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MÛSÂ KAMARA Skip to content (1864-1945)
Senegalli tarihçi, sûfî, fakih ve şair.
Senegal’in kuzeyinde Futa Toro bölgesinin Moritanya sınırındaki Mâtâm şehri yakınlarında Senegal nehri kıyısında bir köy olan Gouriki Samba Diom’da doğdu. Muhtemelen, bugün Moritanya sınırları içinde kalan Guidimakha bölgesinden 1820-1830 yıllarında Gouriki ve civarına göç eden Soninke kökenli Kamara kabilesinden meşhur bir ulemâ ailesine mensuptur. Dedesi ve babası Ahmed el-Habîb de âlimdi. Mûsâ Kamara önce köyündeki hocasından, ardından civardaki bir köyün öğretmeninden eğitim aldı. Daha sonra Lemtûne kabilesinin yaşadığı bölgeye giderek kabilenin âlimlerinden ders okudu. 1880’lerde doğduğu köye döndü; Kur’an ilimleri, fıkıh, edebiyat ve tarih alanındaki tahsiline burada devam etti. Daha sonra fıkıh ve Arap dili alanına yöneldi. Gine, Futa Calon, Senegal ve Bilâdüşinkīt’te çeşitli ilim merkezlerini dolaşıp âlimlerin derslerine katıldı.
1885’e doğru Moritanyalı Şeyh Saad Bu ile tanıştı. Şeyhin kişiliği ve düşüncelerinden etkilenerek ona intisap etti. 1885-1889 yıllarını araştırma ve öğretimle geçirdi. Bu yıllarda hacca gitmeyi düşündü; bunu gerçekleştiremeyince Yukarı Senegal ve Yukarı Nijer’e seyahatler yaptı. Futa Calon’da Almami’yi, Dingiray’da Şeyh el-Hâc Ömer’in oğlu Agibu’yu (Aqib) ziyaret etti. Mamadou Lamine (Muhammed el-Emîn) Dramé’nin Fransızlar’a karşı mücadele verdiği Güneybatı Mali’ye gitti. Futa Calon ve Dingiray hükümdarlarıyla görüşüp onlarla dostluk kurdu. Bu yıllarda birkaç öğrenci yetiştirdi. 1896’da muhtemelen Şeyh Saad Bu tarafından kendisine Kādiriyye ve Ticâniyye hilâfeti verildi. Aynı tarihlerde Magama’nın reisliğini yapan Şeyh Mamadu Mamadu (Muhammed Mahmud) Kan ile de görüşmeye başladı. Aralarındaki dostluk şeyhin 1890’da Abdul Bokar tarafından öldürülmesine kadar devam etti. Doğu Futa’da Fransız sömürge idaresinin koloni şefliği teklifini kabul eden Şeyh Mamadu Mamadu, Mûsâ Kamara’dan bahsederken onun Arapça’nın inceliklerine vâkıf, dönemin en itibarlı âlimi olduğunu belirtir. Mûsâ Kamara bu iki şeyhin etkisinde kalarak Fransa sömürgesine karşı olumlu bir tavır takındı ve bu tavrını hayatı boyunca sürdürdü. Mûsâ Kamara 1889’da Orta Futa’da Fûlânîler’in yaşadığı bölgedeki Thikite köyüne yerleşti. Burada dört yıl ders verdikten sonra doğduğu köy yakınlarındaki Ganguel’e geçti ve bazı seyahatleri dışında ölümüne kadar burada yaşadı. Başlarında Cerno Sule Bâ olmak üzere otuz kadar Thikiteli Fûlânî de onun ardından Ganguel’e geldi. Cerno Sule Bâ’nın oğlu el-Hâc Muhammedu Bâ burada şeyhin öğrencisi oldu ve onun vasıtasıyla Ticâniyye tarikatına intisap etti. Muhammedu Bâ daha sonra Senegal’in güneydoğusundaki Gonas şehrinde Ticâniyye’nin bir kolunu kurdu.
