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ZEYDÎLER Skip to content Taberistan, Deylem ve Gîlân’da hüküm süren bir devlet (864-1526).
Sarp dağlarla çevrili Taberistan ve Deylem, Abbâsî halifelerinin takibatına mâruz kalan muhalifler için korunaklı bir sığınak durumundaydı. Buraya sığınanlar arasında Hz. Ali evlâdından bazı kimseler de vardı. Abbâsîler’e itaat etmemekte direnen Taberistan-Deylem halkının Ehl-i beyt mensuplarına kucak açması gelenlerin sayısını arttırdı ve takibata uğrayan Ali evlâdının Taberistan-Deylem dağlarına sığınması neredeyse bir âdet haline geldi. Taberistan-Deylem arasındaki Rûyân bölgesine yerleşen Zeydîler bölgede mezheplerini yaymaya başladılar. Ali evlâdının ileri gelenlerinden olan Yahyâ b. Ömer et-Tâlibî el-Hüseynî’nin 250 (864) yılında Kûfe’de çıkardığı isyanın bastırılması ve Yahyâ b. Ömer’in öldürülmesinin ardından Abbâsî Halifesi Müstaîn-Billâh, Tâhirîler’in Irak ve Haremeyn Valisi Muhammed b. Abdullah b. Tâhir’e Taberistan ve Deylem’deki bazı arazileri de içine alan iktâlar vermişti. Bu durum bölge halkının Tâhirî yönetimine karşı duyduğu nefreti isyana dönüştürdü. Deylemliler, güçlerini arttırmak için Taberistan’daki Alevîler’in ileri gelenlerinden Muhammed b. İbrâhim’e haber gönderip ona biat edeceklerini bildirdiler. Kendisinin buna lâyık olmadığını söyleyen Muhammed onlara Hz. Hasan’ın soyundan gelen kayınbiraderi Hasan b. Zeyd el-Alevî’yi tavsiye etti.
Yahyâ b. Ömer’in isyanına katıldıktan sonra Kûfe’den kaçıp bölgeye sığınan Hasan b. Zeyd el-Alevî bu sırada Rey’de bulunuyordu. Deylemliler’in teklifini kabul etti ve Taberistan’ın Abbâsîler’le sınır bölgesi olan Rûyân’a geldi. Bölgedeki Ehl-i beyt mensuplarının yanı sıra Deylem, Kelâr, Şâlûs ve Rûyân halkının biatını alıp Taberistan ve Deylem Zeydîleri (Aleviyye) adıyla bir devlet kurdu (250/864). Çevrede hâkimiyeti sağladıktan sonra Âmül’ü ve Taberistan âmilinin oturduğu Sâriye’yi (Sârî) ele geçirdi. Bölgeyi geri almaya çalışan Tâhirî kuvvetleriyle mücadelesini sürdürdü. Rey’i de Tâhirîler’den aldı ve buraya Tâlibîler’den Muhammed b. Ca‘fer’i vali tayin etti. Tâhirî kuvvetleri karşısında yenilen Muhammed, Taberistan’ı onlara terketmek zorunda kaldıysa da Hasan b. Zeyd’in gönderdiği kuvvetler kısa süre sonra Rey’i geri almayı başardı (251/865). 255 (869) yılında Zeydîler, Abbâsî ordusu karşısında yenilgiye uğrayıp tekrar Deylem’e çekildiler, fakat iki yıl sonra Cürcân’ı ele geçirip Tâhirîler’in Horasan’daki itibarını büyük ölçüde sarstılar. Hasan b. Zeyd, bu arada Ya‘kūb b. Leys es-Saffâr ile de savaşmak zorunda kaldı; Sâriye’ye ve Âmül’e giren Ya‘kūb’un şiddetli yağmurlar yüzünden çekilmesinin ardından tekrar Taberistan’a hâkim oldu (260/874). “Dâî-i Kebîr” ve “Dâî-İlelhak” lakaplarıyla anılan Hasan b. Zeyd 270’te (884) Âmül’de vefat etti, yerine kardeşi Dâî-i Sagīr Muhammed b. Zeyd geçti.
