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YAZICI, Mehmet Emin Skip to content (1883-1945)
Hattat ve neyzen.
1/2 Müellif: M. UĞUR DERMAN Bölüme Git
5 Cemâziyelevvel 1300 (14 Mart 1883) tarihinde Tophane Defterdar mahallesinin Türkgücü sokağındaki -1967 yılına kadar yıkılmadan kalan- 48 numaralı ev…
2/2 Müellif: NURİ ÖZCAN Bölüme Git
MÛSİKİ. Türk mûsikisinin son döneminde yetişen en önemli neyzenlerden olup mûsiki hocalığı ve besteleriyle de tanınmıştır. Küçük yaşta başladığı hat m…
5 Cemâziyelevvel 1300 (14 Mart 1883) tarihinde Tophane Defterdar mahallesinin Türkgücü sokağındaki -1967 yılına kadar yıkılmadan kalan- 48 numaralı evde doğdu. Babası Hırka-i Şerif Camii hatibi Hâfız Eyüp Sabri Efendi’dir. Evlerinin yakınında bulunan Sirkeci İbtidâî Mektebi’ndeki tahsilinden sonra kendisinden üç yaş büyük olan ağabeyi Ömer Vasfi ile beraber aynı semtteki Fevziye Rüşdiyesi’ne devam ederken mektebin hüsn-i hat muallimi Çukurcumalı Kadri Efendi’den sülüs-nesih yazılarını öğrenmeye başladı. Lise tahsilini Vefa İdâdîsi’nde tamamladı.
Kabiliyeti sayesinde hat sanatında hat üstatlarının yanına gitmeden sülüs-nesih ve celî sülüs yazılarını ilerletti. Ağabeyi ta‘lik hattı meşketmek üzere salı günleri Sâmi Efendi’ye giderken kardeşini de beraberinde götürürdü. Gençliğinde ney üfleyen ve Aziz Dede’nin dostlarından olan Sâmi Efendi’nin, genç neyzen Emin Efendi’ye yanında getirdiği neyini üfleterek zevkle dinlediğini ve “Bu oğlanda kudemâ tarzı var, işittikçe safalanıyorum” dediğini aynı meclislerde bulunan M. Necmeddin Okyay nakletmektedir. Bu ziyaretlerde Mehmet Emin yazılarını Sâmi Efendi’ye gösterdiğinde o da bazı harf tariflerinde bulunurdu. Bu tarzdaki faaliyetleri onun hat sanatındaki feyiz sebebi olmuştur.
Cami derslerinin yanı sıra Hukuk Mektebi’ne iki yıl devam edebilen Emin Efendi 1902’de Posta ve Telgraf İdaresi Mektûbî Kalemi’ne girdi. 1914’te Bursalı Râşid Efendi’nin emekliye ayrılması üzerine Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye Harita Dairesi hattatlığına tayin edildi. Buradaki askerî haritalarda zemini doldurmak için kullanılan uzun keşîdeli yazıları hazırlıyordu. O zamana kadar hat sanatına amatör zevkiyle bağlı kalan Mehmet Emin böylece hattatlığı kendisine meslek edindi. Sâmi Efendi yolunda celî sülüs yazan ağabeyinin eserlerini ince tashihten geçirerek bu yazıdaki maharetini de arttırdı. Meşketmediği halde bakmak suretiyle ta‘lik hattını da ilerletti. Harita dairesindeki memuriyetinden kısm-ı sâlis mümeyyizliğine terfi ettikten sonra Nisan 1923’te Anadolu’ya geçerek Ankara’da bulundu; 1927’de kısm-ı evvel mümeyyizi oldu. Ancak bu yıllarda sürekli biçimde Ankara’da vazifelendirilmediği anlaşılmaktadır. 1 Ağustos 1931’de emekliye ayrılan Mehmet Emin Efendi bundan sonraki hayatını Tophane’deki evinde hat ve mûsiki meşguliyetiyle geçirdi.
