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MÜSTEVFÎ Skip to content İslâm devletlerinde malî işlerle ilgili divanın başkanı ve ona bağlı bazı memurlar için kullanılan bir terim.
Sözlükte “hakkın ödenmesini isteyen kimse” anlamındaki müstevfî kelimesi, terim olarak devletin malî işleriyle ilgili divanın başkanını ve buna bağlı memurları ifade eder. Hz. Peygamber döneminde zekâtı ve diğer vergileri tahsil etmekle görevli âmillerin bir merkezde topladıkları mallar bizzat kendileri, gönderilen bir emîr veya başka bir âmil tarafından Medine’ye götürülüp beytülmâle teslim edilir, Resûl-i Ekrem bunları gereken yerlere sarfederdi. Müstevfîyi, “devlet başkanının âmillerin zekât ve vergi olarak topladıkları malları alıp getirmekle görevlendirdiği kişi” olarak tanımlayan Huzâî, Resûlullah’ın Hz. Ali’yi zekât, humus, cizye gibi vergileri toplamak veya âmiller nezdinden alıp getirmek için görevlendirdiğini ve bu görevin de bir nevi müstevfîlik olduğunu söyler (Taḫrîcü’d-delâlâti’s-semʿiyye, s. 580). Hz. Peygamber’in bu konudaki uygulamaları Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminde de sürdürülmüştür. Hz. Ömer’in halifeliği sırasında malî konularda yeni düzenlemeler yapılmış ve ilk divan teşkilâtı bu arada ortaya çıkmıştır. Emevîler devrinde devletin malî işlerini yürütmekle görevli Dîvânü’l-harâc kurulmuştur. Abbâsîler döneminde malî konularla ilgili divanların sayısı artmıştır.
Selçuklular zamanında beytülmâle ait işlere bakan divana Dîvân-ı İstîfâ, Mansıb-ı İstîfâ, Dîvânü’z-zimâm ve’l-istîfâ, başkanına da müstevfî adı verilmiştir. Selçuklular’da bugünkü maliye bakanına tekabül eden bir görev üstlenen müstevfînin devlet hiyerarşisinde bazı dönemlerde vezirden hemen sonra geldiği, bazı müstevfîlerin Dîvân-ı İstîfâ’yı vezirliğe yükselmek için bir basamak olarak kullandığı görülmektedir. Meselâ Ebü’l-Mehâsin Sa‘dülmülk müstevfîlikten Sultan Muhammed Tapar’ın, Kemâlülmülk es-Sümeyremî de Mahmûd b. Muhammed Tapar’ın vezirliğine yükselmiştir. Sultan Berkyaruk devrinde müstevfîlik yapan Mecdülmülk Vezir Fahrülmülk Ali b. Nizâmülmülk’ten daha nüfuzlu idi. Dîvân-ı İstîfâ devletin bütün malî işlerinden sorumluydu. Vilâyet veya eyaletlerdeki vergi ve tahsil memurları müstevfîye bağlıydı. Müstevfînin ayrıca bir nâibi olurdu; yokluğunda ona vekâlet eder, ölüm veya bir başka sebeple görevden ayrılması durumunda onun yerine geçerdi. Kirman Selçukluları’nda da devletin malî işlerinden sorumlu olan divanın reisine müstevfî veya “sâhib-i dîvân-ı istifâ-yı memâlik” denilirdi. Müstevfî önemli devlet adamları arasından seçilirdi. Gazneliler’de Sultan Mes‘ûd döneminde müstevfînin (müstevfi’l-memâlik) başında bulunduğu daire “dârü’l-istîfâ” olarak da anılmıştır (Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, I, 199). Karahanlılar’da Dîvân-ı İstîfâ’nın başkanına “ağıçı” adı verilmiş, muhtemelen V. (XI.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren de müstevfî kelimesi kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.
Anadolu Selçukluları’nda devletin arazi ve iktâ defterleri dışında bütün malî işlerine bakan kimseye müstevfî denilmiştir. İbn Bîbî’nin müstevfî Mecdüddin Erzincânî’den “emîr-i celîl müstevfî” diye bahsetmesi müstevfîliğin Anadolu Selçukluları’nda da önemli bir makam olduğunu göstermektedir (el-Evâmirü’l-Alâiyye, II, 175). Selçuklular’da devlete ait hesap işlerinde siyâkat yazısı ve rakamı kullanılmış, Sâhib Fahreddin Kazvînî, Abdurrahman Müstevfî ve Nâsırüddin Mehmed Müstevfî siyâkatteki maharetleriyle ün kazanmıştır. Müstevfî tayinleriyle ilgili bazı menşurlarda göreve tayin edilen kişinin meziyetleri belirtildikten sonra bütün Selçuk ülkesinin gelirini toplaması, kendisine tevkī‘ verildiği, liyakatli âmiller görevlendirmesi, vergileri iyi muhafaza etmesi, vergi toplarken adaletten ayrılmaması, halka ve ileri gelenlere meclisini açık bulundurması gibi tavsiyeler yer almaktadır (Turan, s. 3, 4, 6, 7). “Kötü mezhepli” veya gayri müslim müstevfîlerin halka sıkıntı verebileceğini, böylelerinin derhal azledilip cezalandırılmasını söyleyen ve ardından Hz. Ömer döneminde bir yahudi âmilin görevden alınmasının hikâyesini nakleden Nizâmülmülk’ün bu ifadelerinden (Siyâsetnâme, s. 222 vd.) bazı müstevfîlerin görevlerini kötüye kullandıkları anlaşılmaktadır.