İdare merkezini Âmül’den Cürcân’a nakleden Muhammed b. Zeyd on yedi yıl süren hükümdarlığı döneminde Horasan Valisi Râfi‘ b. Herseme, Saffârîler ve Sâmânîler’le mücadele etti. Muhammed b. Hârûn es-Serahsî kumandasındaki Sâmânî ordusuyla Cürcân’da yaptığı savaşta yenildi ve hayatını kaybetti. Kesik başı Buhara’ya götürülürken cesedi Cürcân kapısı önünde defnedildi. Onun ölümüyle Taberistan Zeydîleri’nin birinci dönemi kapanmış oldu (287/900). Zeydîler, Hz. Hüseyin’in neslinden gelen Hasan b. Ali el-Utrûş liderliğinde daha kuzeye Deylem’e çekilmek zorunda kaldılar. Abbâsîler’e boyun eğmeyen ve henüz İslâm’a girmeyen bölge halkı Utrûş’a destek verdi. Hasan el-Utrûş, güçlü bir taraftar zümresi teşkil etmek için Hazar denizinin güney kıyısında müslüman olmayan Deylem halkı arasında İslâmlaştırma faaliyetine girişti ve 200.000’e yakın Deylemli’nin Müslümanlığı kabul etmesini sağladı. Ardından Gîlân’a geçip faaliyetlerini burada sürdürdü. Çok sayıda mescid inşa ettirdi, İslâmiyet’e yeni giren Deylemli ve Gîlânlılar’ı teşkilâtlandırdı. Daha sonra Âmül’e girdi ve Sâmânîler’in içinde bulunduğu karışıklıklardan faydalanarak hükümdarlığını ilân etti. Sâmânîler’i bozguna uğratıp bütün Taberistan’ı ve Cürcân’ı ele geçirdi, Taberistan Zeydî Devleti’ni yeniden kurdu (301/914). İslâm dünyasının yetişen en âdil ve en müttaki hükümdarlarından biri sayılan ve “en-Nâsır-Lilhak” lakabıyla anılan Hasan el-Utrûş 304’te (917) vefat etti. Aynı zamanda Taberistan Zeydiyyesi’nin bir kolu olan Nâsıriyye’nin kurucusuydu. Tefsir, hadis, akaid, fıkıh, Arap dili ve edebiyatıyla ilgili birçok eser kaleme almıştır (bk. HASAN el-UTRÛŞ ). Onun yerine Gîlânlılar’ın baskısıyla veliaht olarak tanıdığı Hz. Hasan evlâdından damadı Hasan b. Kāsım ed-Dâî geçti. Fakat Utrûş’un ardından Taberistan ve Deylem’de siyasî birlik dağıldı. Hasan b. Kāsım bir taraftan Utrûş’un oğullarıyla, diğer taraftan yerli unsurlarla mücadele etmek zorunda kaldı. Abbâsîler’e bağlı komşu hânedanlar da Taberistan üzerindeki baskılarını sürdürdü. Buna rağmen Rey, Zencan, Kazvin, Kum ve Ebher gibi şehirleri ele geçirdi. Leylâ b. Nu‘mân kumandasında gönderdiği ordu Sâmânîler’in elindeki Nîşâbur’u aldıysa da (308/920-21) aynı yıl şehir elden çıktı. Yaptırdığı medrese ve hankahlarla eğitim ve öğretime katkıda bulunan, iyi bir devlet adamı ve kumandan olarak temayüz eden Hasan b. Kāsım, Taberistan’ı işgal eden Ziyârîler’le giriştiği savaşı kaybetti ve öldürüldü (316/928). Böylece Zeydîler’in Taberistan’daki hâkimiyeti de sona erdi.
Onun ölümünden sonra Zeydîler Deylem’e çekildiler. Zor günlerinde sığındıkları Deylem artık onların vatanı haline geldi. Ancak Zeydî liderleri arasındaki iktidar mücadelesi burada da devam etti ve siyasî birlik bir türlü sağlanamadı. Deylem’de imamlığını ilân eden ilk Zeydî lideri Ebü’l-Fazl Ca‘fer b. Muhammed oldu. “es-Sâir-Fillâh” unvanını alan Ebü’l-Fazl, Taberistan yerli liderlerinin de teşvikiyle Taberistan’ı Ziyârîler’den geri almak istedi. Ancak uğradığı ağır mağlûbiyet yüzünden uzun süre Taberistan’a yönelik herhangi bir faaliyete girişemedi. Bu arada Taberistan Büveyhîler’in eline geçti. Büveyhîler’e karşı Taberistan’a yeni bir sefer düzenleyen Ebü’l-Fazl, Büveyhîler’le barış antlaşması imzalayarak Taberistan’a yerleşti. Fakat bölgeden vazgeçmek niyetinde olmayan Ziyârîler’in devam eden saldırıları karşısında tekrar Deylem’e dönmek zorunda kaldı.