Mûsâ Kamara, Fransa’nın Batı Sudan’ı sömürge haline getirdiği ve silâh gücüyle bölgenin tamamına hâkim olduğu, sömürge yönetiminin direniş hareketlerini şiddetle bastırdığı en katı dönemleri yaşadı. Onun bu hareketlere karşı muhalif tutumu bazı sömürge idarecileriyle samimi ilişkiler kurmasında yardımcı oldu. Fransız sömürge yönetimiyle ilk ilişkileri Afrika uzmanları Robert Arnaud ve Paul Marty ile başladı. Bu ilişkinin derinleşmesi ve süreklilik kazanması, Saint Louis’de uzun yıllar sömürge idareciliği yapan Fûlânî uzmanı Henri Gaden’le geliştirdiği dostluğa bağlıdır. Mûsâ Kamara, Batılı araştırmacıların dikkatini çeken yazılarını ve özellikle tarih alanındaki eserlerini I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından hayatının son yirmi beş yılında kaleme aldı. 1920-1930 yıllarında yazdığı eserlerde Gaden’in etkisi görülür. Bu yıllarda onun teşvikiyle cihad, İslâm ve Hıristiyanlık konularında eserler yazdı. Bu eserleri 1970’lerden itibaren Fransızca’ya çevrildi. 1931’de Légion d’Honneur nişanıyla ödüllendirilen Mûsâ Kamara, Ganguel’de vefat etti. Yazma eserlerinin neredeyse tamamını ölümünden önce Dakar’da bulunan Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire’a bağışlamıştı.
Fransız sömürge yönetiminin XX. yüzyıl başlarına ait istihbarat belgelerinde Şeyh Mûsâ Kamara’dan Samba Jom ailesinin verdiği toprakları işleyen başarılı bir çiftçi, İslâmî ilimlere ve Arapça’ya vâkıf, otoriteye oldukça saygılı bir kişi olarak bahsedilir. Fransızca okuma yazma bilmediği, 1913’te yanında tamamı çevre bölgelerinden olmak üzere yirmi civarında öğrencinin bulunduğu, aynı dönemde Bamako, Segou ve Kayes’te de talebelerinin olduğu belirtilir. Onun çok fazla seyahat ettiği, en fazla Futa ve Yukarı Senegal’e, ayrıca Saint Louis ve Dakar’a gittiği zikredilir. 1908’de baş gösteren kıtlıkla mücadele etmek amacıyla darı getirmek için Bamako’ya gittiği de söylenir. Ayrıca fıkıh dersleri verdiği, mensubu olduğu Kādiriyye ile Ticâniyye tarikatlarını yaydığı rapor edilir.
Seyahatleri esnasında Saint Louis ve Orta Nijer’den birer, Doğu Futa bölgesinden iki kadınla evlenen Mûsâ Kamara, Thikite’den iki, Mâtâm’dan bir, Gouriki-Ganguel civarından iki evlilik yapmıştır. Eşleri arasında en çok tanınanı büyük oğlu Sadu’nun annesi olan Şeyh Mamadu Mamadu’nun kızı Hapsatu Kan’dır. Onun seyahat ve evlilikleri itibarının ve maddî durumunun giderek yükseldiğini göstermektedir. Mûsâ Kamara sağlığında mensubu bulunduğu Ticâniyye tarikatından bir grubun sert eleştirilerine mâruz kalmıştır. Futalı olan bu grup Şeyh el-Hâc Ömer ve Amadu Sheku Tal’ın önderliğindeki cihada katılan, Fransızlar’ın Sudan’ı işgalinden sonra memleketlerine geri dönen göçmenlerden oluşmaktaydı. Bunlar genelde Mûsâ’nın İslâm yorumunu sorguluyor ve özellikle tütün hakkındaki tutumu, dokuz kadınla evlilik yapması, Kādiriyye ve Ticâniyye içinde sergilediği seyrüsülûk uygulamaları ve ramazanda oruç tutmaması üzerinde duruyorlardı.