Büyük Selçuklular’ın maliye sistemleriyle ilgili terimler diğer Türk ve İslâm devletlerini de etkilemiştir. İlhanlılar’da önceleri malî işlere bakan görevliye “defterdâr-i memâlik” denirken Gāzân Han döneminden kısa bir süre önce bunun yerine müstevfî tabiri kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. İlhanlılar’da da müstevfînin siyâkat yazı ve rakamlarını bilmesi şarttı. Müstevfî bütün malî işlerde vezire karşı sorumluydu. Tarihçi Hamdullah el-Müstevfî ile kardeşi Zeynüddin Muhammed’in müstevfî olarak görev yaptıkları İlhanlılar devrinde müstevfîler eyaletlerdeki vergileri vergi memurları (muhassıllar) vasıtasıyla toplarlardı.
Fâtımî devlet teşkilâtında da müstevfîlik görevinin mevcut olduğu bilinmekle beraber büyük bir önem kazanmadığı ve müstevfînin divandan sorumlu mütevelliye malî konularda yardım ettiği anlaşılmaktadır (Es‘ad b. Memmâtî, s. 301; Makrîzî, II, 227). Zengîler devrinde ve özellikle Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî’nin son dönemlerinde müstevfînin Selçuklular’daki gibi büyük bir itibarı vardı. Nûreddin’in müstevfîsi Hâlid el-Kayserânî âdeta hükümdarın veziri durumundaydı. Eyyûbîler’de malî idarede yetki ve sorumluluk itibariyle nâzır ve mütevelliden sonra müstevfî gelirdi. Ancak zamanla bu görev itibarını kaybetmiş, müstevfî divan işlerini yürüten mütevellilerin yardımcısı durumuna düşmüştür. Müstevfîler Eyyûbîler’de divan mütevellisine verilmesi gereken malları bildirir, cerîdeler tutar ve gelir giderleri kontrol ederlerdi. Mütevelliler adına işleri yürüten müstevfînin yardımcısına da “muîn” denirdi (Şeşen, s. 173-174).
Memlükler’de devletin malî işlerine bakan vezir dairesine bağlı divanlardan en önemlisi Dîvânü’n-nazar’dı. Ayrıca iki Dîvân-ı İstîfâ mevcuttu. Malî divanların hesaplarının toplandığı daireye “istîfâ-yı sohbe”, başkanına da “müstevfi’s-sohbe” denirdi. Müstevfi’s-sohbe Mısır ve Şam gibi devletin bir veya birkaç bölgesinin malî işlerine bakar, buraların malî işleriyle ilgili raporlar hazırlardı. Malî işler konusunda sultanın çıkardığı fermanlarda burada hazırlanırdı. Arazi tahririyle devletin gelir kaynakları ve giderlerinin hesaplandığı İstîfâ-yı Devlet’in başkanına “müstevfi’d-devle” adı verilirdi. Buraya önceleri bir müstevfî bakarken daha sonraları birkaç müstevfî tayin edilmiştir. Memlükler’de nâzırü’l-ceyşin maiyetinde de müstevfîler vardı. Bunlardan biri “müstevfi’l-ceyş” denilen ordu müstevfîsi olup Dîvânü’l-ceyş’ten çıkan kararları temize çeker, nâzırü’l-ceyşin ve sultanın tasdikinden sonra gideceği yere gönderirdi. Ayrıca Mısır ve Suriye arazileriyle ilgili muameleleri, Araplar’ın arazi imtiyazı ve askerlerin maaşına ait evrak ve senetleri tutan müstevfîler vardı. Memlük malî idaresinde zaman zaman bazı değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Muhammed b. Kalavun devletin malî işlerine bakan vezâreti lağvederek bu vazifeyi nâzır-ı beytülmâl, nâzır-ı hâs ve kâtib-i sır olmak üzere üç daireye vermiştir. Nâzır-ı hâssa bağlı müdürlerden biri olan müstevfî-i hâssın çeşitli bölgelerdeki görevlilerden hesapları almak, resmî merasimlerde yapılan harcamaları tesbit etmek gibi sorumlulukları vardı. Memlükler’de ayrıca belirli bir alana ait malî işlere bakan müstevfîler de bulunmaktaydı. Safevîler’de müstevfîlerin sayısının daha da arttığı görülmektedir. Akkoyunlu ve Karakoyunlular’da İlhanlılar’dakine benzer bir malî sistem vardı. Akkoyunlu divanında malî işlerden baş müstevfî sorumluydu. Dîvân-ı A‘lâ müstevfîleri denilen maliyeciler baş müstevfînin emrinde görev yapıyordu. Osmanlılar müstevfî yerine İlhanlılar’ın daha önce kullandığı defterdar kelimesini kullanmıştır (bk. DEFTERDAR).