Ebü’l-Fazl’ın ardından imamlık makamına Taberistan Zeydîleri’nin son hükümdarı Hasan b. Kāsım’ın İbnü’d-Dâî olarak tanınan oğlu Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Hasan b. Kāsım getirildi. İlmiyle temayüz eden Ebû Abdullah siyasetten uzak durmaya çalışıyordu. İlim tahsili için önemli merkezleri dolaşmaya devam ederken taraftarlarının kendisine biat etmeleri yüzünden Büveyhîler tarafından tutuklandı. Önemli şahsiyetlerin araya girmesiyle serbest bırakıldıktan sonra Bağdat’a yerleşti. Büveyhî Hükümdarı Muizzüddevle onu çok takdir ediyor, büyük saygı gösteriyordu. Ebû Abdullah sultanın ısrarlı teklifleri karşısında Tâlibîler’in nakipliğini kabul etti (349/960). Taberistan’dan Deylem’e, oradan daha kuzeye Gîlân’a geçen Zeydîler, Hevsem’i merkez edinmişlerdi. Ebû Abdullah’ın Bağdat’ta bulunduğu yıllarda Hevsem, Zeydî/Sâirîler’in hâkimiyetindeydi. Hasan el-Utrûş’un düşüncelerini sürdüren Zeydî/Nâsırîler (Nâsıriyye) burayı onlardan almaya çalışıyorlardı. Nâsırîler, Ebû Abdullah’ı başlarına geçirmek üzere Hevsem’e davet ettiler. Bütün servetini ve ailesini Bağdat’ta bırakan Ebû Abdullah’ın Gîlân’a gelmesiyle Nâsırî-Sâirî mücadelesi şiddetlendi. Uzun süren mücadelelerin ardından Deylem hâkimi Menâzir’in desteğiyle Hevsem’i ele geçiren Ebû Abdullah “Mehdî-Lidînillâh” lakabıyla imam ilân edildi (353/964). Yönetiminin temellerini sağlamlaştırdıktan sonra Taberistan üzerine seferler düzenledi, ancak başarı sağlayamadı.
Ebû Abdullah Gîlân’a geldiği sırada Kāsım b. İbrâhim er-Ressî ez-Zeydî’ye nisbet edilen Deylem-Kāsımîleri ile Gîlân Nâsırîleri arasında tam bir kutuplaşma yaşanıyor, bunlar birbirlerini sapıklık, hatta küfürle itham ediyorlardı. Ebû Abdullah bütün gücünü mezhep taassubunu hafifletme yönünde kullandı. Onun ölümünün (360/971) ardından Zeydîler bazan çatışarak, bazan barış içinde bölgedeki varlıklarını sürdürdüler. Giderek güçlenen Sâirîler’in Hevsem’e hâkim olması Nâsırîler’i harekete geçirdi. Kuvvetlerini arttırmak için meşhur Zeydî âlimi Ebü’l-Hüseyin Ahmed’e (Ahmed b. Hüseyin) biat ettiler. Ebü’l-Hüseyin Ahmed, Büveyhîler tarafından destekleniyor, ünlü vezir Sâhib b. Abbâd ona çok saygı gösteriyordu. “el-Müeyyed-Billâh” unvanını alan Ebü’l-Hüseyin Ahmed bir süre Deylem, Taberistan ve Rey üçgeninde dolaşıp taraftar toplamaya çalıştı. Ayrıca bölgedeki Zeydî/Kāsımîler’in desteğini sağladı ve güçlü bir ordu ile Hevsem üzerine yürüdü, Ebû Zeyd es-Sâirî’yi mağlûp ederek şehri ele geçirdi. İki yıl sonra Hevsem’den çıkarılan Müeyyed-Billâh bu defa Sâirîler tarafından Deylem’e çağrıldı. İki yıl içinde Deylem yerli liderlerinin de desteklediği müttefik bir ordu kurup 400 (1010) yılında sahil yolundan asıl hedefi olan Taberistan’a yürüdü. Ancak Ziyârî Emîri Kābûs karşısında başarı sağlayamadı ve onunla bir anlaşma yaptıktan sonra geri çekildi. Bu sırada gerek Deylem’de gerekse Taberistan’da mezhep mücadeleleri devam ediyor, Deylem’de Zeydî grupları arasında yaşanan mücadele Taberistan’da Şiî-Sünnî kavgası şeklinde kendini gösteriyordu. Bir ara Rey’den gelen Şiî âlimi Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Büstî’nin çocuk yaşta müslüman olan Hz. Ali’nin hiç şirke bulaşmadığını, buna karşılık Ebû Bekir’in kırk yıl müşrik olarak yaşadığını söylemesi üzerine Sünnîler ayaklandı. Şiîler’e ait birkaç ev, birkaç mescid ve Zeydî imamlarının mezarları tahrip edildi. Askerî bakımdan zayıf durumda olan Müeyyed-Billâh, Taberistan’da cereyan eden bu olaylara müdahale edemedi. Onun 411 (1020) yılında vefatının ardından kardeşi Nâtık-Bilhakk’a biat edildi.
