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WEBB, Muhammed Alexander Russell Skip to content (1846-1916)
Amerikalı müslüman gazeteci.
Alexander Russell Webb 9 Kasım 1846’da Hudson’da (New York) doğdu. Babası Alexander Nelson Webb, Hudson Daily Star gazetesinin editörüydü. İlk eğitimini Home School’da (Glendale, MA) aldı, ardından Claverack Koleji’nde okudu. Öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra genç yaşta yazı hayatına atıldı ve çeşitli gazetelerde çalıştı. Presbiteryen mezhebine mensup olan Webb, çocukluğunda ve gençlik yıllarında kiliseye ve pazar okuluna devam etti, ancak bu dinde umduğunu bulamadığından arayışlarını sürdürdü. Dünyadaki büyük dinleri araştırmak ve dinî incelemeler yapmak amacıyla Saint Louis’de kurulan The Theosophical Society’e üye oldu. Ayrı mesleklerden ve gruplardan entelektüel seviyesi yüksek kişilerin yer aldığı bu topluluk, düşünce ve inanç bakımından Amerika’nın çeşitliliğini yansıtacak şekilde farklılıklar göstermekteydi. Topluluk içinde hıristiyan, Protestan, Mûsevî, materyalist, spiritüalist, ateist, agnostik ve başka din ya da felsefî düşünceleri kabul edenler vardı. Webb bunlardan önce materyalizmi benimsedi, on yıl boyunca hayatını herhangi bir dine bağlanmadan sürdürdü. Ardından Doğu dinlerine ve Budizm’e ilgi duydu.
The Theosophical Society üyesi olarak değişik düşüncelerle karşılaşan Webb, Missouri Republican gazetesinde editörlük yaptığı sırada İslâm dini hakkında bilgi edinmeye başladı. 1886’dan itibaren İslâmî çevrelerle irtibata geçti. Bazı kaynaklara göre Ahmediyye (Kādiyânîlik) hareketinin kurucusu Mirza Gulâm Ahmed’le mektuplaşması İslâm dinine olan ilgisini arttırdı. İslâmiyet’i ve müslümanları yakından tanımak amacıyla Doğu’ya gitmeye karar verdi, bu sebeple kendisine teklif edilen Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Manila konsolosluğu görevini kabul etti (1887). Kendi ifadesine göre Filipinler’e tayin edildiği 1888 yılı başlarında müslüman oldu. Karısı ve üç çocuğu da İslâm’ı seçti. Onun İslâm dinini tercih etmesindeki sebeplerin başında, Hıristiyanlığın irrasyonel inançları ve uygulamaları ile Amerika’da görülen sosyal ve ekonomik problemlere çözüm getirememesinin geldiği ifade edilmektedir. Bir diğer sebep de Hıristiyanlığın hayatın gerçeklerinden uzak olması ve kendi psikolojik duyarlılıklarına hitap etmemesidir. Müslüman olduktan sonra Muhammed adını alarak Amerika’ya dönen Webb, İslâm’ı Amerikan toplumunda tebliğe yönelik fikirler geliştirdi. Webb’in bu düşüncesinin arkasında Amerika’yı yeniden yapılandırma düşüncesinin bulunduğu belirtilmektedir.
Webb, Amerika’nın Manila konsolosu iken Hindistan’daki müslüman aydınlar ve tüccarlarla irtibat kurdu. Bunlardan biri olan Hacı Abdullah Arab onun düşüncelerine ilgi duydu ve 1892’de Manila’ya giderek kendisinden Amerika’da İslâm propagandasının ayrıntılarını öğrendi. Hacı Abdullah Arab ona, üç yıllık çalışmalarının finansmanı için (gazete, basımevi, konferans salonu ve ailesinin geçimi için ayda 200 doların konsolosluktan emekli oluncaya kadar kendisine ödenmesi) 30.000 dolar maddî yardım sağlamayı taahhüt etti. Ayrıca temel kitapları İngilizce’ye çevirecek, konferanslar vererek çalışmalarına yardımcı olacak din âlimleri de gönderecekti. Webb, Hacı Abdullah’ın finanse ettiği bir Hindistan gezisine çıktı; Pune, Bombay, Kalküta, Haydarâbâd ve Madras’ta konuşmalar yaptı. Bu konuşmalar genelde İslâmiyet’i kabul edişi, İslâm ile Hıristiyanlık arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar, Hıristiyanlığa ve Batı medeniyetine yönelik eleştiriler, müslümanların bu konuda sahip olduğu yanlış kanaatler ve Batılılar’ın zihnindeki müslüman imajı üzerinedir. Ayrıca İslâm’ın tarihsel süreci ve bu süreçte kalıplaşmış yanlışlıkları, Amerika’da İslâmiyet’in yayılması ve uygulanmasıyla ilgili düşüncelerini de bu konferanslarda dile getirdi.
