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MÜNÂSEBÂTÜ’l-ÂYÂT ve’s-SÜVER Skip to content Âyetler ve sûreler arasındaki anlam ilişkisi ve bunu inceleyen bilim dalı.
Sözlükte “iki şey arasındaki ilişki” anlamına gelen münâsebet in çoğulu ile âyet ve sûre kelimelerinin çoğulundan oluşan münâsebâtü’l-âyât ve’s-süver terkibinde münasebet yerine aynı anlamda tenâsüb de kullanılmaktadır. Tefsir ilminde bu disipline “el-münâsebe beyne’l-âyât, et-tenâsüb beyne’l-âyât ve’s-süver, tenâsübü’l-ây ve’s-süver, münâsebâtü’l-Kur’ân” da denilmektedir. Kur’an’ın, âyet ve sûreleriyle bir bütün olduğu düşüncesinin işlendiği nazmü’l-Kur’ân konusunun münâsebâtü’l-âyât ve’s-süver ile yakın ilgisi vardır (bk. NAZMÜ’l-KUR’ÂN ). Hamîdüddin Ferâhî’ye göre nazm münasebeti de içine alan geniş bir mahiyet arzeder. Münâsebât ve tenâsüb kelimeleri âyetler ve sûreler arasında icmal-tafsil, umumîlik-hususîlik, aklîlik-hissîlik vb. alâka çeşitlerinden biriyle veya sebep-müsebbeb, illet-mâlûl, benzerlik-zıtlık gibi zihnî bağlarla mâna irtibatını göstermek üzere kullanılmakta olup (Zerkeşî, I, 131) bu husus Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in günümüzdeki tertibiyle yakından ilgilidir. Âyetler ve sûreler arasındaki ilişkiler konusu mevcut mushaf tertibinin tevkīfî olduğu görüşü esas alınarak incelenmektedir. Diğer taraftan, Kur’an’ın âyet ve sûrelerinin nüzûl sebeplerini araştıran esbâb-ı nüzûl çalışmaları Hz. Peygamber ve sahâbeden gelen rivayetlere dayandığı halde âyetler ve sûreler arasındaki ilişkilere dair bilgilerin akla dayandığı belirtilmektedir. Çünkü münâsebâtü’l-âyât ve’s-süvere dair görüşler oldukça geç bir dönemde (IV./X. yüzyıl) ortaya çıkmış ve bu yöndeki açıklamalar daha çok dirâyet tefsirlerinde yer almıştır.
Âyetler ve sûreler arasında sistematik ilişkiler bulunduğunu savunan görüş, Kur’an’ın lafzı gibi tertibinin de mu‘ciz olduğunu göstermeyi hedeflediği için münâsebâtü’l-âyât ve’s-süver konusu i‘câzü’l-Kur’ân ilmiyle de ilgilidir ve onun alt disiplini kabul edilmiştir. Bu ilişkiyi kanıtlamak için tefsir yazan çağdaş müfessirlerden Emîn Ahsen Islâhî Kur’an’ın mevcut tertibine aşırı vurgu yapar ve bu tertibin vahye dayalı olduğunu ileri sürer. Âyetler ve sûreler arasında anlam ilişkilerinin bulunduğu yönündeki düşünce ilk defa Bağdat’ta İbn Ziyâd en-Nîsâbûrî (ö. 324/936) tarafından ifade edilmiş, daha sonra bu yöndeki fikirler taraftar toplamaya ve Zemahşerî’nin el-Keşşâf ’ı ile tefsirlerde görünmeye başlanmıştır. Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de âyetler arasındaki irtibatın son derece sağlam olduğunu, lafızlarının dizilişi ve mânalarının bütünlüğü itibariyle Kur’an’ın âdeta bir tek kelime gibi uyum taşıdığını ifade etmiştir (Zerkeşî, I, 132). Âyetler ve sûreler arasında ilişkiler bulunduğu fikri daha çok Zemahşerî, Fahreddin er-Râzî ve Burhâneddin el-Bikāî’nin tefsirlerinde Kur’an’ı anlamanın bir yöntemi olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bikāî, Naẓmü’d-dürer fî tenâsübi’l-ây ve’s-süver adlı tefsirinde bütün sûreler ve âyetler arasında mânaya dayalı irtibatlar kurduğu gibi âyetleri oluşturan cümleler, hatta kelimeler arasında da münasebetler bulunduğunu göstermeye çalışmıştır (Kara, s. 238-280). Müfessirler, eğer arka arkaya gelen âyetler veya sûreler arasında açık bir ilişki varsa, biri diğerini anlam bakımından tamamlıyor ve ikinci âyet birinci için tekit, tefsir, itiraz vb. durumda bulunuyorsa buradaki münasebet vechini göstermeye gerek duymamışlar, genellikle, ilk bakışta birbiriyle ilgisi yokmuş gibi görünen âyet grupları ve sûreler arasında varlığını düşündükleri ilişkileri ortaya çıkarmaya gayret etmişlerdir. Bunu yaparken de öncelikle her sûrenin ana temasını tesbit edip ardından onu destekleyen yan faktörleri bulma ve bu faktörleri asıl maksada yakınlık veya uzaklık yönünden derecelendirme yoluna gitmişlerdir.
