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MÜSTANSIR-BİLLÂH el-FÂTIMÎ Skip to content Ebû Temîm el-Müstansır-Billâh Mead b. Alî ez-Zâhir-Lii‘zâzidînillâh b. el-Hâkim-Biemrillâh el-Fâtımî (ö. 487/1094)
Fâtımî halifesi (1036-1094).
420’de (1029) Kahire’de doğdu. Fâtımî Halifesi Zâhir’in oğludur. Annesi Seyyide Rasad Sudanlı bir câriye idi. Babasının ölümü üzerine (427/1036) yedi yaşında iken Müstansır-Billâh lakabıyla halife ilân edildi. Çocuk yaşta bulunduğu için hilâfetinin ilk yıllarında Vezir Ebü’l-Kāsım Ali b. Ahmed el-Cercerâî’nin etkisinde kaldı. Onun ölümünün ardından devletin yönetimi annesi ve annesinin eski efendisi yahudi Ebû Sa‘d İbrâhim b. Sehl et-Tüsterî’nin eline geçti. Bu durum askerî gruplar arasında iç çatışmalara yol açtı ve ülke büyük zarar gördü. Yahudileri önemli mevkilere getiren Ebû Sa‘d, desteklerini sağlamak için Mağribliler’in maaşını arttırırken Türk askerlerinin maaşını azalttı. Hâkimiyetinden rahatsız olan Vezir Felâhî Türkler’i kışkırtıp onu öldürttü (439/1047). Ebû Sa‘d’ın öldürülmesine çok üzülen halifenin annesi Vezir Felâhî’yi azlettirdi. Bu olaydan sonra yönetimi Ebû Sa‘d’ın kardeşi Ebû Nasr Hârûn ile Kadı Ebû Muhammed Hasan el-Yâzûrî devraldı. 442’de (1050) vezirliğe getirilen Yâzûrî döneminde ülke ciddi ekonomik buhranlara ve iç karışıklıklara sahne oldu. Başşehir Kahire’de Türkler, Berberîler, Sudanlı köleler arasında çatışmalar çıktı ve büyük gerginlikler yaşandı. Nâsırüddevle el-Hamdânî kumandasındaki Türkler ve Berberîler halifenin annesi tarafından desteklenen Sudanlı köleleri Kûm Şüreyk’te bozguna uğrattılar (454/1062). Müstansır bizzat sevk ve idare ettiği bir orduyla Nâsırüddevle el-Hamdânî üzerine yürüdü ve onu mağlûp etti (461/1069). Nâsırüddevle Sultan Alparslan’dan yardım istedi ve onu Mısır’a davet etti (462/1070). Ancak yardım gelmesini beklemeden Araplar ve Levâte Berberîleri’nin yardımıyla Kahire’yi kontrol altına almayı başardı. Halifeye aylık 100 dinar maaş bağlayan Nâsırüddevle, Abbâsîler adına hutbe okutmaya teşebbüs ettiyse de başaramadı. İldeniz ve Beldekûş gibi nüfuzlu Türk kumandanları Nâsırüddevle’nin Alparslan’ı Mısır’a davet etmesinden rahatsız oldular ve otoritelerini kaybetmekten endişe ederek Nâsırüddevle’ye karşı harekete geçtiler. Nâsırüddevle Türkler tarafından öldürüldü (465/1073). Fakat bu kumandanlar da Müstansır ile geçinemediler. Müstansır annesinin baskıları sonucu çok sayıda vezir ve kadıyı görevinden azletti. Yâzûrî’nin azlinden Ermeni asıllı Akkâ Valisi Bedr el-Cemâlî’nin iktidarı ele geçirmesine kadar elli dört vezirle kırk iki kadının görevine son verildi. 444 (1052-53), 447 (1055) ve 457-464 (1065-1072) yıllarında Nil nehrinin suları azaldığı için ürün elde edilemedi. Büyük sıkıntılar yaşayan Mısır halkı veba salgını ve kıtlık yüzünden perişan oldu. Halifenin ailesi dahi Mısır’ı terkedip Suriye ve Irak’a sığınmak istedi. Bu dönem tarihe “eş-şiddetü’l-uzmâ” (eş-şiddetü’l-Müstansıriyye) adıyla geçti (Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , I, 337).
