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İnsanın sosyal bir varlık olması ve toplu halde yaşaması, toplu halde yaşayan insanların da birbirlerinin yardımına ihtiyaç duyması sebebiyle İslâmî literatürde yardım ve yardımlaşmaya dair çok sayıda kavram bulunmaktadır. “Yardım etmek” anlamındaki avn kökünden türeyen teâvün ve muâvene “yardımlaşma” mânasında en sık rastlanan kelimelerdendir. İâne ve maûnet kelimeleri de “yardım etmek” mânasında kullanılır. Yardım eden kimseye ve genellikle işe yarayan her şeye muîn , birinden yardım istemeye istiâne , kendisinden yardım istenen kişiye müsteân denir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ʿavn” md.). Yine aynı kökten gelen mâûn insanlara faydalı olan şeyleri anlatır (Taberî, XII, 709). Modern Arapça’da kooperatif için teâvüniyye kelimesi kullanılır. “Birine yardımcı olup yükünü sırtlama, yükünü paylaşma” anlamındaki zahr kökünden türeyen tezâhür ve müzâhere “birbirine destek olmak, yardımlaşmak”, zâhir ve zahîr de “yardım eden” demektir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ẓahr” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ẓahr” md.). “Yardım etmek” mânasına gelen bir başka kelime de nasr dır. Nasr “mazluma yardım etmek”, nusret ise “yardım etmenin güzelliği (hüsnü’l-maûne)” diye açıklanır. Aynı kökten nâsır ve nasîr “yardım eden”, tenâsur “yardımlaşma”, müstansır “yardım isteyen” mânasındadır. Nasîrin çoğulu olan ensâr kelimesi Mekke muhacirlerine yardım eden Medineli müslümanlar hakkında kullanılmıştır (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “nṣr” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “nṣr” md.). Bunların yanında sözlükte “birinin bakımını, ihtiyaçlarını üzerine almak” anlamındaki “kefl” kökünden türeyen “tekâfül” “birbirine kefil olmak, birbirinin ihtiyacını karşılamak” demektir. Bir kimsenin bakımını üzerine alana kâfil ve kefîl denir. Modern Arapça’da “et-tekâfülü’l-ictimâî” sosyal dayanışmayı ifade eder. İslâmî kaynaklarda ayrıca “teâdud, tesânüd, tevâsul, ülfet/teâlüf, ihsan, infak” gibi kavramlar da yardımlaşma bağlamında kullanılmaktadır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de iâne kavramı iki âyette yer alır (el-Kehf 18/95; el-Furkān 25/4). Dört âyette istiâne masdarından gelen fiiller özellikle “Allah’tan yardım isteme” anlamında, iki âyette müsteân “yardımı umulan” mânasında Allah’ın sıfatı olarak geçer (Yûsuf 12/18; el-Enbiyâ 21/112). Teâvün kavramının iki defa zikredildiği Mâide sûresinin 2. âyetinde, kötülük edenlere karşı hissedilen öfkenin intikamcı ve saldırgan tutumlara yol açmaması gerektiği belirtildikten sonra, “İyilik ve takvâda yardımlaşın, kötülük ve düşmanlık yolunda yardımlaşmayın” buyurulmak suretiyle Câhiliye asabiyetinin beslediği, hiçbir ahlâkî ölçü tanımayan kabileci dayanışma ve yardımlaşma reddedilir. Şevkânî buradaki yardımlaşmanın bütün iyilikleri, yardımlaşma yasağının da bütün kötülükleri kapsadığını söyler (Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , II, 10). Kurtubî’ye göre iyilik ve takvâda yardımlaşmanın çeşitli yolları vardır ve herkesin yardımı kendi yetenek ve imkânlarına göredir; meselâ âlim bilgisiyle, zengin malıyla başkasına yardım eder (el-Câmiʿ , VI, 46-47). Mâverdî bu âyette insanlara yardımlaşma emredilirken iyilik ile takvânın birlikte zikredilmesinin sebebini şöyle açıklar: “Çünkü Allah’ın hoşnutluğu takvâ ile, insanların hoşnutluğu iyilikle kazanılır; bu ikisine sahip olan kimse tam mutluluğa ve sonsuz nimete sahip olur” (Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn , s. 184). Kur’an’da zahr ve türevleri de sıkça geçmektedir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ẓhr” md.). Üç