Âyetler arasında bulunabileceği düşünülen başlıca münasebet çeşitleri şunlardır: a) Tanzîr. İki benzer hususun arka arkaya zikredilmesi (el-Bakara 2/149-150; el-Enfâl 8/74-75). b) Mudâdde. İki zıt hususun peş peşe gelmesi (el-Bakara 2/3-5, 6, 24-25; en-Nisâ 4/56-57, 151-152). c) İstitrât. Bir konudan bahsedilirken başka bir konuya temas edilip yeniden asıl konuya dönülmesi (en-Nisâ 4/171-172; el-A‘râf 7/19-22, 26, 157-158; en-Nahl 16/48-49). d) Tehallus. Kelâm sahibinin, konusunu bir münasebetle bırakarak başka bir konuya geçmesi (el-Meâric 70/1-4; Âl-i İmrân 3/33-34; el-A‘râf 7/156; el-Kehf 18/98-99; bir münasebet bulunmadan geçiş yapılırsa buna “iktidâb” denir). e) İntikal. Okuyucunun dikkatini çekmek için “hâzâ” (bu, şu) ifadesiyle geçiş yapılması (İntikale Sâd sûresinin 49 ve 55. âyetlerinde rastlanır). f) Hüsn-i matlab. Bir girişten sonra asıl gayenin belirtilmesi (el-Fâtiha 1/4-5; eş-Şuarâ 26/77-83). g) İhtirâs. Kelâmda asıl kastedilen mânanın aksini vehmettiren bir unsurun bulunması sebebiyle yanlış anlaşılma ihtimalini gidermek için kelâmın ortasına veya sonuna başka bir sözün eklenmesi (el-Mâide 5/54; en-Neml 27/18; el-Feth 48/29). Öte yandan bir âyetin içindeki münasebet, âyetin ifadeleri arasındaki münasebet ve âyetin başı ile sonu arasındaki münasebet olarak ele alınmıştır (Yılmaz, s. 124-140).
Sûreler arasındaki münasebetin âyetler arasındaki münasebete göre çok defa gizli kaldığı (Subhî es-Sâlih, s. 151), bununla birlikte dikkatli bir inceleme ile bu ilişkiyi ortaya çıkarmanın mümkün olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Sûreler arasındaki münasebet şekilleri de şöylece sıralanabilir: a) Sûrenin konusu ile ismi arasında münasebet. Meselâ Bakara sûresinin 67-74. âyetlerinde adıyla ilgili konu ele alınmaktadır. b) Sûrenin baş tarafı ile sonu arasında münasebet (el-Bakara 2/3-5 ile 285; Âl-i İmrân 3/3-4 ile 194). c) Bir sûrenin son âyetiyle sonraki sûrenin ilk âyeti yahut ilk sûrenin sonundaki bazı âyetlerle müteakip sûrenin baş tarafındaki bazı âyetler arasındaki münasebet (el-Mâide 5/120 ile el-En‘âm 6/1 ve el-En‘âm 6/159, 164 ile el-A‘râf 7/6-7; ayrıca bk. HAVÂTİMÜ’s-SÜVER ).