Emin Efendi sanattaki mevkii itibariyle XIX. yüzyılın emsalsiz hattat, neyzen ve mûsikişinası Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi ile eşdeğerdedir. Ancak yaşadığı yıllarda bu sanatlara karşı ilginin azalması Emin Efendi’nin bu meslektaşı kadar velûd olmasına ve eser vermesine imkân bırakmamıştır. Emin Efendi’nin hat sanatındaki en büyük mahareti yazı taklidindedir (bk. HAT ). Bu hususiyetinden ağabeyinin bile haberi olmamıştır. Zira Emin Efendi, ağabeyinin 26 Kasım 1928’deki vefatından sonra Necmeddin Okyay’ın teşvikiyle hattın bu zor sahasında kudretini göstermiştir. Taklit, başka sanatlarda hoş karşılanmamasına mukabil hüsn-i hatta pek makbul sayılmış; birbirine zıt şîvedeki hattatların yazısına bakarak onun aynını fotoğraf kudretiyle kâğıda aktarabilmek her hattatın başaramayacağı bir iş olarak takdir edilmiştir. Şeyh Hamdullah, Hâfız Osman, Mustafa Râkım, Mahmud Celâleddin, Mehmed Şevki ve Hasan Rızâ efendiler Emin Efendi’nin taklit ettiği üstatlar arasındadır. Kendisinin müzelerde ve hususi koleksiyonlarda sülüs-nesih kıtalarına ve celî sülüsle levhalarına rastlanmaktadır. Taşa mahkûk yegâne celî sülüs kitâbesi Sultanhamam’daki 1. Vakıf Hanı önünde bulunan küçük çeşmenin üstündedir. Faik Sabri Bey’in (Duran) hazırladığı, Viyana’da basılan Orta Atlas ’ın keşîdeli sülüs yazıları da Emin Efendi tarafından yazılmıştır.
Evlenemeden vefat eden ağabeyi Ömer Efendi’nin vasiyeti üzerine ancak 1930’larda evlenen Emin Efendi’nin çocuğu olmadı. 1943 yılı Ağustosunda sağ tarafına gelen felç yüzünden artık her iki sanatını da icra etmekten mahrum kaldı. 3 Şubat 1945’te vefatının ertesi günü Eyüp’te Gümüşsuyu Kabristanı’nda ağabeyinin yanına defnedildi. Kendisini çok takdir eden Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’ın Huzur adlı romanda hüner sahibi bir tip olarak yeterince tahlil ettiği (s. 227-270) Neyzen Emin Yazıcı sanattaki mevkii kadar ahlâkî meziyetleriyle de örnek şahsiyetlerdendir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Huzur , İstanbul 1949, s. 227-270.
İbnülemin, Son Hattatlar , s. 80-84, 262-267.
Şevket Rado, Türk Hattatları , İstanbul, ts. (Yayın Matbaacılık), s. 255-257.
M. Uğur Derman, Türk Hat Sanatının Şâheserleri , İstanbul 1982, rs. 51.
a.mlf., Eternal Letters from the Abdul Rahman Owais Collection of Islamic Calligraphy (trc. Irvin Cemil Schick), Sharjah 2009, s. 280-283.
a.mlf., Ömrümün Bereketi: 1 , İstanbul 2011, s. 44-63.
a.mlf., “Kardeş İki Hattatımız: Ömer Vasfi Efendi-Neyzen Emin Efendi”, 50 San‘at Sever Serisi , sy. 22, İstanbul 1966, s. 1-9.
İslâm Kültür Mirâsında Hat San’atı (haz. M. Uğur Derman), İstanbul 1992, s. 228.
Ali Alparslan, Osmanlı Hat Sanatı Tarihi , İstanbul 1999, s. 97.
