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MÛSÂ b. NUSAYR Skip to content Ebû Abdirrahmân Mûsâ b. Nusayr b. Abdirrahmân b. Zeyd el-Lahmî (el-Bekrî) (ö. 98/717)
Mağrib-i Aksâ ve Endülüs’ü fetheden Emevî kumandanı.
19 (640) yılında Suriye’de Kefermüsrâ köyünde doğdu. Hâlid b. Velîd’in 12 (633) yılında Aynüttemr’de ele geçirdiği esirler arasında bulunan babası Nusayr hakkında onu Lahm, Belî veya Bekir b. Vâil kabilelerine nisbet eden, Benî Lahm veya Benî Ümeyye’nin âzatlısı gösteren yahut Arap asıllı olmadığını ileri süren farklı rivayetler aktarılmıştır. Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân’ın özel muhafız birliği kumandanlığına kadar yükselen Nusayr, Muâviye’yi Hz. Ali’ye karşı yürüttüğü mücadelede haksız gördüğü için Sıffîn Savaşı’na katılmamıştır.
Çocukluk yıllarını Suriye’de babasının yanında geçiren Mûsâ, Muâviye zamanında kumanda kademesi içerisinde deniz seferlerine katıldı ve Zehebî’nin yazdığına göre Kıbrıs’ta bir kale inşa ettirdi (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IV, 497). II. Muâviye’nin halifeliği bırakmasının ardından başlayan iktidar mücadelesinde Abdullah b. Zübeyr’i destekleyen Dahhâk b. Kays’ın yanında yer alan Mûsâ 65 (684) yılında Mercirâhit savaşının kaybedilmesi üzerine Mısır’a kaçtı; ancak bir süre sonra Mısır valiliğine getirilen Abdülazîz b. Mervân’ın himayesine girerek (bundan dolayı Abdülazîz’in âzatlısı olarak da tanınır) tekrar Emevîler’in safına geçti. 73’te (692) Abdülazîz’in teklifiyle Halife Abdülmelik b. Mervân tarafından, Irak valiliğine tayin ettiği Bişr b. Mervân’ın danışmanlığına ve Basra’nın haraç âmilliğine getirildi. Fakat iki yıl sonra, topladığı verginin bir kısmını zimmetine geçirmekle itham edildiği için yeni Irak valisi Haccâc b. Yûsuf es-Sekafî’nin kendisini cezalandırmasından korkup o sırada Suriye’de bulunan efendisi Abdülazîz’in yanına kaçtı ve onun himayesinde halifenin huzuruna girmeyi başardı; ancak adına 100.000 dinar zimmet çıkarılmasını önleyemedi. Bu miktarın yarısını ödeyerek Abdülazîz ile birlikte Mısır’a giden Mûsâ, İfrîkıye bölgesine düzenlenen birkaç seferde kumandanlık yaptı; ardından yaygın kanaate göre 79 (698) yılında Abdülazîz tarafından İfrîkıye ve Mağrib valiliğine tayin edildi.
