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ZARÛRÂT-ı Şİ‘RİYYE Skip to content Şiirin vezin ve kafiye düzeniyle armonik yapısını korumak için şaire tanınan kural dışı tasarruflar anlamında bir terim.
Konu daha çok zarûrât-ı şi‘riyye başlığıyla ele alınmakla birlikte zarâir-i şi‘riyye, ruhas-ı şi‘riyye, cevâzât-ı şi‘riyye, icâzât-ı şi‘riyye başlıkları da kullanılmıştır. Nesirdeki yaygın kurallara aykırılıklar genelde “şâz/şüzûz” terimiyle belirtilirken şiire has olan bu tür kullanımlar “zarûret/zarûrât” kelimeleriyle ifade edilmiştir. Şair, şiirinde vezin ve kafiye düzeniyle onun armonik yapısını koruyabilmek için bazı tasarruflara başvurmak zorunda kaldığından bu uygulamaya “zarûrât/zarâir” denildiği gibi bunun için “ruhas, cevâzât/icâzât” tabirlerine de yer verilmiştir. Şelevbîn’in ifadesine göre zaruretin iki illeti ve tevcihi vardır: Asla döndürme ve örneğe benzetme. Müberred’in sıkça tekrarladığı asla döndürmede şair kelimeyi i‘lâl, ibdâl, kalb gibi işlemlerden önceki asıl şekline çevirebilir, meselâ gayri munsarif yerine munsarif kullanıma yönelebilir: ”الأجَلُّ“ yü ”الأجْلَلُ“ ye, ”مَبِيعٌ“ u ”مَبْيُوعٌ“ a dönüştürmesi gibi. Yine şair bunu bir örneğe benzeterek yapabilir; ”ليتنِي“ yerine nûn-ı vikāyesiz ”ليتِي“ şeklindeki kullanımı tercih edebilir. Böylece şair ismini nasb, haberini ref‘eden edatlar arasında yer almada, nûn-ı vikāyeli ve onsuz kullanımda, ”إنّ، أنّ، كأنّ، لكنّ، لعلّ“ gibi edatlara benzeterek mebnîliği bozan kural dışı bir uygulamaya başvurmuştur. Şâz kullanımların döndürülebileceği bir asılları bulunmadığı gibi bunlar nâdir olduğundan kendileri de bir kural teşkil edemez. Çünkü şâz fasih Araplar’ın nâdiren kullandığı yapılardır. Ayrıca şiirde zaruret sayılan bir şey nesirde hata sayılır. Nitekim Sîbeveyhi ”إذا“ nın cevabını cezmetmesini şiirde zaruret, nesirde hata kabul etmiştir (el-Kitâb , I, 434).
Zarûrât-ı şi‘riyye hususunda Sîbeveyhi ve ona uyanlarla nahiv ve aruz âlimlerinin çoğunluğuna ait iki temel yaklaşım söz konusudur. Sîbeveyhi şiirde zarureti, “şairin vezin ve kafiye düzenini korumak için yapmak zorunda kaldığı kural dışı uygulama” diye tanımlamış, İbn Mâlik et-Tâî, A‘lem eş-Şentemerî ve İbn Halef gibi âlimler de bu anlayışa katılmıştır. Bunlar zaruret kavramının sözlük anlamına bağlı kalarak böyle bir yaklaşım ortaya koymuş, İbn Mâlik, zaruretin “önlenemez ve savuşturulamaz sıkıntı” anlamına gelen “zarar”dan türediğini, bu sebeple şairin kıyas dışına çıkmaktan kurtulma, onu değiştirme, yerine başka bir şey koyma imkânına sahipse bu takdirde zaruretten söz edilemeyeceğini söylemiştir (Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, s. 5-7). Nahiv ve aruz âlimlerinin çoğunluğuna göre ise zarûrât-ı şi‘riyye nesirde değil sadece şiirde görülür. Bu bağlamda İbn Usfûr el-İşbîlî (a.g.e. , s. 6), kıyas dışı durum değiştirilebilse de bunun bizâtihi şiirin ortaya çıkardığı bir zaruret olduğunu belirtmiştir. Min Esrâri’l-luġa müellifi İbrâhim Enîs gibi bazı çağdaş edebiyatçılar şiirde zaruretin varlığını kabul etmez. Bunlar nesirde benzeri görülmeyen bir kullanımın şiirde ortaya çıkabileceğini, bunun şiire has bir dil ve bir kıyas kabul edildiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Ancak