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YAYLAK ve KIŞLAK Skip to content Konar göçerlerin yaz ve kış aylarında kaldıkları yerlere verilen ad.
Orhon yazıtlarından başlayarak eski Türkçe metinlerde geçen kışlak kış mevsiminin, yaylak ise yaz mevsiminin geçirildiği yer anlamına gelir. Kâşgarlı Mahmud eserinde, kış ve yay (yaz) isim köklerine mekân anlamını sonlarına eklenen gayın harfinin (ġ) kazandırdığını belirtmişse de bu eseri yayımlayan Besim Atalay, dipnotta Kâşgarlı’nın küçük bir hata yaptığını ifade ederek kök isimlerin arkasına +la-ġ ekinin geldiğini (yay+la-ġ/kış+la-ġ) söylemiştir (Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk Tercümesi , I, 13). Zamanımıza kadar bin yılı aşkın süreden beri aynı anlamda kullanılan bu kelimeler, Osmanlı dönemine ait sözlüklerde konar göçer yaşam içerisinde bir bütünün tamamlayıcı iki parçası diye açıklanır. Bu kavramları daha iyi anlayabilmek için konar göçer yaşam tarzları dikkate alınmalıdır. Türkiye’de XIX. yüzyılın sonları ile XX. yüzyılın başlarında yayımlanan eserlerde yayla çoğunlukla “plato” ile karıştırılmış ve bu yanlış birçok haritaya da aktarılmıştır. Halbuki yayla konar göçer yaşamıyla ilgili, beşerî coğrafya terimi olan bir iskân merkezini ifade eder. Plato ise fizikî coğrafya terimidir. Batı dillerinden Türkçe’ye geçen plato yerine halk arasında “bayır, düz yer, düzlük, kır, ova” anlamında “yazı” kelimesi kullanılmışsa da günümüzde bu artık unutulmuş gibidir. Kışlak/kışla ise zamanla “askerlerin kış mevsimini geçirdiği yer, askerî kışla” şeklinde farklı bir anlam da kazanmıştır. Zira geçmişte savaşlar havaların ısındığı zamanlarda yapılır, kışın ordular kışla/kışlaklarına çekilirdi. Günümüzde ise askerlerin yıl boyunca toplu halde barındıkları yapılar bütünü kışla olarak adlandırılır.
Yaylak ve kışlak iskân mahallerindeki yaşam anlayışı yarı göçebe hayat tarzının en belirleyici unsurudur. Bu tarz göçebelik daha çok konar göçer tabiriyle açıklanır. Göçebelik, mevsimlere göre veya ekonomik şartlara bağlı olarak sürekli yer değiştiren toplulukların hayat şekli iken konar göçerlikte mekân belirlidir. Bu topluluklar çiftçilikle de uğraşır ve ürünlerini mevsim göçleri arasında toplarlar. Bunların sürekli barınakları olup otlaklara göçmeden önce buralarda ekip biçerler, yani hayat tarzı itibariyle yaylak ve kışlak alanları arasında hareket halinde olan gruplardır. Asya Türkleri’nde geniş alanlarda yaygın biçimde sürdürülen ve uzun müddet varlığını koruyan konar göçer yaşam tarzında temel geçim kaynağı hayvancılık olduğundan hayvanlarına her mevsim yeşil ve taze ot temin etmesi gereken bu topluluklar kış mevsimini alçak güney enlemlerde veya alçak ve kar görmeyen ya da az gören nisbeten sıcak ovalarla vadilerde, yaz mevsimini ise daha yüksek kuzey enlemlerde veya yüksek ve serin kesimlerde geçirirlerdi. Temelde konaklama yerleri belli olan bu insanlar iki mekân arasında sürekli gidiş geliş tarzında devam ettirdikleri hayatlarını aradaki geçiş mevsimlerinde uygun mekânlarda konaklayarak sürdürürlerdi.
