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NÂZIM BEY Skip to content (1872-1926)
İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin liderlerinden, Maarif nâzırı.
Selânik’te doğdu, ilk eğitimini burada aldı. 1887’de rüşdiyeyi bitirdikten sonra Askerî Tıbbiye İdâdîsi’ne, ardından Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye’ye girdi. Öğrencilik yıllarında Nâmık Kemal’in yazılarının etkisinde kaldı ve tıbbiyede 4 Haziran 1889 tarihinde kurulan İttihâd-ı Osmânî Cemiyeti’ne üye oldu. Cemiyet içinde aktif görevler aldı ve üçüncü sınıfta iken cemiyet tarafından Paris’e gönderildi (1893). Öğrenimini tamamlamak için Paris Tıp Fakültesi’ne kaydoldu. Paris’te Ahmed Rızâ Bey’in İttihâd-ı Osmânî Cemiyeti’ne katılmasını sağlayarak onunla birlikte siyasî çalışmalara başladı. Paris’teki İttihatçı gençleri bir araya toplamak amacıyla bir gazete çıkarılmasını teklif etti. Bunun üzerine 1 Aralık 1895’te Meşveret gazetesi yayımlandı. Burada vatan ve millet konularını içeren yazılar yazdı, II. Abdülhamid yönetimini eleştirdi. Fransız modeli bir yapılanmanın gerektiğini belirterek demokratik ve laik görüşleri savundu.
1895’te Paris Tıp Fakültesi’nden mezun olduktan sonra Paris Hastahanesi’nde çalışmaya devam etti. Ahmed Rızâ Bey’le birlikte siyasî faaliyetlerinden ötürü İstanbul hükümeti tarafından vatan haini ilân edildi. Yazılarında örgütlü muhalefet tezini işleyen Nâzım Bey 1894’te Osmanlı Terakkî ve İttihat Cemiyeti’nin kurulmasında etkili oldu. Ahmed Rızâ Bey başkanlığındaki cemiyetin kurucu üyeleri arasında yer aldı. Fikrî ayrılıkları sebebiyle cemiyet içinde çıkan tartışmalarda daima Ahmed Rızâ Bey ile birlikte hareket etti. II. Abdülhamid’in baskısı ile kapatılan, bir süre Belçika’ya ve ardından Cenevre’ye taşınan Meşveret gazetesinin ve cemiyetin tekrar Paris’e dönmesini sağladı (Temmuz 1897). 1899’da yapılan kongrede yine Ahmed Rızâ Bey’i destekledi. Bu arada cemiyete yeni üyelerin kaydedilmesinde ve maddî yardım sağlanmasında çok etkili oldu.
Cemiyetin kadrolaşma ve teşkilâtlanma görevi 1907’de kendisine verildi. Onun gayretleriyle yurt içinde ve dışında yeni şubeler açıldı ve teşkilât aktif bir hale geldi. Bildiriler hazırlayarak her şubenin neler yapması gerektiğini, teşkilât ve kadrolaşma usullerini ayrıntılı biçimde anlattı. Siyasî faaliyetlerinden dolayı Nâzım Bey vatan haini ilân edilerek idam cezasına mahkûm edilmiş olduğundan gizlice yurda dönmek için bazı teşebbüslerde bulundu. Kılık değiştirip Atina üzerinden Selânik’e gitmeye çalıştı. Selânik’teki Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti ve bazı Rum komitacıları kendisine yardımcı oldu. Atina’da iki ay bekledikten sonra komitacılar Nâzım Bey’i Selânik sınırına getirdiler. Bu yolculuğu sırasında kimliğini gizlemek amacıyla zaman zaman Hoca Yâkub Efendi, Selânikli Nâzım, Yâkub Ağa, Tütüncü Yâkub Ağa, Rüstem gibi takma isimler kullandı. Selânik’te Midhat Şükrü Bleda’nın evinde kaldı. Burada iken çalışmalarını yoğunlaştırıp teşkilâtı bütünleştirme girişiminde bulundu; Osmanlı Terakkî ve İttihat Cemiyeti ile Selânik’te bulunan Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti’nin İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti adı altında birleşmesini sağladı (27 Eylül 1907). Ardından teşkilâtın çalışmalarını genişletmek amacıyla İzmir’e gitti.