Müstansır, ülkeyi içinde bulunduğu sıkıntıdan kurtarmak amacıyla Akkâ Valisi Bedr el-Cemâlî’den yardım istedi ve kendisini Mısır’a davet etti (465/1073). Bedr el-Cemâlî, ileri sürdüğü şartların Müstansır tarafından kabul edilmesi üzerine Ermeni askerlerinden oluşan bir donanmayla ertesi yıl Mısır’a geldi. Türkler’e ve Mısırlı idarecilere karşı sindirme politikası izleyen Bedr el-Cemâlî, pek çok kumandan ve devlet adamını katlederek iktidarın yegâne hâkimi oldu ve aldığı tedbirlerle halkın refah düzeyini yükseltmeyi başardı. Müstansır, oğlu Ahmed’i Bedr el-Cemâlî’nin kızıyla evlendirerek aralarındaki ilişkileri güçlendirdi. Vezirlik ve ordu kumandanlığı görevlerine ilâveten Başdâî el-Müeyyed-Lidînillâh’tan sonra kadı ve dâîlerin teftişini de Bedr el-Cemâlî’ye devrederek kendisini sınırsız yetkilerle donattı. Bedr el-Cemâlî, beş yıl aradan sonra 467’de (1074-75) Mekke ve Medine’de tekrar Fâtımîler adına hutbe okuttu. Müstansır, Bedr el-Cemâlî’nin ölümünden sonra oğlu Efdal’i Şehinşah unvanıyla vezir ve emîrü’l-cüyûş tayin etti.
Müstansır-Billâh zamanında dış ilişkiler açısından önemli gelişmeler yaşandı. 429’da (1038) Müstansır, Fâtımîler’le Bizans İmparatorluğu arasında daha önce yapılmış olan antlaşmayı yeniledi. Ancak Selçuklular’ın Bizans İmparatorluğu’nu Fâtımîler aleyhine kışkırtarak Mısır’a buğday gönderilmesini önlemesi ve İstanbul’daki camide hutbenin Abbâsî Halifesi Kāim-Biemrillâh adına okunması Fâtımî-Bizans ilişkilerinin bozulmasına yol açtı (446/1054). İmparatoriçe Theodora’nın Selçuklular’la müzakereye başlamasından rahatsız olan Müstansır, Merkad-i Îsâ (Kamâme) Kilisesi’nin hazinelerine el koydurdu (447/1055); Suriye ve Mısır’daki kiliseleri kapattırdı. Cizyeyi arttırdığı gibi rahiplerin de cizye ödemesini emretti. Bu dönemde Fâtımîler’le Gürcüler, Deylemliler, Karahanlılar, Delhi racaları arasında siyasî ve ticarî ilişkiler kuruldu.
Selçuklu orduları 463 (1071) yılında Kuzey Suriye’ye girdi. Atsız b. Uvak kumandasında Filistin’e hâkim olup Dımaşk’ı tehdit etmeye başladı ve 468’de (1075) şehri fethetti. Suriye Selçuklu Meliki Tutuş da Fâtımîler’e karşı ciddi bir tehdit oluşturuyordu. Bedr el-Cemâlî 482’de (1089) Sûr, Sayda ve Cübeyl’i geri aldı. Ancak Dımaşk bir daha Fâtımî hâkimiyetine girmedi. Selçuklular’ın desteğiyle Hicaz’da hutbe tekrar Abbâsîler adına okundu (462/1070). 467-473 (1074-1081) yıllarında Fâtımîler Mekke ve Medine’ye yeniden hâkim oldular. Yemen’de Suleyhîler, Aden’de Zürey‘îler Fâtımî hâkimiyetini tanıdı. Eyyûbî Meliki Turan Şah 569’da (1173) Yemen’i ele geçirip bu bölgedeki Fâtımî hâkimiyetine son verdi.