âyette müzâhere (et-Tevbe 9/4; el-Ahzâb 33/26; el-Mümtehine 60/9), üç âyette de tezâhür (el-Bakara 2/85; el-Kasas 28/48; et-Tahrîm 66/4) masdarından fiil kalıpları bulunur. Mâide sûresinin 2. âyetindeki teâvün yerine Bakara sûresinin 85. âyetinde tezâhür masdarından bir fiil kullanılır ve yahudileri eleştiri bağlamında, “Sonra siz … kötülük ve düşmanlık yolunda onlarla yardımlaşıyorsunuz” ifadesi geçer. Tezâhür ve müzâhere kavramının yer aldığı diğer âyetlerde de haklı ve meşrû olmayan yardımlaşmalar nehyedilir. Beş âyette zahîr kelimesi yer alır (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ẓahr” md.). Nasr masdarının türevleri de hem Allah’a hem insanlara nisbet edilerek birçok âyette kullanılmıştır (a.g.e. , “nṣr” md.). Bir âyette, “Allah size yardım ederse artık sizi hiç kimse yenemez; sizi yardımsız bırakacak olursa O’nun dışında size yardım edebilecek kim vardır? Müminler yalnız Allah’a güvensinler” buyurulmuştur (Âl-i İmrân 3/160). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ilk müslümanların müşriklerle savaşlarında Allah’ın onlara yardım ettiği (meselâ bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/123; et-Tevbe 9/25; el-Feth 48/3), buna karşılık inkârcıların dünyada da âhirette de ilâhî yardımdan mahrum kalacakları (meselâ bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/22, 56; en-Nahl 16/37; Fussılet 41/16) bildirilir. Dua mahiyetindeki bazı âyetlerde peygamberlerin ve müminlerin Allah’tan yardım diledikleri anlatılır (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/250, 286; el-Mü’minûn 23/26). Dört âyette müminlerin Allah’a yardımından söz edilmiş (el-Hac 22/40; Muhammed 47/7; el-Hadîd 57/25; el-Haşr 59/8), bu tür ifadeler “Allah’ın dinine, peygamberine, kullarına yardım etme; Allah’ın koyduğu kurallara uyma, ahde bağlı kalma” şeklinde açıklanmıştır (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “nṣr” md.; Taberî, IX, 166-167; XI, 310; Şevkânî, III, 515; V, 37). Zekât ve kefâretle ilgili âyetlerin amacı müslümanlar arasında yardımlaşmayı sürekli kılmak ve yardımı bir kurum haline getirmektir. Ayrıca sadaka, ihsan, in‘am, it‘am, infak, îsâr, ikram, bezl gibi kavramlarla yardımlaşmayı teşvik eden çok sayıda âyet vardır. Fecr sûresinde (89/17-26) Mekke müşriklerinin bencillik ve maddeperestlikleri, yetimlerin ve muhtaçların sıkıntıları karşısındaki duyarsızlıkları ağır biçimde eleştirilmekte, bu yüzden büyük cezaya çarptırılacakları bildirilmektedir. Yâsîn sûresinde (36/47) muhtaçlara yardım etmeye çağrılan Mekke müşriklerinin, “Allah’ın dilediği takdirde doyuracağı kimseleri biz mi doyuracağız” demeleri açık bir sapkınlık olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Haşr sûresinde (59/9) Mekke muhacirlerine kucak açan Medineli müslümanlardan söz edilirken, “Onlar kendileri darlık içinde olsalar bile muhacirleri kendi öz canlarına tercih ederler” buyurulmaktadır. Bu âyet, bir müslümanın din kardeşini gerektiğinde kendisine tercih etmesinin yüksek bir ahlâkî erdem olduğuna işaret eder. Medineli ilk müslümanların Kur’an’da ensar adıyla onurlandırılması ve hatıralarının ebedîleştirilmesi (et-Tevbe 9/100, 117) onların bu yardım severliklerinden kaynaklanmıştır. Kur’an’da ensar kelimesi Hz. Îsâ’nın havârileri için de kullanılmakta (Âl-i İmrân 3/52; es-Saf 61/14) ve bir yoruma göre Kur’an’da hıristiyanlara verilen nasârâ ismi buradan gelmektedir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “nṣr” md.). Mümtehine sûresinde (60/8-9) müslümanların kendilerine zarar vermeyen gayri müslimlere iyilik etmelerine izin veren âyetler din farkının yardımlaşmaya engel oluşturmadığına işaret eder.