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, Târîḫ (nşr. M. Takī Dânişpejûh), Tahran 1376, I, 199; Nizâmülmülk, Siyâsetnâme (Köymen), s. 222 vd.; Es‘ad b. Memmâtî, Ḳavânînü’d-devâvîn (nşr. Aziz Suryal Atiya), Kahire 1411/1991, s. 301; Bündârî, Zübdetü’n-Nusra (Burslan), bk. İndeks; İbn Bîbî, el-Evâmirü’l-Alâiyye: Selçukname (trc. Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 1996, II, 37, 164, 175; Aksarâyî, Müsâmeretü’l-ahbâr (trc. Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 2000, bk. İndeks; Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb, VIII, 301, 302, 303; Ali b. Muhammed el-Huzâî, Taḫrîcü’d-delâlâti’s-semʿiyye (nşr. Ahmed M. Ebû Selâme), Kahire 1401/1981, s. 580; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin), IV, 34, 35, 226; V, 466; XI, 120, 350-355; Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ, II, 227; İbn Kennân, Ḫadâʾiḳu’l-yâsemîn fî ẕikri ḳavânîni’l-ḫulefâʾ ve’s-selâṭîn (nşr. Abbas Sabbâğ), Beyrut 1412/1991, s. 123, 173; Uzunçarşılı, Medhal, s. 39, 40, 42, 95, 214, 215, 216, 279, 363, 364, 370, 376-377; Hasan el-Bâşâ, el-Fünûnü’l-İslâmiyye ve’l-veẓâʾif ʿale’l-ʿâs̱âri’l-ʿArabiyye, Kahire, ts. (Dârü’n-nehdati’l-Arabiyye), II, 1084-1091; Hasan-ı Enverî, Iṣṭılâḥât-ı Dîvânî: Devre-yi Ġaznevî ve Selcûḳī , Tahran 2535 şş., s. 56-61; a.mlf., “Dîvân-ı İstîfâ der Ḥükûmet-i Ġazneviyân ve Selcûḳiyân ve Berḫî Iṣṭılâḥât-i Merbûṭ be Ân”, Berresîhâ-yi Târîḫî, VIII/6, Tahran 1974, s. 31 vd.; Ahmed Saîd Süleyman, Teʾṣîlü mâ verede fî târîḫi’l-Cebertî mine’d-daḫîl, Kahire 1979, s. 199-200; Erdoğan Merçil, Kirmân Selçukluları , İstanbul 1980, s. 276-279; Nebîh el-Âkıl, Dirâsât fî târîḫi ʿaṣri’l-Ümevî, Dımaşk 1401-1402/1981-82, s. 209 vd.; Ramazan Şeşen, Salâhaddîn Devrinde Eyyûbîler Devleti, İstanbul 1983, s. 170, 173-174; Osman Turan, Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmî Vesikalar, Ankara 1988, s. 3, 4, 6, 7; Abdülhay el-Kettânî, et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel), II, 167, 168, 169; İsmail Yiğit, Siyasî-Dinî-Kültürel-Sosyal İslâm Tarihi: Memlûkler , İstanbul 1991, VII, 198; Mehmet Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu, Ankara 1992, III, 184, 185; Mehmet Aykaç, Abbâsi Devleti’nin İlk Dönemi İdarî Teşkilâtında Dîvânlar: 132-232/750-847 , Ankara 1997, s. 167; Abdülkerim Özaydın, Sultan Berkyaruk Devri Selçuklu Tarihi (485-498/1092-1104), İstanbul 2001, s. 151, 193, 195, 199-200; Reşat Genç, Karahanlı Devlet Teşkilâtı, Ankara 2002, s. 173, 179, 235; R. Levy, “Müstevfî”, İA, VIII, 837-838; R. Levy – [C. E. Bosworth], “Mustawfī”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 753-754.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 147-148 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.