Abbâsîler’le Fâtımîler arasında devletin kuruluş yıllarına kadar uzanan ihtilâf, Abbâsîler’in 402’de (1011) Bağdat’ta Fâtımîler’in nesebini kötüleyip Hz. Fâtıma ile ilişkileri olmadığını iddia eden bir mahzar yayımlamasıyla zirveye ulaştı. Abbâsîler aynı mahiyette ikinci bir mahzar daha neşredince (444/1052-53) ilişkiler daha da kötüleşti. Abbâsîler, Fâtımîler’in yayılmacı politikasına karşı Selçuklular’dan yardım istediler. Ayrıca Fâtımîler’e tâbi olarak hüküm süren Zîrî Emîri Muiz b. Bâdîs’e hil‘atler gönderip Fâtımîler’le ilişkilerini bozmaya çalıştılar. Fâtımîler de Besâsîrî’yi Abbâsîler’e karşı tahrik ettiler. Besâsîrî, Hille Mezyedî Emîri Dübeys ve Ukaylî Emîri Kureyş’in desteğiyle Bağdat’ı işgal edip Müstansır-Billâh adına hutbe okuttu (13 Zilkade 450 / 1 Ocak 1059) ve Abbâsî Halifesi Kāim-Biemrillâh’a, Fâtımîler varken Abbâsîler’in hilâfette hakları olmadığını kabul ettiğini bildiren bir belgeyi şahitler huzurunda zorla imzalatarak Müstansır’a gönderdi. Bir yıl sonra Selçuklu Sultanı Tuğrul Bey, Abbâsî halifesinin Bağdat’a dönmesini sağladı ve Müstansır adına okunan hutbeye son verdi.
Zîrî Emîri Muiz b. Bâdîs de Fâtımîler’e tâbi olmaktan vazgeçip hutbeyi Abbâsîler adına okuttu (443/1051). Mağrib’de hâkimiyetlerini kaybeden Fâtımîler doğuya ve Yemen’e yöneldiler. Mısır, Kızıldeniz, Irak, İran ve Basra körfezine hâkim olarak Hindistan ticaret yolunu ele geçirmek ve Abbâsîler’in ticaret yapmasına engel olmak için seferber oldular.
Müstansır, Şiî-İsmâilî mezhebini sadece Mısır’da değil bütün İslâm dünyasında hâkim kılmak için yoğun bir faaliyet yürüttü. İran’da Dâî Müeyyed-Fiddîn’in başarılı çalışmalarıyla Büveyhîler Fâtımî saflarına çekildi. Ayrıca Yemen’de büyük bir taraftar kitlesi kazanıldı ve Suleyhîler’den Ali b. Muhammed ve haleflerinin desteği sağlandı. Müstansır’ın Kitâbü’s-Sicillât ve’t-tevḳīʿât ve’l-kütüb li-Mevlânâ Müstanṣır-Billâh adlı bir mecmua içinde derlenen Suleyhî emîrleriyle Yemen’deki dâîlere yazdığı mektuplar, onun Fâtımî Devleti’ni eski güçlü dönemine iade etme gayretleri olarak yorumlanmaktadır. Müstansır-Billâh 18 Zilhicce 487’de (29 Aralık 1094) Kahire’de öldü. Yerine büyük oğlu Nizâr’ı veliaht tayin etmesine rağmen Efdal b. Bedr el-Cemâlî’nin desteğiyle küçük oğlu Ahmed, el-Müsta‘lî-Billâh lakabıyla halife ilân edildi.
Müstansır-Billâh Fâtımî kaynaklarında samimi, doğru sözlü, âdil, ferâset sahibi bir halife olarak gösterilmektedir. Altmış yılı bulan halifeliğinin ilk yirmi yılında Sicilya, Hicaz, Filistin, Suriye, Kuzey Afrika, Irak, İran, Yemen ve Kızıldeniz sahillerinde hutbe Fâtımîler adına okunmuştur. Onun ölümüyle İsmâilîler arasında ihtilâf başlamıştır. İsmâilî akîdeye uygun biçimde büyük oğlu Nizâr’ın halife olması gerektiğini söyleyenler Nizâriyye, Müsta‘lî-Billâh’ı destekleyenler Müsta‘liyye adını almıştır. Hasan Sabbâh, Selçuklular zamanında Irak bölgesinin başdâîsi İbn Attâş’ın tavsiyesiyle Mısır’a gidip Müstansır-Billâh ile görüşmüş (İbnü’l-Esîr, IX, 448; X, 237), onun yakın ilgisine mazhar olmuş, halife de onu hüccet (vekil) seçip Horasan’da kendi adına davette bulunmasını istemiştir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 119-121 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.