Birbirini takip eden sûreler arasında bulunduğu ileri sürülen başlıca münasebet yönleri de şunlardır: a) İcmal-tafsil ilişkisi. Önceki sûrede kısaca temas edilen konuların arkasından gelen sûrede geniş bir şekilde ele alınması. Meselâ Fâtiha sûresinde insanlar rablerinden kendilerini doğru yola iletmesini istemişlerdir; buna nasıl ulaşılacağı, ne gibi ameller yapılması gerektiği de Bakara sûresinde geniş olarak ele alınmıştır. b) Tetimme. Önceki sûrede anlatılan konuya müteakip sûrede devam edilmesi, konunun ikinci sûre ile tamamlanması. Bakara sûresinde ele alınan iman, ibadet ve muâmelât gibi hususlara Âl-i İmrân, Nisâ ve Mâide sûrelerinde devam edilmiştir. c) Sebep-müsebbeb ilişkisi. Önceki sûrenin sonra gelen sûre için sebep durumunda olması. Meselâ Fîl sûresinde, Kâbe’yi yıkmak için filleriyle Mekke üzerine yürüyen Ebrehe’nin ordusunun nasıl helâk edildiği anlatılmakta, ardından gelen Kureyş sûresinde de bunun Kureyşliler’in Beytullah’a olan ülfetini sağlamlaştırmak için yapıldığına işaret edilmektedir. d) Umum-husus ilişkisi. İlk sûrede genel hatlarıyla ele alınan bir konunun ikinci sûrede özel olarak işlenmesidir. Meselâ Felâk sûresinde (113/1-2), “Yarattığı şeylerin şerrinden sabahın rabbine sığınırım de!” buyurulduktan sonra Nâs sûresinde (114/4-6) Allah’ın yarattığı şeylerden olup insanların kalplerine vesvese sokan cin ve insan şeytanının şerrinden söz edilmiştir. e) Mukabele. Sonra gelen sûrenin öncekinde yer alan konuların mukabili durumunda olması. Mâûn sûresinde zikredilen Mekke müşriklerinin başlıca özelliklerine ve kötü davranışlarına mukabil Kevser sûresinde Hz. Peygamber’in ve dolayısıyla müminlerin yapmaları gereken olumlu davranışlar yer almıştır. f) Benzerlik-zıtlık ilişkisi. Birbirini takip eden sûrelerin benzer veya zıt konuları ihtiva etmesidir (Cum‘a-Münâfikūn, Kâfirûn-Nasr, Leheb-İhlâs gibi).
Her sûrenin mânası itibariyle tek başına ayrı bir fonksiyonu olduğu gibi kendisinden önce veya sonra gelen sûrelere göre başka fonksiyonları da bulunabilmektedir. Meselâ Hümeze sûresinin tek başına bir konusu olmakla birlikte sûre ayrıca bir önceki Asr sûresinde belirtilen hüsranın sebebini göstermekte, sonraki sûrede anlatılan fil olayında Kâbe’ye saldıranların helâk edilmesi, Hümeze sûresinde vuku bulacağı haber verilen “hutame” için bir delil veya işaret teşkil etmektedir. Islâhî, mushafta peş peşe gelen sûrelerin birbiriyle ilişkisini zevciyet prensibine benzetir ve birbirini tamamlayan bu sûrelerin ortak bir ana konusunun olduğunu ifade eder (Birışık, s. 71-74).
Münâsebâtü’l-âyât ve’s-süveri tefsir ilminin bir dalı sayanların yanında bu görüşe karşı çıkan ve böyle bir disiplinin gereksizliğini ileri süren tefsir âlimleri de olmuştur. İzzeddin İbn Abdüsselâm, yirmi üç yıl gibi uzun bir zaman diliminde farklı konularda, farklı sebeplerden dolayı inen âyet ve sûreler arasında irtibat kurulamayacağı görüşündedir. Aynı görüş Şevkânî tarafından da ileri sürülmüştür. Şevkânî, bu tür münasebetleri gösterme hususunda en çok gayret sarfeden Bikāî’nin çalışmaları başta olmak üzere bu yöndeki gayretleri boşuna zaman harcama, ortaya atılan görüşleri de “Allah’ın kitabıyla ilgili konularda yasaklanmış olan re’y” olarak değerlendirir. Ona göre uzun vahiy sürecinde ortaya çıkan hadiseler çok farklı ve birbiriyle ilgisiz olduğundan bunlarla bağlantılı olarak inen âyetler ve sûreler de birbirinden bağımsızdır ve bu hitap tarzı Arap geleneğine de uygundur.