Hadislerde de yardımlaşmayla ilgili çok sayıda kavram geçmektedir; birçok hadis mecmuasında bu konuya özel bablar ayrılmıştır. Bir kutsî hadiste, “Yalnız benim rızam için birbirine yardım edenler sevgimi hak etmiştir” buyurulur (Müsned , IV, 386). Buhârî’nin müslümanlar arasındaki yardımlaşmaya (teâvün) ayırdığı babda yer alan bir hadise göre (“Edeb”, 36) Resûlullah, “Müminler aralarındaki ilişkiler bakımından taşları birbirine kenetlenmiş binaya benzer” demiş, ardından bunu iki elinin parmaklarını birbirine kenetleyerek göstermiştir. “Sadaka her müslümanın vazifesidir” ifadesiyle başlayan bir hadiste maddî yardımın yanında hayır amaçlı çalışmanın, bedenle yardım etmenin, iyiliğin yayılması ve kötülüğün önlenmesi çabalarına katılmanın, nihayet kötülükten uzak durmanın bile sadaka olduğu bildirilir (Müsned , IV, 395, 411; Buhârî, “Zekât”, 30, “Edeb”, 33; Nesâî, “Zekât”, 56). Bu hadise göre, günümüzde anlamı çok basitleştirilen sadaka İslâmî anlayış açısından her türlü meşrû yardımlaşmayı kapsayan bir kavramdır. “Güçlü isen gücünü zayıflara yardım için kullan ki bu senin sadakan olsun” mânasındaki hadiste de (Müsned , V, 154) bu husus görülmektedir. “Kardeşinin ihtiyacını gideren kimsenin ihtiyacını da Allah giderir” (Müsned , IV, 104; Buhârî, “Meẓâlim”, 3; Müslim, “Birr”, 58); “Bir kimse kardeşine yardım ettiği müddetçe Allah da ona yardımını sürdürür” (Müsned , II, 274) meâlindeki hadisler yardımlaşmanın hem dinî değerine hem toplumsal yararına işaret etmektedir. Hadislerde zulme uğrayana yardım etme hususu da sıkça geçer (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ʿavn”, “ẓlm”, “nṣr” md.leri), bu arada zalime yardım etmekten de söz edilir. Hz. Peygamber, “Zalime yardım iki elini yakalayıp zulmünü engellemekle olur” buyurmuştur.
Müslüman âlim ve düşünürler, hem insanın sosyal bir canlı olduğu şeklindeki Aristocu görüşe (Aristote, s. 461-463) hem de ilgili âyet ve hadislere (el-Enfâl 8/63; Müsned , II, 400; V, 335) atıfta bulunarak insanların tek başlarına üstesinden gelemeyecekleri ihtiyaçlarla kuşatıldıklarını, toplumsal hayatın, devlet ve hukuk gibi kurumların bu ihtiyaçları yardımlaşarak karşılama zaruretinden doğduğunu söylemişlerdir. Fârâbî, el-Medînetü’l-fâżıla ’nın “İhtiyâcü’l-insân ile’l-ictimâ‘ ve’t-teâvün” başlığı altında (s. 117-119), her bireyin kendisine gerekli şeyleri tek başına elde etmesi mümkün olmadığından insanların topluluklar oluşturmayı ve birbiriyle yardımlaşmayı sağlayacak bir fıtratta yaratıldığını belirtir ve buradan hareketle kendi toplum ve devlet felsefesini kurar. Fârâbî’ye göre erdemli toplumun üyeleri kendi yeteneklerini en iyi biçimde kullanarak mükemmel bir toplum kurabilirler. İnsan tabiatı hakkında kötümser bir anlayış taşıyan Mâverdî’ye göre insan muhtaç olmadığını gördüğü zaman doğası gereği azgınlaşır, saldırganlık onun hâkim özelliğidir. İnsanı uysallaştıran şey kendi başına yetersizliğinin farkına varmasıdır, İlâhî irade onu canlılar arasında en âciz varlık olarak yaratmıştır. Dolayısıyla insan fıtrî eksikliğinden dolayı hemcinsinden yardım bekler (Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn , s. 132). Bütün insanlar eşit yetenek ve imkânlarla dünyaya gelselerdi hiç kimse diğerinden yardım alamayacak, sonuçta ihtiyaçların karşılanamaması yüzünden insanlık helâk olacaktı. İnsanların değişik yeteneklerle donatılması ve farklı imkânlara kavuşturulmasıyla onların aralarında iletişim kurmaları, birbirleriyle kaynaşmaları, dayanışma ve yardımlaşma içinde bulunmaları ve bu suretle eksiklerini gidermeleri amaçlanmıştır. Âyetlerde belirtildiği üzere (Hûd 11/118; en-Nahl 16/71) bu durum insanlık için Allah’ın bir lutfudur (a.g.e. , s. 135). Râgıb el-İsfahânî de insanların hayatlarını sürdürebilmeleri için yardımlaşmak zorunda olduklarını belirttikten sonra bir topluluğun (sûfîlerin), “Cinleri ve insanları yalnız bana ibadet etsinler diye yarattım” meâlindeki âyete (ez-Zâriyât 51/56) dayanarak dünya işlerini terketmeyi fazilet saymalarını eleştirmiştir. Çünkü Allah’ın kullarına faydalı olacak işler yapmak da büyük bir ibadettir. Nitekim, “Bütün insanlar Allah’ın ailesidir, insanların en hayırlısı Allah’ın ailesine en çok faydası dokunandır” anlamındaki hadis (Ebû Ya‘lâ, VI, 65; Taberânî, VI, 252-253) bunu göstermektedir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , s. 387-388, 402-403).