Deylem-Gîlân Zeydîleri, Müeyyed-Billâh’tan sonra aralarındaki iç çekişmeden ziyade Bâtınî tehdidine karşı mücadele etmek zorunda kaldılar. Bâtınî saldırılarının şiddetle tırmanması sebebiyle imamlar dikkatlerini bu yöne çevirdiler. Yemen Zeydî İmamı el-Mansûr-Billâh Abdullah b. Hamza, er-Risâletü’l-ʿâlime bi’l-edilleti’l-ḥâkime adlı eserinde, Zeydî âlimlerinden Hâdî el-Hukaynî ve Ebü’r-Rızâ el-Kisumî’nin Bâtınîler’le ilişki kurulmasına cevaz vermediklerini ve bu yüzden Bâtınî suikastçıların hedefi durumuna geldiklerini dile getirmektedir. Nitekim Bâtınîler, Deylem Zeydî imamlarından bazılarını öldürdüler. Bazı imamlar da onların tehdidi yüzünden uzun yıllar saklanmak zorunda kaldılar. Nâtık-Bilhak çoğunluğun kabulüne göre on üç yıl süren imamlığı süresince siyasî faaliyetlere ilgi duymamış, devrin idarecilerine karşı ılımlı bir politika izlemiş, Deylem’de veya daha kuvvetli rivayetlere göre Âmül’de vefat etmiştir (424/1033).
Aralarındaki iç mücadelenin yanı sıra güçlü Bâtınî tehdidi Deylem ve Gîlân Zeydîleri’ni iyice zayıflatmıştı. Buna rağmen bölgedeki mevcudiyetlerini X. (XVI.) yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine kadar sürdürmeyi başardılar. Nitekim Gîlân’daki son Zeydî yönetimi olan Âl-i Kârkiyâ emîrlerinden Ali b. Emîr Kiyâ, Lâhîcân’ı zaptettiğinde (769/1368) oradaki Zeydî âlimleri onu şer‘î imam olarak tanıdıklarını ve kendisine resmî bağlılıklarını ilân etmişlerdi (Zahîrüddîn-i Mar‘aşî, s. 41). Ali Kiyâ’nın öldürülmesinin (791/1389) ardından iç mücadeleler başladı. Rızâ Kiyâ (1395-1425), Karakoyunlular’a tâbi olan Nâsır Kiyâ (1429-1447) ve oğlu Muhammed b. Nâsır (1447-1478) döneminde bölgede istikrar hâkimdi. Zaman zaman komşularının işgaline uğrayan bölge XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Safevîler’in eline geçti. Çok zayıflamış olan Zeydîlik, Safevî baskılarına karşı kimliğini koruyamadı ve zamanla Safevîler’in mezhebi İmâmiyye Şiîliği’ne (İsnâaşeriyye) dönüşerek ortadan kalktı. Nûrullah Şüşterî, Sultan Emîr Kiyâ Ahmed Han ve tebaasının çoğunun 933 (1526-27) yılında Zeydîliği terketmiş olduklarını söyler (Mecâlisü’l-müʾminîn , II, 378).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 324-326 numaralı sayfalarda “ZEYDİYYE” başlığıyla yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 03.08.2018 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.