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NÂDİRÜ’r-RİVÂYE Skip to content NÂDİRÜ’r-RİVÂYE (نادر الرواية) Hanefî mezhebi imamlarından nakledilen ikinci derecede kaynak değerine sahip rivayetlere ve bunları içeren metinlere verilen ad.
Müellif: Eyyüp Said Kaya
Hanefî mezhebi tarihi boyunca meydana gelen fıkhî birikimin bilgi ve delil değerine göre yapılan temel tasnifinde Ebû Hanîfe ve talebelerinin mesaisi ikiye ayrılmakta ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin kaleme aldığı yedi eser dışında (el-Aṣl, el-Câmiʿu’l-kebîr, el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaġīr, es-Siyerü’ṣ-ṣaġīr, es-Siyerü’l-kebîr, ez-Ziyâdât, Ziyâdâtü’z-Ziyâdât) Ebû Hanîfe’nin halkasına mensup kişilerin metin ve rivayetleri nâdirü’r-rivâye olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Ebû Hanîfe ve halkasının çalışmalarını tevarüs eden Şeybânî’nin fıkıh tarihinde birçok ilki temsil eden ve mezheplerin gelişiminde önemli etkileri olan el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaġīr ve el-Câmiʿu’l-kebîr gibi eserleri henüz kendisi hayattayken Hanefî çevresinin temel metinlerinden kabul edilmiş, böylece II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren söz konusu çevrenin fakihleri tarafından kaleme alınan metinler arasında ihtiva ettikleri fıkhî birikimin bilgi ve delil değeri açısından bir ayırım ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Hanefî mezhebinin ikinci tabakasından hemen sonra bu ayırımın istikrar kazandığı ve nâdirü’r-rivâyenin kavramsal olarak var olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim bu dönemde Ebû Hanîfe’nin talebelerinin eserlerinde yer almayan birtakım rivayetler “nevâdir” adı altında bir araya getirilmiştir. Ayrıca Ebû Hanîfe’nin halkasında ortaya konulan mesaiyi kısmen içeren bazı metinler, özel şartlar altında kaydedilmek veya belirli kişilere hitaben telif edilmek gibi sebeplerle Hanefî çevresinin görüşlerini yansıtma hususunda yeterli görülmeyerek zamanla bu sınıfa dahil edilmiştir. Öte yandan Şeybânî’nin eserlerinin Abbâsî hilâfetinin doğusundaki bölgelere yayılmasında öncü rol oynayan Ebû Süleyman el-Cûzcânî ve Ebû Hafs el-Buhârî’nin bu eserlerden bazılarını söz konusu coğrafyada rivayet etmemiş olması bu metinlerin müellifine aidiyeti açısından farklı değerlendirilmesine yol açmıştır. Nitekim Serahsî’nin, el-Kesb adlı eserin aslında Şeybânî tarafından kaleme alındığını, fakat Ebû Süleyman el-Cûzcânî ve Ebû Hafs el-Buhârî tarafından rivayet edilmediğinden Hanefîler arasında meşhur olamadığını belirtmesi bu hususa delâlet etmektedir.
Nâdirü’r-rivâye kapsamına giren metinler dört kısımda incelenebilir. 1. Şeybânî’nin “zâhirü’r-rivâye”ye dahil edilmeyen eserleri. el-Kesb, Kitâbü’l-Âs̱âr ve el-Ḥücce ʿalâ ehli’l-Medîne’nin yanı sıra Şeybânî’nin imlâlarından ve yazışmalarından oluştuğu tahmin edilen el-Hârûniyyât, el-Cürcâniyyât, el-Keysâniyyât ve er-Raḳḳıyyât da bu kısma dahil edilebilir. Şuayb b. Süleyman el-Keysânî’nin Şeybânî’den imlâ yoluyla aldığı rivayetlerden oluşan el-Keysâniyyât, bazı kaynaklarda bu râvinin oğlu olan Süleyman b. Şuayb el-Keysânî’ye izâfe edilmektedir. Tahâvî’nin rivayet ettiği bu eserin Şeybânî’nin görüşlerinin yanı sıra Kāsım b. Ma‘n gibi Hanefî tarihinin erken dönem simalarından bazılarının fikirlerini de ihtiva ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in bir adının el-Emâlî olduğunu belirttiği bu eserin fıkhın bazı bölümlerini içeren küçük bir kısmı aynı adla basılmıştır (nşr. Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Efgānî, Haydarâbâd 1360/1941). Taşköprizâde, diğer kaynaklarda zikredilenin aksine Şeybânî’ye ait eserin adının el-Keysâniyyât olmadığını, onun, Kiyân adında bir şahıs için derlediği meseleleri içerdiği için el-Kiyâniyyât ismini verdiği bir eseri bulunduğunu ileri sürmüştür. er-Raḳḳıyyât, Şeybânî’nin Rakka’da kadı iken hakkında hüküm ve fetva verdiği bazı meseleleri ihtiva etmektedir. Bu eseri onunla birlikte uzun süre Rakka’da kalan İbn Semâa rivayet etmiştir. Şeybânî’nin imlâlarından bir kısmını bir araya getiren el-Hârûniyyât’ın Hârûnürreşîd ile, onun döneminde yazılmış olması dışında bir ilişkisinin bulunup bulunmadığı meçhuldür. el-Cürcâniyyât ise Ali b. Sâlih b. Cürcânî’nin Şeybânî’den rivayetlerini içermektedir. 2. Ebû Hanîfe’nin Şeybânî dışındaki talebelerine ait eserler. Bunların başında Ebû Yûsuf’un Bişr b. Velîd ve birçok talebesi tarafından rivayet edilen el-Emâlî’si gelmektedir. Ebû Yûsuf’un İḫtilâfü Ebî Ḥanîfe ve İbn Ebî Leylâ’sı ile Yahyâ b. Hâlid el-Bermekî için telif ettiği belirtilen el-Cevâmiʿ (el-Câmiʿ, Câmiʿu’l-Berâmike) gibi eserleri ve Hasan b. Ziyâd el-Lü’lüî’nin el-Mücerred ile el-Emâlî’si de bu sınıfa dahil edilebilir. 3. Hanefî mezhebinin üçüncü tabakasına mensup fakihler tarafından, Ebû Hanîfe ve talebelerine ait olup Şeybânî’nin telif ettiği başlıca metinlerde yer almamış görüşleri bir araya getirmek amacıyla kaleme alınan eserler. “Nevâdir” başlığını taşıyan bu eserler, “Nevâdirü Muallâ” ve “Nevâdirü İbn Semâa” gibi söz konusu görüşleri bir araya getiren kişilere izâfe edilmektedir. Kâtib Çelebi bunların sayısını dokuz olarak vermekteyse de kaynaklarda yapılan iktibaslardan bu türden başka eserlerin bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Muallâ b. Mansûr er-Râzî’nin en-Nevâdir’i, muhtemelen Ebû Yûsuf ve Şeybânî’nin talebelerinin kaleme aldığı nâdirü’r-rivâye metinlerinden günümüze ulaşan tek eserdir. Fıkıh bablarının klasik sıralamasından farklı bir tertibe sahip eserin esas muhtevası Muallâ’nın Ebû Yûsuf’tan rivayet ettiği görüşlerden oluşmaktadır. Kitapta Muallâ, Şeybânî’ye bazan ve Ebû Yûsuf’un görüşleriyle bağlantılı şekilde yer vermektedir. Ebû Yûsuf’un görüşleri büyük ölçüde Muallâ’nın hocasına sorduğu soruların cevapları olarak zikredilmektedir (bk. MUALLÂ b. MANSÛR). İbn Semâa’nın en-Nevâdir’i onun Ebû Yûsuf ve Şeybânî’den aldığı bazı rivayetleri ihtiva etmektedir. Ebü’l-Fazl Dâvûd b. Rüşeyd el-Hârizmî’nin en-Nevâdir’i hem Şeybânî’nin hem Hafs b. Gıyâs’ın bazı görüşlerini bir araya getirmiştir. Hasan b. Ziyâd’ın görüşlerini rivayet etmekle şöhret bulan İbnü’s-Selcî en-Nevâdir’inde ağırlıklı olarak hocasının görüşlerine yer vermiştir. Ebû Süleyman el-Cûzcânî’nin Nevâdirü’l-fetâvâ’sı Şeybânî’nin, Ali b. Ca‘d’ın en-Nevâdir’i ise Ebû Yûsuf’un bazı görüşlerini bir araya getirmektedir. Ayrıca Hişâm b. Ubeydullah er-Râzî, İsâm b. Yûsuf el-Belhî, İbrâhim b. Rüstem el-Mervezî, Îsâ b. Ebân ve Bişr b. Velîd el-Kindî’nin nevâdirler kaleme aldığı kaydedilmektedir. Bu eserlerden yapılan nakiller özellikle Serahsî’nin el-Mebsûṭ’u, Burhâneddin İbn Mâze’nin el-Muḥîṭü’l-Burhânî’si gibi hacimli fıkıh koleksiyonlarında geniş yer almaktadır. 4. Nevâdir müellifleriyle aynı dönemde yaşayan bazı fakihlerin Ebû Hanîfe’nin talebelerinden aktardıkları, fakat müstakil bir metin haline getirip getirmedikleri bilinmeyen rivayetler. Bişr b. Muallâ, Muhammed b. Ebû Recâ el-Horasânî, Hasan b. Mâlik, Amr b. Mehr b. Muheyr gibi fakihlerin Hanefî literatürünün çeşitli eserlerinde görülen rivayetleri bu sınıfa dahil edilebilir.