eski âlimlerin zaruret dediği şeyle “şiir dili, şiire has kıyas” özünde farklı şeyler değildir. Öte yandan İbn Fâris, Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî ve İbn Sinân el-Hafâcî gibi âlimler de şiirde zarureti kabul etmeyip bunu hata ve galat olarak görürler. İbn Fâris şöyle der: “Şairler söz emîrleridir, bu sebeple memdûdu maksûr, maksûru memdûd okuyabilir, takdim-tehir, îmâ ve işaret yapabilirler. Ancak i‘rabda hata yapma veya sözü çığırından çıkarma hakları yoktur.” Hafâcî eski-yeni ayırımı yapmadan bu tasarrufları hata saymakta, dolayısıyla kudemânın zaruret dediğine hata demektedir. Zarureti mutlak şekilde olumsuz gören İbn Fâris, zaruret irtikâbı sebebiyle şaire ikramda bulunmuş hiçbir emîr ve hükümdar tanımadığını söylemekte, ona göre şair ya sağlıklı şiir nazmedecek ya da şiir yazmayacaktır (Süyûtî, Hemʿu’l-hevâmiʿ , II, 156). Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî de nahiv âlimleri göz yumsa bile şairin zaruret irtikâbından uzak durması gerektiğini, çünkü zaruretin sözü çirkinleştirdiğini belirtir. Askerî, kadim şairlerde bu tür tasarruflara rastlanmasını şiir sanatının henüz başlangıç döneminde olmasına bağlar ve bunun farkına varamadıklarını iddia eder (Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn , s. 112). İbn Cinnî’ye göre ise zaruret şairin zayıflığını ve yeteneksizliğini değil kendisine son derece güvendiğini gösterir (el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ , II, 392-393).
Zaruret güzel ve çirkin diye ikiye ayrılır. Kudemâ şiirinde yaygın olması, dolayısıyla zihnin kendisinden ürkmediği zaruretler güzel, aksi ise çirkin sayılmıştır. Nasb halinde sondaki “yâ”yı sâkin kılmak (السارﻱَ yerine السارِي gibi), ”فَعْلةٌ“ veznindeki bir kelimenin çoğulunu ”فَعَلات“ yerine ”فَعْلْات“ olarak kullanmak güzel zarurete; Arap şiirinde sadece yedi örneği tesbit edilen, muzâri fiilin başına ”ال“ harf-i ta‘rifinin getirilmesi (الينذر gibi) çirkin zarurete örnek verilebilir. Yine i‘rab harekesini değiştirmek, özel ismi başka bir kalıba çevirmek (Süleyman’ı Sellâm yapmak), kelimeden aslı anlaşılamayacak biçimde harf eksiltmek (المنازل yerine المنا ), Arap dilinde aslı bulunmayacak şekilde kelimeye harf eklemek (فأنظر yerine فأنظور ) gibi tasarruflar en çirkin zaruretler olarak görülmüştür. Güzel zaruret kategorisine girenler başta olmak üzere zaruretlerin çoğu fesahati bozmayan tasarruflar kabul edilmiştir. Süyûtî hissin kendisinden ürktüğü zaruretin fesahat dışına çıkacağını belirtir (Hemʿu’l-hevâmîʿ , II, 156). Ayrıca kelime üzerinde zaruret miktarınca tasarrufta bulunmak ve aşırıya kaçmamak da bir zaruret kuralıdır. Meselâ munsarifi gayri munsarife çevirmede tenvini düşürmek yeterlidir ve cer halindeki kesreyi fethaya dönüştürmek sınırı aşmaktır. Vezin ve kafiyeye nisbetle zaruret, ortadan kaldırılınca veznin bozulduğu zaruret, kafiyenin bozulduğu zaruret ve ikisinin de bozulmadığı zaruret diye üçe ayrılmıştır. Zaruret eksiltme (hazif), ekleme (ziyade) ve değiştirme (tağyîr) yoluyla uygulanabilir. Eksiltme hareke, harf veya cümle eksiltmesi, ekleme hareke veya harf eklenmesi biçiminde, değiştirme ise birçok şekilde gerçekleşebilir (bk. TAĞYÎR ).