Muhittin Serin, Hat Sanatı ve Meşhur Hattatlar , İstanbul 2010, s. 258-261.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 357-358 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MÛSİKİ. Türk mûsikisinin son döneminde yetişen en önemli neyzenlerden olup mûsiki hocalığı ve besteleriyle de tanınmıştır. Küçük yaşta başladığı hat meşkleri sırasında tanıdığı Nusretiye Camii kayyımlarından Hâfız Hâşim Efendi’den meşkettiği Nâyî Osman Dede’nin rast Mevlevî âyiniyle mûsiki çalışmalarına başladı. Bu çalışmalarını Kulekapı (Galata) Mevlevîhânesi kudümzenbaşısı Râif Dede’den âyinler geçerek devam ettirdi. Bu arada on üç yaşlarında aynı mevlevîhânenin neyzenbaşısı Aziz Dede’den ney meşketti. Bu meşkler yıllarca Galata Mevlevîhânesi ile Aziz Dede’nin Üsküdar’daki evinde devam etti; ardından Galata Mevlevîhânesi neyzenleri arasına katıldı. O sırada Şevket Gavsî Bey’den Batı müziği notası ve nazariyatı, Rauf Yektâ Bey’den Hamparsum ve Batı notası ile nazariyat dersleri aldı.
Râif Dede’nin vefatından sonra Altıncı Belediye Dairesi muhasebecisi hânende, Hâfız İshakefendizâde Sâdık Bey ve Bolâhenk Nûri Bey’den pek çok fasıl geçti; Nûri Bey’in karcığar ve bûselik âyinlerini bizzat kendisinden notaya aldı. Tophane’de Karabaş Dergâhı şeyhi ve Kādirîhâne zâkirbaşısı Hopçuzâde Ahmed Efendi’den Nâyî Osman Dede’nin mi‘râciyyesinin dügâh, segâh, sabâ ve müstear hânelerini, ayrıca birçok dinî eseri; onun vefatının ardından kardeşi ve Nusretiye Camii başmüezzini Şeyh Rızâ Efendi’den mi‘râciyyenin hüseynî hânesini; Zekâizâde Hâfız Ahmet Efendi (Irsoy) ve Galata Mevlevîhânesi son şeyhi Ahmed Celâleddin Dede’den âyinler meşketti. Bu arada hocası Aziz Dede’nin vefatı üzerine Bahâriye Mevlevîhânesi şeyhi Hüseyin Fahreddin Dede ile ney çalışmalarını devam ettirdi ve ondan peşrev ve semâiler geçti. Mehmet Emin’in tasavvuf ve mûsiki alanında faydalandığı kişiler arasında farklı bir yeri bulunan ünlü mutasavvıf ve mûsikişinas Ahmet Avni Konuk’tan da burada özellikle söz etmek gerekir. Mehmet Emin Efendi, Galata Mevlevîhânesi neyzenbaşısı Hakkı Dede’den ney meşkine devam ederken onun 1918’de vefatıyla mevlevîhânenin neyzenbaşılığına getirildi. Bu sırada çile çıkarmadığı halde kendisine “dede” unvanı verildi. Bu görevi yanında Üsküdar Mevlevîhânesi neyzenbaşılığını tekkeler kapatılıncaya kadar (1925) sürdürdü. Mûsâ Süreyyâ Bey’in müdürlüğü sırasında Dârülelhan’da başladığı ney hocalığı bu kurumda Türk mûsikisi şubesinin 1926 yılında lağvedilmesiyle sona erdi.
Emin Dede’nin öğrendiği eserleri aynen muhafaza etme konusunda gösterdiği titizlik onun en önemli özelliklerindendir. Geçtiği hemen her eseri en küçük ayrıntısına kadar hiçbir değişiklik yapmaksızın notaya aldığından Hamparsum notasını kullandığı bu çalışmalarının sonucunda özel bir koleksiyon meydana getirdi. Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun, Mehmet Emin’in mevcut Mevlevî âyinleri, mi‘râciyye ve bir kısım din dışı eserleri notaya alarak mükemmel bir mecmua vücuda getirdiğini ifade eder (Türk Musikisi Antolojisi , II, 670). Emin Dede’nin Galata Mevlevîhânesi (Divan Edebiyatı Müzesi) Kütüphanesi’nde uzun süre muhafaza edilen Hamparsum notasıyla yazdığı “Mevlevî Âyinleri Mecmuası” bugün Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ne nakledildi (Galata Mevlevîhânesi, nr. 122).