Türkler Asya’da yaşarken esas itibariyle atlı göçebe idiler. Türkler’in rahat ve yerleşik bir hayat yerine böyle bir düzeni benimsemiş olmalarının sebebi toprakların ziraata geniş ölçüde elverişli olmamasıdır. Eski çağlarda Aral gölü çevresiyle Ural-Altay dağları arasındaki bozkırlarda uzun süre göçebe olarak yaşayan Türkler ilk devirlerde basit anlamda avcılık ve tarımla geçimlerini sağlıyorlardı. Vadileri takip ederek göçerler, sonbahardan önce kışlık yiyeceklerini biriktirirlerdi. Orta Asya’daki büyük dağlarla çevrili geniş yaylalar böyle bir hayata elverişliydi. Bunun sonucunda zamanla yarı göçebe hayat tarzına (yaylak ve kışlak) geçilmişti. Hayvancılık için yaz mevsimi baharda başlar ve sonbaharın bitimine kadar devam ederdi. Yaylanın önem kazanması hayvan otlağı olması sebebiyledir. Kışlak bazan bir vadi, bazan bir köy veya şehir olmuştur. Geniş bölgelere yayılmış olan Türk kavimleri arasında bölge ve iklim özellikleri bu tür hayat tarzında önemli ayrıntılar meydana getirmiştir. Büyük hayvan sürülerine sahip Türkler “çadır köy” veya “çadır kent” halinde, otları bol, az kar yağan, güneş gören yerlerde konaklardı. 1071 Malazgirt zaferinden sonra Türkler gittikleri Anadolu’ya konar göçer yaşam tarzını da götürmüşlerdir. Böylece daha ilk dönemlerden itibaren kendilerine uygun mekânlarda kışlak ve yaylaklar tutmuşlardır. Bazı mekânlarda yerleşik hayata geçilmiş olsa da Beylikler ve Selçuklu dönemleri boyunca konar göçerlik önemli oranlarda sürmüştür.
Evliya Çelebi’nin verdiği bilgiler, XVII. yüzyılda bile konar göçer yaşam tarzının yaygınlığını ve Anadolu ile Balkanlar’da çok sayıda yaylak ve kışlağın varlığını gösterir. Evliya Çelebi, Anadolu’da Bingöl yaylası ile Ramazanoğlu yaylası gibi “azîm” yaylaların olmadığını belirttikten sonra “Âl-i Osman hükmünde cümle yetmiş yayla” bulunduğunu, bunlardan önemlilerini Revan yakınlarında Ağrı, Van yakınlarında Vereg ve Sübhan, Şehrizol’de Harîr, Musul’da Cûdî, Mardin’de Sincar, Diyarbekir’de Karadağ, Kayseri’de Göksun, Birgi’de Bozyaylak ile Tire, Manisa’da Sultan, Bursa’da Keşiş dağı yaylalarıyla Kastamonu yaylası ve Sinop yaylası olarak belirtir (Seyahatnâme , III, 29). Bu kadar farklı bölgelerde bulunan yaylaların yanında kışlaklar da yaygındı. Fakat kışlaklar bazan yaylaklardan uzakta kalan şehir, kasaba veya köy gibi sürekli iskân merkezleri olduğundan yaylalar gibi fazla değildir. Çünkü konar göçerler yerleşiklerle birlikte köy, kasaba ve hatta şehirlerde kışlayabiliyordu.
Konar göçerler, bilhassa kışlak bölgelerinde küçük yerleşim yerleri meydana getirdikleri için yerleşik düzene daha yatkındı. XVI. yüzyıla ait Osmanlı tahrir kayıtlarında bunların artan nüfuslarından bir kısmının hızlı bir şekilde yerleşik hayata geçtiğine ve yeni köyler meydana getirdiğine dair bilgiler vardır. Konar göçerlik dolayısıyla yaylak ve kışlaklar öteden beri Türk kültüründe önemli bir yer işgal etse de Türkiye’deki yaylaların ortaya çıkmasında tabii şartlar ve geçim kaygısı da oldukça önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Necdet Tunçdilek bu konuda şunları yazmaktadır: “Türkiye’de yaylaların teşekkülünde relief, iklim hatta toprak ve bitki örtüsü doğrudan etkili değildir. Buna mukabil, şartlar ne olursa olsun, köyün geçim sahasına eklenebilecek ve köy halkının geçiminin bir kısmını temin edebilecek her yer, ister köyün bitişiğinden başlasın, ister kilometrelerce uzağında olsun yayla olmak niteliğini gösterir. Diğer bir ifade ile yaylalar köylerin daha başka yerde farklı bir geçim sahasına sahip olma amacından doğmuştur” (Türkiye İskân Coğrafyası , s. 138-139).