Zaruretin belli bir sayı ile sınırlandırılması doğru olmamakla birlikte Zemahşerî’ye nisbet edilen aşağıdaki beyitlere göre Arap şiirinde yaygın biçimde kullanılan zaruretin sayısı ondur:
ضرورة الشعر عشر عد جملتها / قطع و وصل وتخفيف وتشديد // مد وقصر وإسكان وتحريك / ومنع صرف وصرف تم تعديد
(Şiir zaruretinin sayısı ondur: Vasıl hemzesini kat‘, kat‘ hemzesini vasletmek; şeddeliyi sâkin, sâkini şeddeli yapmak; maksûru memdûd, memdûdu maksûr okumak; harekeliyi sâkin, sâkini harekeli yapmak, munsarifi gayri munsarif, gayri munsarifi munsarif kılmak). Âlûsî, eḍ-Ḍarâʾir ’inde kırk ikisi eksiltme, doksan üçü değiştirme, yirmi yedisi ekleme olmak üzere 162 zaruret çeşidi sıralamıştır. Halîl b. Ahmed şuarâ tasarrufu ve şiir zarureti meselesine ilk temas eden dilcidir: Şairler söz emîrleridir, onda diledikleri gibi tasarrufta bulunabilirler. Başkaları için câiz olmayan hususlar onlar için câizdir. Bu sebeple şairler mânayı mutlak veya mukayyet olarak ifade edebilirler. Gayri munsarifi munsarif kılmak, lafzın yapısını değiştirmek, lafzı muakkad hale sokmak, maksûru memdûd, memdûdu maksûr yapmak, lafzın okunuş şekillerini bir yerde beraber zikretmek, lafzın sıfatları arasında ayırım yapmak, dillerin anlatmaktan ve zihinlerin kavramaktan âciz kaldığı şeyler ortaya koymak, bu sebeple uzağı yaklaştırmak, yakını uzaklaştırmak (uzak ve yakın işaret ve nidâ edatlarını birbiri yerine kullanmak), bâtılı hak, hakkı bâtıl sûretinde tasvir etmek onlara özgüdür (Kartâcennî, s. 143-144).
Şiirde zaruret konusunu ayrıntılarıyla ilk ele alan, ilgili terminolojiyi ilk defa kullanan Halîl b. Ahmed’in öğrencisi Sîbeveyhi’dir (ö. 180/796). Sîbeveyhi, el-Kitâb ’ının yaklaşık seksen beş yerinde şiir zarureti meselesinden söz etmiş, “Bâbu mâ yahtemilü’ş-şi‘r, mâ yecûzü fi’ş-şi‘r, mâ yaztarru ileyhi’ş-şâir” gibi ifadelerle terminolojinin oluşturulmasında çığır açmıştır. “Nesirde câiz olmayan şeyler şiirde câizdir” (I, 26); “Nesirde zayıf ama şiirde câizdir” gibi zaruret esaslarını gündeme getirmiş, bir örneğe benzetilerek ve asla irca edilerek zaruretin gerçekleştirilme ilkeleri yine ilk defa onun tarafından belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra Müberred, el-Muḳteḍab adlı eserinin yetmiş kadar yerinde şiir zaruretinden bahsetmiş ve zaruret halinde kelimelerin asıllarına irca edilmesini câiz görmüştür (III, 354) (مبيع ⟵ مبيوع، يكرم ⟵ يؤكرم gibi). Diğer nahivcilerin aksine emr-i gāib “lâm”ının şiirde düşürülmesini (ızmâr) câiz saymamış ve zaruret kabul etmemiştir (II, 132-133). İbnü’s-Serrâc, el-Uṣûl fi’n-naḥv ’inde (III, 447) hazif türünden