Mûsâ, kendisini bu göreve getiren efendisini memnun etmek, ayrıca halifenin güvenini kazanmak için önce İfrîkıye ve Mağrib-i Evsat’ta İslâm’ı yaymayı, ardından Mağrib-i Aksâ’nın fethini planladı. İşe Kayrevan yakınındaki Zağvân Kalesi’nde ve civarında oturan Berberîler üzerine bir ordu gönderip bölgeyi itaat altına almakla başladı. Daha sonra oğulları Abdullah ve Mervân İfrîkıye’nin tamamında hâkimiyet kurdular. Ardından Mûsâ Mağrib-i Evsat’a yönelip Berberî Hevvâre, Zenâte ve Kutâme kabilelerinin yaşadığı Sicilmâse ve Secûmâ şehirlerini ele geçirdi (83/702). 86 (705) yılında Halife Abdülmelik’in ölümü üzerine tahta çıkan oğlu I. Velîd, İfrîkıye ve Mağrib valiliğini doğrudan hilâfet merkezine bağladı. Bu sırada Mağrib-i Evsat’ın fethini tamamlamış ve bölgede istikrarı sağlamış olan Mûsâ, Mağrib-i Aksâ’yı fethetmek için harekete geçti (87/706); iki yıl içerisinde Sebte (Ceuta) hariç Kuzey Afrika’nın tamamını hâkimiyeti altına aldı. Bu arada müstahkem bir şehir olan Tanca’nın valiliğine öncü birliklerinin kumandanı âzatlısı Târık b. Ziyâd’ı getirdi ve emrine 17.000 Arap, 12.000 Berberî askeri verdi; ayrıca yanında Berberîler’e Kur’an ve dinî meseleleri öğretmek üzere din âlimleri bıraktı (89/708). Karadaki fetih faaliyetlerini sürdürürken Tunus’ta büyük bir tersane yaptırarak güçlendirdiği donanmayla Kuzey Afrika sahillerini tehdit eden Bizans üslerini vurmak maksadıyla denizde seferler düzenledi. 86 (705) yılına kadar Sardinya, Mayurka ve Minorka adaları fethedildi; Sicilya’daki bazı şehirler alındı ve oradaki deniz gücü büyük ölçüde kırıldı.
O sırada İspanya’da hüküm süren Vizigotlar’la ilişkileri bozuk olan Sebte hâkimi Julianos, Mûsâ’ya yaklaşarak onu yarımadayı fethe teşvik etti; kendisine oradaki toprakların verimliliği hakkında bilgi verdi, karışıklıklar sebebiyle fethin son derece kolay olacağını söyledi. Bunun üzerine Mûsâ, Halife Velîd’den izin aldıktan sonra İspanya’nın güney sahillerine Tarîf b. Mâlik kumandasında 500 kişilik bir keşif birliği yolladı (Ramazan 91 / Temmuz 710). Birliğin, görevini başarıyla tamamlaması yanında bol miktarda ganimetle geri dönmesi üzerine 711 yılı ilkbaharında Tanca Valisi Târık b. Ziyâd’ı, içinde sadece 300 Arap asıllı askerin bulunduğu Berberîler’den oluşan 7000 kişilik bir ordunun başında İspanya’ya gönderdi. Târık, adını o günden beri kendisine nisbet edilen karaya çıktığı yerdeki kayalıklardan (Calpe/Cebelitârık [Gibraltar]) alan boğazı geçerek (5 Receb 92 / 28 Nisan 711) Algeciras’ı (el-Cezîretü’l-hadrâ) ele geçirdi. Kral Rodrigo’nun kalabalık ordusuyla gelmekte olduğunu duyunca Mûsâ b. Nusayr’dan yardım istedi. 5000 kişilik yardım birliğinin ulaşmasından birkaç hafta sonra Rio Guadalete (Vâdiilekke) veya Rio Barbate kıyısında Vizigotlar’ı ağır bir hezimete uğratan Târık bu zaferin ardından kısa sürede Malaga (Mâleka), Elvira (İlbîre), Córdoba (Kurtuba), Ecija (İsticce) ve başşehirleri Toledo’yu (Tuleytula) fethetti. Fetih haberlerini alan Mûsâ b. Nusayr, farklı rivayetlere göre Târık b. Ziyâd’ın daveti üzerine fethin tamamlanmasına yardımcı olmak istemesi, Vâdiilekke zaferinden sonra daha fazla ilerlemesini emrettiği Târık b. Ziyâd’ın buna uymaması, kazandığı zafer ve ele geçirdiği ganimetler dolayısıyla kumandanını kıskanması ve halifenin valilik görevini ona vermesinden korkması gibi sebeplerle büyük kısmı Arap askerlerinden oluşan 18.000 kişilik bir ordunun başında İspanya’ya geçti (Ramazan 93 / Haziran-Temmuz 712). Karaya çıktıktan sonra başka bir güzergâhı izleyerek Latin harfleriyle yazılmış adını taşıyan ilk altın sikkeyi bastırdığı Sevilla (İşbîliye), Carmona (Karmûne), Niebla (Leble), Mérida (Mâride) şehirlerini aldı ve Târık b. Ziyâd’la Toledo’da buluştu (94/713). İki kumandan bundan sonra fetih faaliyetini İspanya’nın kuzeyine doğru iki koldan sürdürdü. Ertesi yıl Leon (Liyûn), Galicia (Cillîkıye) bölgeleriyle Lérida (Lâride), Barselona (Berşelûne), Saragossa (Sarakusta) şehirleri zaptedildi. Bir rivayete göre Pireneler aşılarak Fransa topraklarına da girilmiştir; hatta kaynaklarda Mûsâ b. Nusayr’ın Avrupa üzerinden İstanbul’a ulaşmak idealini taşıdığı da ileri sürülmektedir (Zehebî, IV, 498).