Bütün Türkiye üzerinde yaylaların yerleşimi konusunda yapılan araştırmalar, yaylaların esas iskân yerine nazaran düşey ve yatay olmak üzere iki şekilde bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Meselâ sahil bölgelerinde, dağların eteklerinde, vadi içlerinde iskân edilmiş köylerin büyük çoğunluğunun yaylası ova, vadi ya da yamaç üzerinde değil dağların yüksek kesimlerinde bulunur. Böylece yayla esas iskân noktasına düşey gelebilecek şekilde yer almış olur. Türkiye’deki yaylaların büyük çoğunluğu bu tipte olduğundan yayla geniş anlamda dağ ve plato üzerinde bir mekân olarak düşünülür. Halbuki ovalar üzerinde ve bilhassa Orta Anadolu’nun geniş düzlüklerindeki köylerin (özellikle Karapınar çevresi) yaylaları aynı düzlüğün üzerinde yayılır. Bu şekilde Kars-Erzurum bölgesinde köyle yayla arasında yükselti farkı yoktur. Ayrıca başka örneği bulunmasa da Muğla yöresinde daha farklı bir yapıdan söz etmek gerekir. Muğla’nın yaylası olan Karabağlar şehirden daha alçaktadır ve burada çıkılan-gidilen değil inilen bir yayla söz konusudur. Bu durumda Türkiye’deki yaylalar çıkılan, gidilen ve inilen yaylalar olmak üzere üç tiptedir (a.g.e. , s. 139-145).
Geçmişte Türkiye topraklarında yaygın bir dağılış gösteren yaylak ve kışlaklar günümüze kadar işlevlerini yitirerek yok olma seviyesine inmişse de hâtıralarda ve günümüze intikal eden kültürel unsurlarda yaşamaya devam etmektedir. Konuya sadece toponimik açıdan yaklaşılırsa, yerleşme isminde yaylak ve kışlak bulunduran iskân merkezlerinin çoğunluğu köy olmakla birlikte içlerinde kasaba ve şehirlerin de varlığı hemen dikkati çeker. Bu anlamda kışlakların neredeyse tamamı ortadan kalksa da yaylakların bir kısmı turizm, sayfiye ve -geçmişe göre az olmakla birlikte- hayvancılık amaçlı olarak varlıklarını sürdürmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk Tercümesi , I, 13; Âşıkpaşazâde, Osmanoğulları’nın Tarihi (haz. Kemal Yavuz – M. A. Yekta Saraç), İstanbul 2003, s. 53-63; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme (Dağlı), III, 29; Necdet Tunçdilek, Türkiye İskân Coğrafyası , İstanbul 1967, s. 138-145; a.mlf., Türkiye’de Yerleşmenin Evrimi , İstanbul 1986, s. 1-5; Cengiz Orhonlu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Aşiretlerin İskânı , İstanbul 1987, s. 29-55; Rasih Demirci – Ahmet Özçelik, Tarım Tarihi , Ankara 1990, s. 18-19; Mehmet Eröz, Yörükler , İstanbul 1991, s. 71-72; Osman Gümüşçü, XVI. Yüzyıl Larende (Karaman) Kazasında Yerleşme ve Nüfus , Ankara 2001, s. 22-127; a.mlf., Coğrafya’ya Davet , İstanbul 2012, s. 284-309; Talip Yücel, “Türkiye’nin Kır Yerleşmeleri ve Tipleri Üzerine Yeni Görüşler”, TKA , Prof.Dr. Oktay Aslanapa’ya Armağan, XXX/1-2 (1993), s. 447-469; Cemal Arif Alagöz, “Türkiye’de Yaylacılık Araştırmaları”, AÜ Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi , sy. 2, Ankara 1993, s. 1-52; M. Yaşar Ertaş, “Osmanlı Seferlerinde Olağandışı Bir Kışlak: Kastamonu”, AÜ Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi: OTAM , sy. 18, Ankara 2005, s. 137-149; Şeyda Büyükcan Sayılır, “Göçebelik, Konar-Göçerlik Meselesi ve Coğrafî Bakımdan Konar-Göçerlerin Farklılaşması”, Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi , XII/1, İzmir 2012, s. 568-569; http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 669-670 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.