Eserleri. Aynı zamanda bir şair olan ve na‘tlarıyla tanınan Mûsâ Kamara tarih, edebiyat, dil, fıkıh, tasavvuf ve tıp alanında kırk civarında eser yazmıştır. Başlıca eserleri şunlardır: 1. Ẓuhûrü’l-besâtîn fî târîḫi’s-Sevâdîn (İntiṣârü’l-mevtûr fî ẕikri ḳabâʾili Fûta Ṭûr). 1920-1925 yıllarında kaleme alınan eser müellifin en önemli eseri sayılır ve Batı Sudan tarihinin sömürge dönemi hakkında önemli kaynaklardan biridir. Müellif bu eseriyle XX. yüzyıl öncesi Senegal tarihine değerli katkılarda bulunmuştur. İslâm’ın yayılmasından itibaren bölgenin tarihi, özellikle de Fransa ve İngiltere himaye dönemleri için Batı Sudan’ın sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel tarihine dair önemli bilgiler içerir. Eserde kaynaklardan nakledilenler yanında bilhassa şifahî bilgiler bölgelere, köylere ve kabilelere göre tasnif edilmiştir. Biyografik bilgilerin yanı sıra bölgenin coğrafî durumu, yaşanan olaylar, kabilelerin kökenleri, yaygın örf ve âdetler hakkında geniş mâlûmat verilmiştir. Her kabileye bir bölüm ayrılmış, kabilelerin soyu, tarihi, âlim, evliya ve idarecilerin hayatları, Orta Nijer ve Yukarı Senegal bölgeleri, Vagadu, Mali ve Songhay imparatorlukları, Futa Almamatı’nın (el-İmâmet) kuruluşu, Şeyh Ömer’in sebep olduğu göç, Ma Bâ Diakho gibi Futa’da ortaya çıkan İslâmî hareketler müellifin ele aldığı önemli konular arasındadır. Mûsâ Kamara, Ẓuhûrü’l-besâtîn ’in yayımlanması için aynı zamanda Fransız sömürge yöneticilerinden olan etnolog, dilbilimci ve Afrika uzmanı Maurice Delafosse ile anlaşmışsa da bu yayın projesi gerçekleşmemiştir. Eserin ilk bölümü bilimsel bir proje kapsamında Saîd Bousbina tarafından Fransızca’ya çevrilmiş (Florilège au jardin de l’histoire des noirs, Zuhûr Al-Basâtîn I: L’aristocratie peule et la révolution des clers musulmans [Vallée du Sénégal] , ed. Jean Schmitz, Paris 1998), tamamı ise bir nüshaya istinaden Nâsırüddin Saîdûnî ile Muâviye Saîdûnî tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire’la (IFAN) birlikte 4-7 Haziran 2014’te Dakar’da düzenlenen bir panel sonucunda IRCICA tarafından eserin dört yazmasına dayalı Arapça tahkikli neşrinin yapılmasına karar verilmiştir. 2. Târîḫu ḳabâʾili’l-Beydân: ʿArabü’ṣ-Ṣaḥrâʾi’l-Kübrâ (nşr. Hamâhullah Sâlim, Beyrut 2009). 3. Eşhe’l-ʿulûm ve eṭyabü’l-ḫaber fî sîreti’l-Ḥâc ʿÖmer. el-Hâc Ömer hakkında yazılan ilk kitap olma özelliği taşıyan eser önce A. Samb tarafından Fransızca’ya çevrilmiş (“La vie de al-Hajj Omar”, Bulletin de l’IFAN , 1970, seri B, XXXII [1], s. 44-135; [2], s. 370-411; [3], s. 770-818; ayrı basım Dakar 1975), daha sonra Hadîm Muhammed Saîd İmbâkî ve Ahmed eş-Şükrî tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Rabat 2001). 