Kuzeydeki dağlık bölge dışında İspanya’nın tamamına yakınını fetheden Mûsâ b. Nusayr ve Târık b. Ziyâd, Zilkade 95’te (Temmuz-Ağustos 714) Halife Velîd b. Abdülmelik’in emriyle Dımaşk’a gitmek üzere Endülüs’ten ayrıldılar. Mûsâ, yaklaşık iki yıldır idare merkezi edindiği İşbîliye’de vali olarak oğullarından Abdülazîz’i, İfrîkıye’de Abdullah’ı ve Mağrib-i Aksâ’da Abdülmelik’i bıraktı. Beraberinde, aralarında benzeri görülmemiş mücevheratın da bulunduğu bol miktarda ganimet ve İspanya eşrafından çok sayıda esir götürüyordu. Dımaşk’a yaklaştığında Halife Velîd’in hastalandığını duydu; ardından kardeşi ve veliahdı Süleyman’dan bir mektup aldı. Süleyman, ondan yürüyüşünü yavaşlatarak Dımaşk’a Velîd’in ölümünden sonra girmesini ve getirmekte olduğu ganimet ve esirleri kendisine vermesini istiyordu. Ancak Mûsâ bu emre uymadı; aksine Velîd hayatta iken oraya ulaşmak için yürüyüşünü hızlandırdı ve onun ölümünden üç gün önce Dımaşk’a girdi. Bu yüzden Süleyman halife olur olmaz onu bütün görevlerinden azledip zindana attırdı; ayrıca büyük miktarda para ödemekle yükümlü tutuldu. Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in araya girmesi ve Yezîd b. Mühelleb’in ödeyeceği paraya kefil olmasıyla işkence altında ölmekten kurtulan Mûsâ’yı Süleyman daha sonra affetti ve 98 (717) yılında yanına alarak beraberinde hacca götürdü. Mûsâ bu yolculuk sırasında Medine’de vefat etti. Onun 97 (716) yılında Vâdilkurâ’da öldüğü de rivayet edilir.
Zeki, cömert, cesur ve dindar kişiliğiyle tanınan Mûsâ b. Nusayr, Emevîler döneminin en başarılı kumandanlarındandır; kaynaklarda ordularının hiç yenilmediği özellikle vurgulanır. Ayrıca günümüze ulaşan az sayıdaki hutbe metni gibi nesirleriyle şiirleri onun edebiyat yeteneğini ve nâdir hatiplerden biri olduğunu göstermektedir. Mûsâ’nın valilik yılları ise bölgede genişleme ve istikrar dönemi diye bilinir. Öte yandan görevlendirdiği âlimlerin çalışmaları sayesinde İslâmiyet Berberîler arasında hızla yayılmıştır. Tâbiînden olan Mûsâ, Temîm ed-Dârî’den rivayette bulunmuştur.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 224-225 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.