Sûreler arasındaki münasebetlerle ilgili ilk müstakil eser İbnü’z-Zübeyr es-Sekafî’ye ait el-Burhân fî tertîbi süveri’l-Ḳurʾân ’dır (nşr. Muhammed Şa‘bânî, Küveyt 1404/1984). Bikāî’nin Naẓmü’d-dürer fî tenâsübi’l-ây ve’s-süver , Delâletü’l-burhâni’l-ḳavîm ʿalâ tenâsübi âyi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm (Süleymaniye Ktp., Kılıç Ali Paşa, nr. 77) ve Meṣâʿidü’n-naẓar li’l-işrâf ʿalâ maḳāṣıdi’s-süver (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reîsülküttâb Mustafa Efendi, nr. 96) adlı eserleri, Süyûtî’nin Tenâsüḳu’d-dürer fî tenâsübi’s-süver (nşr. Abdülkādir Ahmed Atâ, Beyrut 1406/1986) ve Merâṣıdü’l-meṭâliʿ fî tenâsübi’l-maḳāṭıʿ ve’l-meṭâliʿ i (Süleymaniye Ktp., nr. 1030/16, 17), bu konuda telif edilmiş başlıca eserlerdir. Âlûsî’nin Rûḥu’l-meʿânî’sinde de bu konuya geniş yer verilmiştir. Son dönemlerde yapılan çalışmalar ise şöylece sıralanabilir: Hamîdüddin Ferâhî, Tefsîru niẓâmi’l-Ḳurʾân ve teʾvîlü’l-furḳāni bi’l-furḳān , Delâʾilü’n-niẓâm ; Muhammed Abdullah Dirâz, en-Nebeʾü’l-ʿaẓîm (Kahire 1376/1957); Bedîüzzaman Said Nursi, İşârâtü’l-iʿcâz fî maẓânni’l-îcâz (Köln, ts.); Muhammed Mahmûd Hicâzî, el-Vaḥdetü’l-mevżûʿiyye fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm (Kahire 1390/1970); Abdülmüteâl es-Saîdî, en-Naẓmü’l-fennî fi’l-Ḳurʾân (Kahire, ts.); Emîn Ahsen Islâhî, Tedebbür-i Ḳurʾân (I-IX, Lahor 1993); Necati Kara, Burhânuddin İbrâhim b. ‘Omer el-Bikâ‘î ve Tefsîrindeki Metodu (bk. bibl.); Mehmet Faik Yılmaz, Âyetler ve Sûreler Arasındaki Münâsebet (bk. bibl.; diğer çalışmalar için ayrıca bk. Yılmaz, s. 40-116).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 2/29.
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İzzeddin İbn Abdüsselâm, el-İşâre ile’l-îcâz fî baʿżı envâʿi’l-mecâz , İstanbul 1313/1895, s. 221.
İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm , Beyrut, ts., I, 225.
Zerkeşî, el-Burhân fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Yûsuf Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî v.dğr.), Beyrut 1415/1994, I, 131 vd.
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Şevkânî, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , I, 77-79.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , Beyrut 1408/1987, I, 71, 339; XXX, 313.
Hamîdüddin Ferâhî, Resâʾilü’l-İmâm el-Ferâhî fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân , A‘zamgarh 1411/1991, s. 86-87.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , I, 682; IX, 6179.
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Emîn Ahsen Islâhî, Mebâdi-i Tedebbür-i Ḳurʾân , Lahor 1991, s. 200-207.
Necati Kara, Burhânuddin İbrâhim b. ‘Omer el-Bikâ‘î ve Tefsîrindeki Metodu , Van 1994, s. 238-280.
Mehmet Faik Yılmaz, Âyetler ve Sûreler Arasındaki Münâsebet (doktora tezi, 1995), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, tür.yer.
Nasr Hâmid Ebû Zeyd, İlahi Hitabın Tabiatı (trc. Mehmet Emin Maşalı), Ankara 2001, s. 198 vd.
Abdülhamit Birışık, “Kur’ân’da İç Bütünlük: Islâhî’nin Tefsir Yöntemi”, Dîvân: İlmî Araştırmalar , sy. 11, İstanbul 2001, s. 71-75.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 569-571 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.