Ayrıca gerek nevâdir müelliflerinin gerekse onlarla aynı tabakaya mensup diğer Hanefî müelliflerinin nâdirü’r-rivâyeyi bir araya getirme amacını taşımayan eserlerinde bu sınıfa girebilecek kayıtların bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. İbnü’s-Selcî’nin Şerḥu İḫtilâfi Züfer ve Yaʿḳūb’u ve Hişâm b. Ubeydullah’ın Ṣılâtü’l-es̱er’inin yanı sıra Ebû İshak İsmâil b. Saîd eş-Şâlencî’nin Kitâbü’l-Beyân’ında, İshak b. Behlûl et-Tenûhî el-Enbârî’nin el-Mütedâd’ında, Ebû Ali er-Râzî’nin Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣalât’ında, Muhammed b. Mukātil er-Râzî’nin el-Emâlî’sinde ve Îsâ b. Ebân’ın eserlerinde nâdirü’r-rivâyeye girecek bilgilerin bulunduğu görülmektedir.
Özellikle Hanefî mezhebinin üçüncü tabakasına dahil müelliflerin Ebû Hanîfe’nin ve talebelerinin fıkhî görüşlerinin yanı sıra onların fıkhî görüş ve yaklaşımlarını temsil veya ima edebilecek birtakım kayıtları da bir araya getirmeye çalışmaları, nâdirü’r-rivâyenin zâhirü’r-rivâye metinlerine nisbetle çok daha çeşitli bilgiler ihtiva etmesine yol açmıştır. Nitekim Ebû Hanîfe’nin halkasına mensup fakihlerle talebeleri arasında geçen olaylar, söz konusu fakihlerin rücû ettikleri görüşler, ibadet hayatları, diyalogları, tartışmaları, tavır ve davranışları, kadı olarak verdikleri hükümler ve bazı mahkeme kararları hakkındaki kanaatleri gibi bilgiler nâdirü’r-rivâye eserlerinde yer almıştır.
IV. (X.) yüzyılda geçmiş mezhep birikimini kuşatmayı hedefleyen eserlerin kaleme alınması, Hanefî mezhebinde nâdirü’r-rivâyenin tesbit ve değerlendirilmesi açısından belirleyici bir rol oynamıştır. Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî’nin, zaman zaman daha geç dönemlerde telif edilmiş çalışmalara başvursa da ağırlıklı olarak nevâdir müelliflerinin metin ve rivayetlerini esas aldığı ʿUyûnü’l-mesâʾil adlı eseri bu dönemdeki nâdirü’r-rivâye ile ilgili en önemli çalışma kabul edilebilir (nşr. Seyyid Muhammed Mühennâ, Beyrut 1998). Aynı devirde kaleme alınan ve nâdirü’r-rivâye kaynaklarını yoğun biçimde kullandığı ifade edilen Hâkim eş-Şehîd’in el-Münteḳā’sı da burada zikredilmelidir (bk. HÂKİM eş-ŞEHÎD). V. (XI.) yüzyılda Halvânî ve talebelerinin zâhirü’r-rivâye gibi nâdirü’r-rivâyeyi de kapsayan şerh çalışmaları bir yandan II (VIII) ve III. (IX.) asırda yazılan nâdirü’r-rivâye metinlerinin giderek daha az kullanılmasına sebep olmuş, öte yandan nâdirü’r-rivâye kapsamındaki mâlûmatın nasıl değerlendirilmesi gerektiği hususunda zamanla bütün Hanefî çevrelerince esas kabul edilmiştir. İbnü’l-Hümâm, bu metinlerin artık mütedâvil olmayıp yaygın biçimde kullanılmadıkları için herhangi bir nevâdir nüshası elde edilmesi halinde onu Ebû Yûsuf ve Şeybânî’ye nisbet etmenin doğru olmayacağını, el-Mebsûṭ ve el-Hidâye gibi kaynaklarda nevâdir kitaplarından yapılan nakillere itimadın ise bu eserlerin bizzat kendilerine itimat anlamına geldiğini söyler.
Nevâdir literatürü Hanefî mezhebinde ayrı bir tür oluşturacak kadar geniş bir yer tutarken diğer mezheplerin âlimlerinin de benzer eserler kaleme aldığı görülmektedir. İbn Ebû Zeyd el-Kayrevânî, en-Nevâdir ve’z-ziyâdât ʿalâ mâ fi’l-Müdevvene min ġayrihâ mine’l-ümmehât adlı eserinde (nşr. Abdülfettâh Muhammed el-Hulv, Beyrut 1999) Mâlikî mezhebinin “ümmehat” adı verilen kaynaklarının dışında kalan İmam Mâlik ve öğrencilerine ait görüşleri bir araya getirmiştir. Şâfiîler’den Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Muhammed er-Rûyânî’nin muhtemelen az rastlanır meseleleri ele aldığı Nevâdirü’l-aḥkâm ve Hanbelîler’den Ebû Zekeriyyâ (Ebû Bekir) İbnü’s-Sayrafî’nin Nevâdirü’l-meẕheb adlı çalışmalarının bulunduğu bilinmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 278-280 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.