Bu görüşlere Gazzâlî ve İbn Haldûn gibi sonraki düşünürler de katılmıştır. Gazzâlî’ye göre siyaset de toplumsal zaruretin bir neticesidir. İnsanların çeşitli tehlikelere karşı birbirinden güç ve yardım almaya ihtiyaç duymaları yerleşim birimlerinin doğmasını sağlamış, ancak toplumsal hayat sürtüşmeleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Nihayet bütün bu zaruretler insanlar arasında barış, adalet, sosyal dayanışma ve yardımlaşmayı gerçekleştirecek siyasî kurumların ortaya çıkmasına vesile olmuştur (İḥyâʾ , I, 12-13, 55; II, 193-194; III, 10, 281; el-İḳtiṣâd , s. 235; el-Maḳṣadü’l-esnâ , s. 70). İbn Haldûn da insanlar için toplu yaşamanın zorunluluğunu filozofların, “İnsan doğası gereği medenîdir” şeklinde ifade ettiklerini belirttikten sonra, insanların en zorunlu ihtiyacı olan besinlerin üretilmesinden yenmeye hazır duruma getirilmesine kadar birçok alete, iş ve işlemlere ihtiyaç bulunduğunu, bir kişinin tek başına bunları başarmasının düşünülemeyeceğini söyler (Muḳaddime , s. 41-43). İbn Haldûn medeniyet teorisini bu temel düşünce üzerine kurmaktadır. İhvân-ı Safâ topluluğunun dost tanımı, onların yardımlaşma ve dayanışmaya ne kadar üstün bir meziyet olarak baktıklarını gösterir. Buna göre hakiki dost düşmanlarına karşı dostuna yardım eder, sıkıntı ve belâlar karşısında dostuna dayanak, zor zamanlarında destek olur. Dost dostun arkasında kaledir; dostu onu andığında yardımına koşar, unutulsa da unutmaz. Dostuna iyilik etmesini öğütler ve bu hususta ona öncü olur; malını ve canını dostuna adar. Aydınlık dostlar din ve dünya hayatının huzuru için birbirine yardım ederler; zengin âlime malıyla, âlim zengine bilgisiyle yardımcı olur; böylece herkes herkesin kurtuluşuna katkı sağlar, diğerinden de bir karşılık beklemez (er-Resâʾil , IV, 44-45, 55-56).
Ahlâk ve fıkıh kitaplarında yardımlaşmayla ilgili çeşitli ilkelerden söz edilir. Öncelikle herkes kendi ihtiyacını yine kendi imkânlarıyla karşılamaya çalışmalı, başkasının eline bakmamalıdır; çünkü birinden yardım almak bir tür esirliktir; özgür kalmak isteyen kişi hiç kimseden yardım beklemez; asıl zenginlik ve onur bundadır. Yardım eden kimse de karşılık beklememeli, yardım alan ise imkân ölçüsünde bunun karşılığını vererek iyilik sahibine teşekkür etmelidir. Ebû Hâtim el-Büstî’ye göre akıllı kişi özellikle düşmanına, aptal, günahkâr ve yalancılara, kendisinden bir beklentisi bulunanlara ihtiyacından söz etmez (Ravżatü’l-ʿuḳalâʾ , s. 142, 144, 250; Mâverdî, s. 199, 205-206). İbn Hazm iyilik yapana teşekkür etmenin farz olduğunu belirtir, yapılan iyiliğe aynıyla veya daha fazlasıyla karşılık vermeyi öğütler. Bununla birlikte iyilik edenin kötü işlerine yardımcı olmak bir teşekkür sayılmaz. Yanlış ve haksız işlerde yardımlaşanlar gerçekte birbirlerine kötülük etmiş sayılırlar (el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer fî müdâvâti’n-nüfûs , s. 88).
