî naẓmi elḳābi’l-ḥadîs̱ (Fas, ts.). Muhammed Arabî b. Yûsuf el-Fihrî el-Fâsî’nin hadis usulüne dair manzum eserine Muhammed b. Abdülkādir el-Fâsî’nin yazdığı şerhin hâşiyesidir.
8. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ şerḥi İbn Sûde et-Tâvüdî ʿalâ Tuḥfeti İbn ʿÂṣım (I-III, Fas 1308-1310, 1316, 1330). Ebû Bekir İbn Âsım el-Gırnâtî’nin Mâlikî fıkhıyla ilgili Tuḥfetü’l-ḥükkâm fî nüketi’l-ʿuḳūd ve’l-aḥkâm adlı manzum eseri için İbn Sûde tarafından kaleme alınan şerhin hâşiyesidir.
9. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’l-Mekkûdî li-Elfiyyeti İbn Mâlik (I-II, Fas 1318).
10. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’l-Bûrî ʿalâ Manẓûmeti İbn Kîrân fi’l-mecâz ve’l-istiʿâre min ʿilmi’l-beyân (Fas 1299, 1324; Rabat 1347; Beyrut 2008, el-İstiʿâre adıyla).
11. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Mübrizi’l-ḳavâʿidi’l-iʿrâbiyye mine’l-Ḳaṣîdeti’l-micrâdiyye li’r-Resmûkî (farklı tarihlerde bölümler halinde yayımlanmıştır, Fas 1294, 1311, 1312, 1323; Dımaşk 2008).
12. Îżâḥu’l-mesâliki’l-ḫafiyye ile’l-fütûḥâti’l-ḳayyûmiyye (Fas 1298, 1309). Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Ahmed es-Sûdânî’nin İbn Âcurrûm’un el-Muḳaddimetü’l-Âcurrûmiyye ’sine yazdığı şerhin hâşiyesidir.
13. Fihrist (Fas 1314).
14. en-Nuṣḥu’l-ḫâliṣ li-kâffeti’l-müslimîn bi’t-tevessül ileyhi teʿâlâ bi-aṣfiyâʾihi’l-muḳarrebîn (Fas 1870). Hz. Peygamber’e ve evliyaya tevessülün câiz olmadığı yolunda biri Muhammed Mûsâ’ya, diğeri Muhammed Abduh’a ait iki fetvaya cevap mahiyetindedir.
15. Fî Cevâzi’ẕ-ẕikr maʿa’l-cenâze ve refʿi’ṣ-ṣavt bi’l-heylele (Fas, ts.). Rehûnî’nin cenaze merasimlerinde sesli bir şekilde zikir yapılmasının bid‘at olduğunu ileri süren eserine reddiye olarak yazılmıştır.
16. Buġyetü’ṭ-ṭâlibi’r-râġibi’l-ḳāṣıd fî ibâḥati ṣalâti’l-ʿîd fi’l-mesâcid (Fas 1895; el-Miʿyârü’l-cedîd içinde, Rabat 1417/1996, I, 579-599).
17. es-Seyfü’l-meslûl bi’l-yedi’l-yümnâ li-ḳaṭʿi reʾsi İbn Mühennâ (Fas 1324). Mutasavvıf olduğunu iddia eden İbn Mühennâ’nın özellikle Mağrib âlimlerine ve faziletli kişilere hakaret içeren Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şeyḫ el-Vers̱îlânî adlı eserine reddiyedir.
18. Risâletü’n-naṣr li-kerâheti’l-ḳabż ve’l-iḥticâc ʿalâ men nâzeʿa fîhâ fî ṣalâti’l-farż (Fas 1316; Tıtvân 1389/1969; el-Miʿyârü’l-cedîd içinde, Rabat 1417/1996, I, 280-357). Ebû Abdullah el-Misnâvî’nin farz namazlarda ellerin bağlanması gerektiği yolundaki görüşüne reddiye amacıyla yazılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Vezzânî, en-Nevâzilü’l-cedîdetü’l-kübrâ: el-Miʿyârü’l-cedîd , [baskı yeri yok] 1328, I, 1-3; a.e. (nşr. Ömer b. Abbâd), Rabat 1417-21/1996-2000, I, 14, 280-347, 579-599; IV, 641-646; IX, 204-230; XII, 626 vd., 677; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 5-11.
a.mlf., Tuḥfetü ekyâsi’n-nâs bi-şerḥi ʿAmeliyyâti Fâs (nşr. Hâşim el-Alevî el-Kāsımî), Rabat 1422/2001, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-8.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , II, 1915-1917.
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E. Burke III, “The Moroccan Ulama 1860-1912: An Introduction”, a.e. , s. 103, 115-123.
a.mlf., Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial Protest and Resistance: 1860-1912 , Chicago 1976, s. 81-85, 86.
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Muhammed el-Kādirî – Muhammed Melşûş, Fihrisü’l-maṭbûʿâti’l-ḥaceriyyeti’l-Maġribiyye , Dârülbeyzâ 2004, s. 32, 39, 102-106, 153, 180, 186-187.
Muhammed Mahlûf, Şeceretü’n-nûri’z-zekiyye fî ṭabaḳāti’l-Mâlikiyye (nşr. Ali Ömer), Kahire 1428/2007, II, 496-497.
E. Terem, The New Miʿyar of al-Mahdī al-Wazzānī: Local Interpretation of Family Life in Late Nineteenth-Century Fez (doktora tezi, 2007), Harvard University, s. 1, 8, 30-31, 39-40, 60, 61.
a.mlf. – S. D. Powers, “From the Mi‘yār of al-Wanšarīsī to the New Mi‘yār of al-Wazzānī: Continuity and Change”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam , XXXII, Jerusalem 2007, s. 236-237.
P. Mispoulet, “al-Mi‘yār al-Djadīd ‘La nouvelle pierre de touche des fatwās’ du Faqīh al-Mahdī al-Ouazzanī al-‘Imrānī”, RMM , XXIV (1913), s. 301-303.
Rahma Bourqia, “Droit et pratiques sociales, les cas des Nawāzil au XIXe siècle”, Hespéris Tamuda , XXXV/2, Rabat 1997, s. 131-145.
Cum‘a Mahmûd ez-Züreykī, “İṭlâletün ʿalâ kitâbi’l-Miʿyâri’l-cedîd li’l-Vezzânî fî ṭabʿatihi’l-cedîde”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’d-daʿveti’l-İslâmiyye , sy. 21, Trablus 2004, s. 114.
Mohamed el-Mansour, “Wazzāniyya”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 201-202.
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