4. Eks̱erü’r-râġibîn fi’l-cihâd baʿde nebiyyinâ men yaḫtârûne’ẓ-ẓuhûr ve mülke’l-bilâd ve lâ yübâlûne bi-men heleke fî cihâdihim mine’l-ʿibâd. el-Hâc Ömer’in ve diğer liderlerin cihadlarına karşı eleştirilerin de yer aldığı kitabı A. Samb Fransızca’ya çevirmiştir (“Condamnation de la guerre sainte”, Bulletin de l’IFAN , 1976, seri B, XXXVIII [1], s. 158-199). 5. Ḳāḍa’l-ittifâḳ ve’l-iltiʿâm en yekûne beyne dîni’n-Naṣârâ ve dîni’l-İslâm. Bu eseri de A. Samb Fransızca’ya çevirmiştir (“l’Islam et le Christianisme”, Bulletin de l’IFAN , 1973, seri B, XXXV [2], s. 269-322). 6. “Histoire du Boundou” (trc. M. Ndiaye, Bulletin de l’IFAN , 1975, seri B, XXXVII [4], s. 784-816). Ẓuhûrü’l-besâtîn ’de aynı başlığı taşıyan bölümün genişletilmiş şeklidir. 7. “Histoire de Ségou” (trc. M. Ndiaye, Bulletin de l’IFAN , 1978, seri B, XL [3], s. 458-588). Yine Ẓuhûrü’l-besâtîn ’de yer alan bölümün genişletilmiş halidir. Mûsâ Kamara’nın bunların dışında otobiyografisi olan Tebşîrü’l-ḫâʾifi’l-ḫayrân ve teẕkîruhû bi-saʿati raḥmetillâhi’l-kerîmi’l-mennân (Futa Toro’daki bazı kabilelerin kökenleri ve tarihi hakkında), el-Mecmûʿu’n-nefîs sirran ve ʿalâniyyeten fî ẕikri baʿżi’s-sâdâti’l-Beydâniyye ve’l-Fûlâniyye adlı eserleriyle daha başka çalışmaları da vardır. BİBLİYOGRAFYA Ebû Bekir Hâlid Bâ, eş-Şeyḫ Mûsâ Kamarâ kâtibü’t-târîḫi’l-ictimâʿî ve’s̱-s̱eḳāfî li-şuʿûbi Vâdi’s-Seneġāl , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok] (el-Ma‘hedü’l-Moritâniyyü’l-ilmî); Arabic Literature of Africa: The Writings of Western Soudanic Africa (ed. J. O. Hunwick v.dğr.), Leiden 2003, IV, 465-470; Moustapha Ndiaye, “Rapports entre qâdirites et tijânites au Fouta Toro aux XIXe et XXe siècles à travers Al-Haqq el-mubîn de Cheikh Moussa Kamara”, Bulletin de l’institut fondamental d’Afrique noire , XLI/1, Dakar 1979, s. 190-207; D. Robinson, “Notice biographique sur Shaikh Musa Kamara”, Islam et sociétés au sud du Sahara , sy. 1, Paris 1987, s. 12-17; a.mlf., “Un historien et anthropologue sénégalais: Shaikh Musa Kamara”, Cahiers d’études africaines , XXVIII/109, Paris 1988, s. 89-116; Said Bousbina, “Musa Kamara, le savant ‘autodidacte’”, Islam et sociétés au sud du Sahara , sy. 6 (1992), s. 75-78; a.mlf. – J. Schmitz, “L’histoire de l’Almaami Abdul (1727/8-1806), par Shaykh Muusa Kamara”, a.e. , s. 59-93; J. Schmitz, “Florilège au jardin de l’opprimé. Une traduction de la monumentale histoire des noirs de Shyakh Muusa Kamara”, a.e. , s. 81-94; A. Pondopoulo, “Une traduction ‘mal partie’ (1923-1945): le Zuhur al-Basatin de Cheikh Moussa Kamara”, a.e. , s. 95-110; Ahmed eş-Şükrî, “Müsâheme ḥavle taḥḳīḳi maḫṭûṭ ‘Eşhe’l-ʿulûm ve eṭyâbü’l-ḫaber fî sîreti’l-Ḥâc ʿÖmer’ li-Şeyḫ Mûsâ Kamarâ”, Daʿvetü’l-ḥaḳ , sy. 363, Rabat 1422/2002.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 319-321 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.