Hintli müslüman tüccarlardan aldığı vaatlerle 1893’te New York’a dönen Muhammed Webb, Hindistan’da kararlaştırılan planı uygulamaya koydu ve gazete çıkarmaya başladı. Önce The Moslem World (1893), ardından The Voice of Islam ve bu ikisinin birleştirilmesiyle oluşan The Moslem World and Voice of Islam (1895-1896) gazetelerini çıkardı. 1893’te Chicago Dünya Dinleri Konferansı’na katıldı ve burada “İslâm’ın Sosyal Değişim Üzerindeki Etkisi” ve “İslâm’ın Ruhu” başlıklı iki konferans verdi. Bu konferanslar daha sonra yayımlandı (“The First World”, Parliament of Religions , 1894). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin farklı bölgelerinde çalışma grupları oluşturdu. Webb’in The American Mission, American Islamic Propaganda Movement ve American Moslem Brotherhood şeklinde adlandırılan hareketi, başlangıçta Hint müslümanlarının taahhüt ettiği maddî yardımı tam olarak yerine getirememeleri sebebiyle sıkıntılarla karşılaştı. Onun özellikle İslâm’ın Batı’daki imajı ve çok eşlilik gibi konularda ileri sürdüğü görüşlerini Amerika’daki muhafazakâr hıristiyanlar tepkiyle karşıladı. Bunun yanı sıra, hem hıristiyan toplumu hem de Amerika’daki farklı müslüman grupları tarafından başta Hindistan’dan gönderilen yardımları şahsı için kullandığı iddiası olmak üzere çeşitli ithamlara mâruz kaldı.
Propaganda hareketinin yürütülmesi sırasında Webb, İslâm dünyasının ayakta kalmış tek siyasî gücü olan Osmanlı Devleti’nden yardım talebinde bulundu. Ancak Osmanlı yardımı sürekli ve bu hareketi yürütecek kadar büyük değildi. Osmanlı Hariciye yetkilileri Webb’i ve faaliyetlerini başlangıcından beri takip etmişlerdi. Hindistan ziyareti esnasında Osmanlı elçisinin Muhammed Webb’le ilgilendiği bilinmektedir. Ancak asıl kuvvetli bağlar Webb’in Amerika misyonunu gerçekleştirmeye çalıştığı dönemde kurulacaktır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin New York konsolosu, Muhammed Webb’in İslâm’ı kabul ederek bu dini yaymak için New York’a geleceğini gazetelerde yayımlanan mektuplarından öğrenmişti ve onun Amerika’da İslâm’ı yayma teşebbüsü, Osmanlı New York konsolosu tarafından “methe şâyân bir teşebbüs” olarak nitelendirilmişti.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin Muhammed Webb ile olan ilişkisinin seyri, yalnızca Webb’in karşılaştığı güçlüklerle değil Osmanlı Devleti’nin durumuyla da yakından ilgilidir. Bu dönemin panislâmizm denilen siyasetin etkilerinin keşfedilmeye başlandığı zamana rastlaması yanında Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ermeni isyanı ve olaylarının arttığı, devletin dış basında mahkûm edildiği, imajının çok sarsıldığı bir dönemdir. Anadolu’da artan Ermeni hareketleri, buna karşı alınan tedbirlerle göçlerin Amerikan basınına yansıma şekli Avrupa’dan pek farklı değildi. Amerikan basınında Osmanlı Devleti aleyhinde yazılar çıkmaktaydı. Batı kamuoyunda görüşlerinin dile getirilmesine ve imajının düzeltilmesine yardımcı olacak her türlü teşebbüsü destekleyen Osmanlı yetkilileri Muhammed Webb Efendi ile de ilgilendi. Bu ilgi ve yardımın arka planında, izlenen siyasetin ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin oluşturmak istediği imajın araçlarından biri olması fikrinin yattığı görülmektedir. Beklentilere karşı Osmanlı Hariciyesi en başından beri bu konuda ölçülü ve dikkatli bir tavır sergilemiştir. Washington elçisi Mavroyani Bey, Webb’in Osmanlılar açısından önemini, sağlayacağı yararları ve propagandanın inceliklerini olaya vâkıf bir kişi olarak ele almıştı. Ermeni iddialarına karşı yürütülen kamuoyu çalışmalarında Webb, Osmanlı görüşlerini dile getiren yazılar yazdı, bu görüşlerle ilgili risâlelerin dağıtımında ve Amerikan kamuoyuna duyurulmasında yardımcı oldu.