Aziz Dede tavrı olarak bilinen tavrın takipçisi olup zamanla neyde tamamen kendine has bir üslûp geliştiren Emin Dede son derece başarılı tiz nağmeleriyle tanınmıştır. Columbia Şirketi tarafından Sadettin Kaynak’ın sesinden plağa alınan Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin hüzzam durağının kaydı esnasında Kaynak’ın ısrarıyla hayatında ilk ve son defa plağa ney üflemiştir. Emin Dede aynı zamanda meşkleriyle geleceğin pek çok mûsiki üstadının yetişmesinde katkısı bulunan bir mûsiki hocasıdır. Talebeleri arasında Halil Dikmen, Halil Can, Hayri Tümer, Süleyman Erguner, Emin Kılıçkale, Hakkı Süha Gezgin, Bahriyeli İbrâhim Bey, Sucu Hasan Dede, Semâzen Ahmet Bican Kasaboğlu, Sadettin Heper, Mesut Cemil Tel, Sadettin Kaynak, Kemal Batanay, Muhittin Erev, Hâkim Hicâbî Fıratlı, Mesut Paker en önemlileridir. Özellikle Halil Can onun tasavvufî birikimini aktardığı, son zamanlarında mûsikiye dair bütün eser ve belgelerini teslim ettiği talebesidir.
Emin Dede’nin hepsi devr-i kebîr usulünde dokuz adet peşrevi, Mevlevî âyinlerinde son yürük semâi olarak kullanılmak üzere bestelenmiş on sekiz terennümü, üç saz semâisi, Ahmet Avni Konuk’a nazîre 119 makamlı taksimi ve yedi şarkısı tesbit edilmiştir. Ahmet Avni Konuk’un üç Mevlevî âyininin peşrevleri de ona ait olup bunlardan dilkeşîde peşrevi son eseridir. Birinci selâmın ortalarına kadar besteleyip sonradan vazgeçtiği müstear bir âyini olduğu söylenir. Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Huzur adlı romanında bir karakter halinde tahlil ettiği Emin Dede için “ebediyet yıldızı” tanımlamasını yapar. Onun için, “bir medeniyetin en yüksek cihaz olarak kendisini seçtiği insanlardan biri” ifadesini kullanmış ve onu “bütün mazi hazinelerinin son bekçisi, kafası altı asrın uğultulu kovanı olan ve nefesinde bir medeniyet taşıyan insan” diye nitelendirmiştir. Bülent Çeviksever tarafından Neyzen Emin (Dede) Efendi Hayatı, Sanatı, Eserleri ve Musikîmizdeki Etkileri adıyla bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlanmıştır (1995, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun, Türk Musikisi Antolojisi , İstanbul 1943, II, 669-670, 687.
İbnülemin, Son Hattatlar , s. 80-85.
a.mlf., Hoş Sadâ , s. 176-177.
Mustafa Rona, 20. Yüzyıl Türk Musikisi , İstanbul 1970, s. 253-254.
Özalp, Türk Mûsikîsi Tarihi , II, 176-179.
Beşir Ayvazoğlu, Neyin Sırrı Hâlâ Hasret , İstanbul 2002, s. 47-63.
Hakkı Süha Gezgin, Edebî Portreler (haz. Beşir Ayvazoğlu), İstanbul 2005, s. 354-357.
Savaş Ş. Barkçin, Ahmed Avni Konuk: Görünmeyen Umman , İstanbul 2009, s. 83-93.
Halil Can, “Ebedileşen Dehalarımız Emin Dede”, TMD , sy. 4 (1948), s. 2-3, 21; sy. 5 (1948), s. 4-5, 20.
Bülend Çeviksever, “Hayatı, Sanatı, Eserleri ve Musikimizdeki Etkileriyle Neyzen Emin Dede”, MM , sy. 472 (2001), s. 58-64.
Yılmaz Öztuna, Türk Mûsikîsi , Ankara 2006, II, 493-494.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 358-359 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.