bazı zaruret örneklerine değinmiş ve şairin mecbur kaldığında bunlara başvurabileceğini belirtmiş, Ebü’l-Kāsım ez-Zeccâcî el-Cümel ’inde (s. 362) otuz kadar şiir zaruretini kaydetmiştir. İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî el-ʿUmde ’sinde (II, 255-265) konuyu “Bâbü’r-ruhas fi’ş-şi‘r” başlığı altında ele almış, zaruretlerin sınırlanamayacağını, bir kısmının kadim Araplar’dan duyulmakla birlikte pek kullanılmadığını ifade etmiştir. Ardından eksiltme ve ekleme zaruretleri şeklinde iki kategori altında elli kadar meseleyi ele almış, kelimenin i‘rab harekesini hazfetmeyi (sâkin kılmak) en çirkin zaruret türlerinden saymıştır. Ali b. Süleyman el-Haydere el-Yemenî Keşfü’l-müşkil ’inde (II, 526-551) yaygınlık esasına göre güzel, çirkin ve orta düzeyde olmak üzere üç kategoride kırkı aşkın zaruret çeşidini incelemiştir. İbn Yaîş es-San‘ânî et-Tehẕîbü’l-vasîṭ ’inde yine yaygınlık temelinde güzel ve çirkin olmak üzere on beşerden otuz zaruret türünü ele almıştır. İbrâhim eş-Şâtıbî, Elfiyye ’nin hacimli şerhi el-Maḳāṣıdü’ş-şâfiye ’si ile onda sıkça atıfta bulunduğu yine hacimli eseri el-Uṣûlü’l-ʿArabiyye ’sinde konuya geniş ölçüde yer vermiştir. Bu temel eserler dışında şiir zarureti İbn Cinnî’nin el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ ’inde, Süyûtî’nin el-Eşbâh ’ında, Bağdâdî’nin Ḫızânetü’l-edeb ’i gibi gramer ve edebiyat eserlerinde de ele alınmıştır.
Şiirde zarurete dair ilk müstakil eserin Müberred (ö. 286/900) tarafından yazıldığı kaydedilir. Daha sonra Ebû Saîd es-Sîrâfî (Żarûretü’ş-şiʿr , nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb, Beyrut 1985; Mâ yaḥtemilü’ş-şiʿr mine’ż-żarûre , nşr. Avad b. Hamed el-Kūzî, Riyad 1409/1989; Kahire 1412/1991), İbn Fâris (Ẕemmü’l-ḫaṭaʾ fi’ş-şiʿr , nşr. Hüsâmeddin el-Kudsî, Kahire 1349/1930), İbn Cinnî, Kazzâz el-Kayrevânî (Mâ yecûzü li’ş-şâʿir fi’ż-żarûre , nşr. Muhammed Zağlûl Sellâm – Muhammed Mustafa Heddâre, Tunus 1971), İbn Usfûr (Ḍarâʾirü’ş-şiʿr , nşr. Seyyid İbrâhim Muhammed, Beyrut 1980), Ebû Saîd el-Kureşî (el-Lisânü’ş-şâkir [urcûze]) müstakil eserler kaleme almışlardır. Çağımızda Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî’nin eḍ-Ḍarâʾir ’i (Kahire 1418/1998) metotlu ve kapsamlı bir çalışma olup burada hazif, ziyâde ve tağyîr kategorilerinde 162 zaruret incelenmiştir. M. Abdülhamîd Sa‘d (eş-Şüẕûẕ ve’ż-żarûre fî luġati’l-ʿArab , Kahire 1389/1969) ve Muhammed Hamâse Abdüllatîf de (eż-Żarûretü’ş-şiʿriyye fi’n-naḥvi’l-ʿArabî , Kahire 1979) ve Halîl Bünyân Hassûn (Fi’ż-żarûreti’ş-şiʿriyye , Beyrut 1983) birer eser kaleme almıştır.