Nâzım Bey ile İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti yöneticileri, Selânik’te bir ihtilâlin yapılmasını karara bağlamışlardı. II. Abdülhamid yönetimine karşı gerçekleştirilecek ihtilâli ancak İzmir Kolordusu önleyebilirdi. Nâzım Bey’in esas amacı İzmir Kolordusu’na mensup subayları cemiyete üye yapmak ve onların yardımını sağlamaktı. İzmir’e varınca Binbaşı Tâhir Bey ve Halil Menteşe ile irtibat kurdu. Jandarma zâbiti Eşref Kuşçubaşı ile birlikte çalışmalarını yürüttü. İzmir’de Eşref Kuşçubaşı’nın jandarma, Sâmi Bey’in polis ve Reşid Bey’in İzmir inzibat âmirliklerine tayin edilmesi Nâzım Bey’in buradaki komitacılık faaliyetlerini kolaylaştırdı. İzmir’de Evliyâzadeler’den Refik Bey’in kızı Beria Hanım’la tanıştı ve daha sonra 1909 yılında onunla evlendi. İzmir’de çeşitli yerlerde merasimler düzenleyip kadrolaşmayı temin etti. Aydın ve Denizli’ye giderek tanınmış kişileri cemiyete üye yaptı. Çakıcı Mehmed Efe ile görüşüp onu II. Abdülhamid’e karşı yapılacak ihtilâle katılmaya davet etti.
Resneli Niyâzi Bey’in 3 Temmuz 1908’de Manastır’da harekete geçtiği sırada Nâzım Bey İzmir’de bulunuyordu. Onun faaliyetlerinin etkisiyle, İzmir Redif fırkalarında bulunan askerler Niyâzi Bey’e karşı harekete geçmek istemedi. Selânik’e gönderilen İzmir Kolordusu’nun ilk taburları rıhtıma çıkınca silâhlarını çatarak göğüslerine hürriyet işaretlerini taktılar. Nâzım Bey, II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânını haber alır almaz Selânik’e gitti ve bir süre kalıp işleri yoluna koyduktan sonra 27 Temmuz 1908’de İzmir’e döndü. İzmir’e dönüşünde Türk, Mûsevî, Ermeni ve Rumlar’ın hep birlikte söyledikleri “yaşasın hürriyet” tezahüratlarıyla karşılandı.
23 Temmuz 1909 – 23 Temmuz 1910 tarihleri arasında İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nde kâtib-i umûmî olarak görev yaptı. 1908-1918 yılları arasında da cemiyette merkez-i umûmî üyesi olarak çalıştı. Bu görevlerde bulunduğu sırada Avrupa’ya öğrenciler gönderdi. Balkan Savaşı esnasında Hilâliahmer Hastahanesi başhekimliğine getirildi. Selânik işgal edilince Yunanlılar’a esir düştü ve Atina’da on bir ay hapsedildi. I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan birkaç ay önce esaretten kurtularak İstanbul’a geldi. Burada Türkler’in ekonomik yönden fakir olduklarını görünce onları kalkındırma yolunda çalışmalar yaptı; iktisat kongreleri düzenleyerek ticaretle meşgul olmalarını teşvik etti. Rumelihisarı’nda kolektif bakkallık şirketi kurdu. I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında askere gitmek istediyse de İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin merkez-i umûmî üyeliği görevinde kalması daha uygun bulundu. Savaş esnasında Talat Paşa’nın zorlaması ile Men‘-i İhtikâr Komisyonu üyeliğini kabul etti. 21 Temmuz 1918’de Talat Paşa kabinesinde Maarif nâzırlığı görevini üstlendi. Üç ay süren bu görevi sırasında devlet malını titizlikle koruduğu, hatta şahsına ayrılan makam arabasına bile binmediği belirtilir. Savaş sonunda en önde gelen diğer İttihatçılar’la birlikte İstanbul’dan ayrıldı ve 1-2 Kasım 1918 gecesi bir Alman torpidosuyla Sivastopol’a, oradan Berlin’e gitti. 5 Temmuz 1919’da gıyaben yargılandığı askerî mahkemede idam cezasına çarptırıldı.
Berlin’de iken İtilâf devletleri karşısında ezilen müslüman milletlerin haklarını korumak için İslâm İhtilâlleri Cemiyeti’nin kurulması çalışmalarına katıldı. Enver Paşa’nın Bolşevikler’e esir düştüğünü öğrenince onu kurtarmak amacıyla Moskova’ya gitti, onun hapisten çıkarılmasını sağladıktan sonra Berlin’e döndü. Berlin’de müslüman milletlerin lehinde propaganda yapmak maksadıyla bir büro açtı. Burada yaptığı çalışmalarda Anadolu’da devam eden Millî Mücadele’yi destekledi. 1921’de Moskova ve Batum’a gitti ve buralarda da İslâm İhtilâlleri Cemiyeti’nin çalışmalarını yürüttü. Enver Paşa’nın yanında kalarak onun Anadolu’ya girip Mustafa Kemal Paşa’ya muhalif bir duruma düşmesini engelledi. Cemal Paşa ile Çarçu’da buluştu ve Buhara’da Türkler’in teşkilâtlanması çalışmalarında bulundu. Ancak Enver Bey’in askerî faaliyetleri bu çalışmaların aksamasına sebep oldu. Bunun üzerine Buhara’dan Moskova’ya döndü. Bir süre Almanya’da yaşadı. Ermeni kıtaliyle suçlanan Bahâeddin Şâkir’in bir suikast sonucu öldürülmesi (17 Nisan 1922) hayatı hakkında endişelenmesine yol açtığından Alman polisinden koruma talep etti. İzmir’in kurtuluşundan sonra siyasî faaliyetlerde bulunmamak kaydıyla yurda dönmesine izin verildiğinden İzmir’e geldi. 17 Haziran 1926’daki İzmir suikastı dolayısıyla tutuklanan İttihatçılar arasında yer aldı. 1 Temmuz 1926 tarihinde tutuklandıktan sonra Ankara’ya getirildi. Ankara İstiklâl Mahkemesi tarafından yargılandı. Bu olayla ilgili herhangi bir bilgisi ve suçu olmadığını söyleyerek hakkındaki iddiaları reddetti. Ancak idama mahkûm edildi ve 26 Ağustos 1926 Perşembe gecesi Cebeci’de asılmak suretiyle infaz gerçekleştirildi.