Fıkıh kitaplarında ilgili âyet ve hadislerden hareketle muhtaçlara yardım etmenin öncelikle onların yakınlarının görevleri arasında yer aldığı belirtilir. Bu yükümlülüğü yerine getirmekten kaçınan akraba aleyhinde dava açılabilir (M. Ebû Zehre, s. 69-74). İbn Hazm iyilik ve takvâyı emreden, kötülük, aşırılık ve saldırganlığı yasaklayan âyetlerle Hz. Ömer’in uygulamasını delil göstererek susuzluk, açlık, yılan sokması gibi bir tehlike ile karşılaşan birine elinden geldiği halde yardım etmediğinden onun ölümüne yol açan kimseye eğer bu sonucun doğacağını önceden biliyorsa taammüden, bilmiyorsa hataen adam öldürme cezasının uygulanması gerektiğini söyler (el-Muḥallâ , X, 522-523). İmam Mâlik, Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî gibi birçok fakih de aynı görüştedir (Teckânî, s. 264-265).
Dinin ve dindarlığın yardımlaşmaya etkisi üzerine yapılan araştırmalarda dindarlığını içine sindirmiş, özümsemiş bireylerde yardım etme iradesinin bu durumda bulunmayanlara göre daha güçlü olduğu tesbit edilmiştir (geniş bilgi için bk. Ayten, s. 94-120). İslâm’da hayır yapma ve sevap kazanma niyetine dayanan zekât, sadaka-i fıtır, kurban, nezir, karz, kefâret, vakıf vb.ne dair hüküm ve uygulamaların temel hedefi toplumda yardımlaşmanın kurumsallaşmasını sağlamaktır. Başta vakıflar olmak üzere bütün İslâm beldelerinde erken dönemlerden itibaren muhtaçlara hizmet vermek amacıyla kurulan aşevi, dârülaceze, yetimler evi, imaret, hastahane gibi pek çok kurum müslümanların dayanışma ve yardımlaşma ruhunu ortaya çıkaran hayır müesseseleridir (ayrıca bk. CÖMERTLİK ; İHSAN ; İN‘ÂM ; İNFAK ; TESÂNÜD ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ʿavn” md.
a.mlf., eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ mekârimi’ş-şerîʿa (nşr. Ebü’l-Yezîd el-Acemî), Kahire 1405/1985, s. 387-388, 402-403.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ʿavn” md.
Müsned , II, 274, 400; III, 99, 201, 324; IV, 104, 386, 395, 411; V, 154, 335.
Aristote [Aristo], Éthique à Nicomaque (trc. J. Tricot), Paris 1994, s. 461-463.
Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Mevsılî, Müsned (nşr. Hüseyin Selîm Esed), Dımaşk-Beyrut 1985, VI, 65.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , Beyrut 1412/1992, IX, 166-167; XI, 310; XII, 62-63, 709.
Fârâbî, el-Medînetü’l-fâżıla (nşr. Albert Nasrî Nâdir), Beyrut 1986, s. 117-119.
İbn Hibbân, Ravżatü’l-ʿuḳalâʾ ve nüzhetü’l-fużalâʾ (M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd v.dğr.), Beyrut 1397/1977, s. 142, 144, 250.
Taberânî, el-Muʿcemü’l-evsaṭ (nşr. Mahmûd b. Ahmed et-Tahhân), Riyad 1415/1995, VI, 252-253.
İhvân-ı Safâ, er-Resâʾil , Beyrut 1377/1957, IV, 44-45, 55-56.
Mâverdî, Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn (nşr. Mustafa es-Sekkā), Beyrut 1978, s. 132, 135, 184, 199, 205-206.
İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ , X, 522-523.
a.mlf., el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer fî müdâvâti’n-nüfûs , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 88-89.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , I, 12-13, 55; II, 193-194; III, 10, 281.
a.mlf., el-İḳtiṣâd fi’l-iʿtiḳād (nşr. İbrahim Agâh Çubukçu – Hüseyin Atay), Ankara 1962, s. 235.
a.mlf., el-Maḳṣadü’l-esnâ , Kahire 1322, s. 70.
Meydânî, Mecmaʿu’l-ems̱âl (Abdülhamîd) , II, 334.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , VI, 46-47.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime , Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 41-43.
Şevkânî, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , Beyrut 1412/1991, II, 10; III, 515; V, 37.
M. el-Habîb et-Teckânî, el-İḥsânü’l-ilzâmî fi’l-İslâm , Mağrib 1410/1990, s. 264-265.
M. Ebû Zehre, et-Tekâfülü’l-ictimâʿî fi’l-İslâm , Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-fikri’l-Arabî), s. 69-74.
Ali Ayten, Empati ve Din , İstanbul 2010, s. 94-120.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 332-334 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.