Edebî nesirde zaruret konusu şiirde zaruret konusunun yanında ele alınmıştır. Edebî nesirde seci düzeni şiirdeki kafiye düzenine, aynı vezinde kelimelere dayanan edebî sanatlar şiirin vezin sistemine tekabül ettiği gibi âyetlerde durak sonu kafiyesi diye nitelendirilebilecek fâsılalarla aynı vezinde kelimelere dayalı edebî sanatların, bazı hadislerde de benzer özellikler sebebiyle tasarrufların vâki olduğu görülmektedir. Konuya ilk temas eden dilci Ahfeş el-Evsat olmuş (ö. 215/830 [?]), nesirde tenâsübü ve seci düzenini korumak için başvurulan kıyas dışı uygulamaların zaruret sayıldığını şu örneklerle göstermiştir: Ahzâb sûresinde (33/10, 67) ”الظُّنُونَا“ ve ”السَّبِيلَا“ kelimelerine durak kafiyesi uyumu için işbâ‘ elifi eklenmiş, İnsân sûresinde (76/4, 15) durak sonu kafiye düzeninin korunması için gayri munsarif olan ”سلاسلا“ ve ”قواريرا“ kelimeleri asıllarına irca ile munsarif (tenvinli) hale çevrilmiştir. Bu örneklere hadis metinlerinde de rastlanmaktadır. Ahfeş, şiirde zarurete dayanan bu tasarrufların yaygınlık ve dil alışkanlığı sebebiyle nesirde de yapıldığını belirtmektedir (Radî el-Esterâbâdî, I, 106-107; M. Abdülhamîd Sa‘d, IV/4 [1975-76], s. 152). İbn Berrî ve Süyûtî gibi âlimler de nesirde seci, Kur’an’da ise fâsıla düzeninde görülen tasarrufların zaruret sayılması konusunda Ahfeş’e katılmıştır. Müberred ilk defa, çok kullanıldıkları için mesellerde de şiirde câiz görülen tasarrufların geçerli olduğunu söylemiş (el-Muḳteḍab , III, 280; IV, 261), İbn Cinnî de onu teyit etmiştir (el-Muḥteseb , I, 19). Zaruret meselesini Kur’an’dan zengin örneklerle etraflıca ele alan ilk edip İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî’dir. Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde ’sinde (II, 262-265) Kur’an’da yer alan bu tür kullanımların tasarruf ve zaruret çerçevesine girmediğini, Kur’an’ın yüce belâgatının ve muhkem ifadesinin gereği olduğunu, şiirde görülen benzeri tasarrufların ifade aczinden kaynaklandığını belirtir. Müzekker kelimeye müennes, müennes kelimeye müzekker muamelesi yapmak, umumu husus, hususu umum anlamında kullanmak, ism-i fâile ism-i mef‘ûl ve ism-i mef‘ûle ism-i fâil mânası vermek, çoğula tekil sıfat veya haber getirmek, teke ikil veya çoğul hitap, ikiye tekil veya çoğul hitap, münâdâyı hazif, muzâri başından ”لا“ in hazfi (تحبط [لا ] ان ) veya ziyâdesi, ismi anılmadan zamir getirmek, yemin, şart ve soru cevaplarını hazfetmek, iki münasipten birini zikredip ikisine hitap etmek, zikredilen iki şeyden biriyle ilgili haber getirmek şeklinde yirmi civarında meseleye Kur’an’dan örnekler vermiştir. Âlûsî eḍ-Ḍarâʾir ’inin sonundaki (s. 234-240) konuyla ilgili mâlûmatı kaynak göstermeden İbn Reşîḳ’ten hemen hemen aynen aktarmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Mîşâl Âsî – Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, el-Muʿcemü’l-mufaṣṣal fi’l-luġa ve’l-edeb , Beyrut 1987, I, 541-548.
Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, eḍ-Ḍarâʾir (nşr. M. Behcet el-Eserî), Kahire 1418/1998, s. 5-38, 234-240, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
M. Abdülhamîd Sa‘d, “eż-Żarûre ʿinde’n-naḥviyyîn”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb bi-Câmiʿati’r-Riyâḍ , IV/4, Riyad 1975-76, s. 151-191.
İlyâs Kıtrîb, “eż-Żarûrâtü’ş-şiʿriyye beyne’l-ḳudemâʾ ve-l-muḥdeşîn”, el-Maʿrife , sy. 495, Dımaşk 1425/2004, s. 234-244.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 138-140 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.