Yahya Kemal Beyatlı’nın katı, sinirli, sözünden dönmeyen, son derece dürüst, demokrat bir şahıs olarak tanımladığı Nâzım Bey, diğer önde gelen İttihatçılar’la birlikte Ermeni tehciriyle ilgili gelişmeler yüzünden suçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Ermeniler’e karşı olan tutumunun 1909 Adana hadiselerinden beri bilindiği, Ermeni kıtalinin sistematik planlayıcılarından ve İttihatçı terörün baş suçlularından biri olduğu ileri sürülürse de bu iddialar belgelenebilir bilgilere dayanmayıp onun on yıl süreyle İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti merkez-i umûmî üyesi olması ve İngiltere karşıtı bir politika izlemesinden kaynaklanan bir “suizan”dan ibarettir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TBMM Arşivi, dosya nr. 10:239-31, defter nr. 109; dosya nr. 10:239-31, defter nr. 170-11; dosya nr. 239/31, defter nr. 8; dosya nr. 239/31, defter nr. 11.
Talat Paşa’nın Hatıraları (haz. Ekrem Bolayır), İstanbul 1946, s. 138-139.
Kâzım Nami Duru, İttihat ve Terakki Hatıraları , İstanbul 1957, s. 8, 16-31.
Samet Ağaoğlu, Babamın Arkadaşları , İstanbul, ts. (Nebioğlu Yayınevi), s. 95.
Ahmet Bedevi Kuran, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda ve Türkiye Cumhuriyetinde İnkılâp Hareketleri , İstanbul 1959, tür.yer.
Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, Siyâsî ve Edebî Portreler , İstanbul 1968, s. 112-120.
Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, İkinci Adam , İstanbul 1973, s. 45.
a.mlf., Suyu Arayan Adam , İstanbul 1979, s. 273.
a.mlf., Tek Adam: Mustafa Kemal , İstanbul, ts. (Remzi Kitabevi), III, 271, 284.
Doğan Avcıoğlu, Millî Kurtuluş Tarihi , İstanbul 1974, III, tür.yer.
Falih Rıfkı Atay, Zeytindağı , İstanbul 1981, s. 36.
Kâzım Karabekir, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti: 1896-1909 , İstanbul 1982, s. 484, 493-494.
M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Bir Siyasal Örgüt Olarak Osmanlı İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti ve Jön Türklük: 1889-1902 , İstanbul 1985, tür.yer.
Mithat Şükrü Bleda, İmparatorluğun Çöküşü , İstanbul 1986, s. 14-18, 24-25, 101-102, 157, 164.
Halil Menteşe’nin Anıları (haz. Orhan Birgit), İstanbul 1986, s. 111-122.
İbrahim Temo’nun İttihat ve Terakki Anıları , İstanbul 1987, s. 157, 175.
Mevlanzâde Rifat, Türkiye İnkılâbının İçyüzü (haz. Metin Hasırcı), İstanbul 1993, tür.yer.
V. N. Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide , Providence 1995, s. 98, 203-204, 214, 216, 281, 331, 338.
a.mlf., Ermeni Soykırımında Kuramsal Roller: Toplu Makaleler 1 (trc. Attila Tuygan), İstanbul 2004, s. 44, 131,134, 142-148, 150, 155.
Ahmet Eyicil, “Doktor Nazım Bey”, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin Kuruluş ve Gelişmesine Hizmeti Geçen Türk Dünyası Aydınları Sempozyumu Bildirileri (haz. Abdulkadir Yuvalı), Kayseri 1996, s. 197-206.
a.mlf., Dr. Nazım Bey: İttihad ve Terakki Liderlerinden , İstanbul 2004.
Mete Soytürk, “İttihatçı Paşalar Nasıl Yurtdışına Çıkarıldı?”, Popüler Tarih , sy. 63, İstanbul 2005, s. 46-52.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 446-447 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.