Webb ve hareketi, maddî sıkıntılar ve iftira kampanyaları yüzünden 1898 yılından itibaren etkisini kaybetmeye başladı. Ancak kendisi, yaptığı hizmetler dolayısıyla 1901’de II. Abdülhamid tarafından Osmanlı Devleti’nin New York fahrî başkonsolosluğuna tayin edildi. İstanbul ziyaretinde sultan tarafından kendisine üçüncü dereceden Mecîdî nişanı verildi. Muhammed Webb, İslâmî tebliğ faaliyetlerine geri dönemediyse de hayatı boyunca müslüman olarak yaşadı. 1 Ekim 1916’da vefatına kadar Rutherford Times ’ın editörlüğünü yaptı. Cenazesi bağımsız Rutherford Hillside Mezarlığı’na defnedildi. Ölümünden sonra karısının üniteryen olduğu ve kızlarından birinin müslüman olarak kaldığı bilinmektedir.
Eserleri. 1. The Three Lectures (Madras 1892). İslâm üzerine verdiği konferanslardan meydana gelmektedir.
2. Islam in America (New York 1893). Sekiz bölümden oluşan kitap Webb’in Müslümanlığı benimsemesinin sebeplerini, İslâm’la ilgili çeşitli konuları (iman, İslâm’ın beş şartı, İslâm’ın felsefî boyutu, çok eşlilik ve tesettür, İslâm’a yönelik yanlış bilgiler) ve Amerika İslâm propaganda hareketi üzerine görüşlerini ortaya koymaktadır.
3. The Armenian Troubles and Where the Responsibility Lies and A Few Facts About Turkey Under the Rule of Abdul Hamid II (New York 1896). Ermeniler’in Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine faaliyetlerini konu edinen bu kitapçıkta müellif adı “A Correspondent” rumuzuyla gösterilmiştir.
4. A Guide to Namaz (New York 1893). On yedi sayfalık bir namaz rehberidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA , HR.SYS, nr. 61, 62, 63, 65, 2867/13.
BA, Y.A.HUS , nr. 232/108.
M. Alexander Russell Webb, Islam in America and Other Writings , Oxford 2006.
Mirza Abdürrahim Efendi, Amerika’da İslâmiyet (trc. Mehmed Arif), İstanbul 1311.
R. B. Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience , Bloomington 1997, s. 63-66, 94, 171, 255.
Nurdan Şafak, Osmanlı Amerikan İlişkileri , İstanbul 2003, s. 170-172.
Umar F. Abd-Allah, A Muslim in Victorian America: The Life of Alexander Russell Webb , New York 2006.
Celal Emanet, Amerika’da Bir Osmanlı: Muhammed A. R. Webb , İzmir 2013.
a.mlf., “Muhammed Alexander Russell Webb ve ABD’deki İslam Misyonu”, Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi , XIII/2 (2013), s. 139-173.
Cezmi Eraslan, “Muhammed A. R. Webb’in Amerika’da İslâm Propagandası ve Osmanlı Devleti’yle İlişkileri (1893-1896)”, İlmî Araştırmalar , sy. 2, İstanbul 1996, s. 84-85.
Erhan Çağrı, “XIX. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nin Yabancı Gazetecilere Nişan Verme ve Maaş Bağlama Politikası”, TTK Bildiriler , XIII (2002), III/2, s. 1023-1033.
İlhan Ekinci, “Doğu ile Batı Arasında Bir Aydın: Muhammed Alexander Russell Webb Efendi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi (OTAM) , sy. 17, Ankara 2005, s. 203-262.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 659-661 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.