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NESEP Skip to content Soy bağı anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Dar anlamda çocukla anne ve babası, geniş anlamda kişiyle usulü (annesi-babası, nineleri-dedeleri) arasındaki soy bağını ifade eden nesep, fıkıhta ve günümüz hukuk incelemelerinde daha çok dar anlamına göre ele alınan bir kavramdır. Bir âyette kan ve kayın hısımlığını var etmesi Allah’ın kudretinin kanıtları arasında sayılırken nesep kelimesi (el-Furkān 25/54), öldükten sonra dirilmeyi inkâr edenleri uyaran bir âyette ise kıyamet koptuğunda artık akrabalık bağlarının fayda vermeyeceği belirtilirken bunun çoğulu olan ensâb kelimesi (el-Mü’minûn 23/101) geçer. Ayrıca birçok hadiste değişik bağlamlarda nesep kelimesinin tekil ve çoğul olarak kullanıldığı görülür. Hz. Peygamber bir yandan Câhiliye döneminin kabile taassubuna dayanan asalet ve soy sopla (hasep ve nesep) övünme, başkalarının nesebini kötüleme âdetini yasaklarken öte yandan akrabalık bağıyla ilgili hak ve vecîbeler dengesinin iyi bir şekilde işletilebilmesi için kişilerin nesepleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmalarını tavsiye etmiştir (Buhârî, “Menâḳıb”, 1, 16; Müslim, “Cenâʾiz”, 29; Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 111; Tirmizî, “Birr”, 49; ayrıca bk. ENSÂB ).
Neslin muhafazası, İslâm teşrîinin korunmasını hedeflediği yararların önem derecesine göre yapılan tasnifi içinde vazgeçilmez değerleri ve faydaları ifade eden “zarûriyyât” kapsamında mütalaa edilmiştir. Zinanın kesin biçimde yasaklanması ve soyların karışmasına yol açacak düzenlemelere cevaz verilmemesi neslin insana yaraşır biçimde korunabilmesi için alınan önlemlerin başında gelir (bk. MASLAHAT ). Bu çerçevede, zina mahsulü çocuğun nesebinin genetik (tabiî) babasına veya onu doğuran kadının istediği erkeğe nisbet edilebilmesi, erkeğin meşrû bir evlilik içinde doğmuş çocuğunun nesebini keyfî olarak reddedebilmesi gibi Câhiliye dönemi uygulamalarına son verilmiştir. Fakihler de çocukların babalarına nisbet edilerek çağrılmasını emreden (el-Ahzâb 33/5) ve babanın nafaka yükümlülüğünü düzenleyen (el-Bakara 2/233) âyetlerle çocuğun nesebinin nikâh bağına göre tayin edileceğini ve gayri meşrû ilişkiye nesep vb. sonuçların bağlanamayacağını bildiren (Buhârî, “Büyûʿ”, 3, 100; Müslim, “Raḍâʿ”, 36-37), babanın kendisine ait çocuğun nesebini inkâr etmesini ve annenin çocuğu gerçek babası dışındaki bir erkeğe nisbet etmesini ağır bir vebal olarak niteleyen (Dârimî, “Nikâḥ”, 42; Nesâî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 47) hadisler başta olmak üzere ilgili nasların ibare ve işaretleri istikametinde nesep hukukunun ayrıntılarını belirleyen zengin bir doktrin ortaya koymuşlardır.
Nesebin sübûtuna bağlanan başlıca sonuçlar evlenme engeli oluşturması, nafaka, velâyet ve mirasçılık hükümlerine temel teşkil etmesidir; bilhassa aile ve ceza hukukunda mezheplere göre değişen başka hükümleri de vardır. Çocuk hakları konusunda özel bir yere sahip olan nesep hükümleri anne, baba ve çocuğun menfaatleri bakımından kul hakkıyla ilgili olduğu gibi dinin ve hukukun temel hedeflerini içermesi yönüyle Allah hakları kapsamında değerlendirildiğinden fıkıh ve usul âlimlerince bunların ilgililerin anlaşması veya feragatiyle bertaraf edilemeyeceğine, günümüz hukuk terimiyle kamu düzeninden sayıldığına dikkat çekilir. Meselâ annenin nesebin sübûtu davasında husumetten feragat etmesinin küçüğün hakkı veya Allah hakkı açısından bir etkisi yoktur.
Çocuğu doğuran kadının tesbit edilmesi çocukla anne arasındaki nesep ilişkisinin tayini için yeterli olup hukukta nesebin daha çok baba açısından belirlenmesi önem taşır. Fıkıhta nesebin hukukî sebepleri iki noktada toplanır: Nikâh akdi ve kölelik hukuku çerçevesinde efendinin câriyesiyle birleşme hakkı (bk. İSTÎLÂD ; İslâmiyet’in bu konudaki teşrî‘ politikası için bk. KÖLE ). Nesebin baba açısından sübûtunun normal yolu çocuğun evlilik içinde dünyaya gelmiş olmasıdır. Fâsid nikâh ve -hâlâ kendisine helâl olduğunu zannederek üç talâk hakkını kullandığı için aralarında büyük ayrılık (beynûnet-i kübrâ) meydana gelen karısıyla cinsel temasta bulunma örneğinde olduğu gibi- nikâh şüphesine binaen birleşme de bu kapsamda mütalaa edilmiştir. Evlilik içinde doğan çocuğun nesebinin sübûtunda aranan şartlar şunlardır: 1. Erkeğin baba olabilecek çağda ve durumda olması. Asgari yaş konusunda hâkim kanaat bulûğ veya mürâhaka (bk. MÜRÂHİK ) çağının esas alınması yönündedir; cinsel kusurlar konusunda değişik durumlara göre farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. 2. Eşler arasında birleşmenin vâki veya mümkün olması. Fakihlerin büyük çoğunluğuna göre cinsel ilişkinin gerçekleşmesi şart olmamakla birlikte buna imkân verecek birlikteliğin (halvet) bulunması gerekir. İbn Teymiyye fiilî birleşmenin mevcudiyetini şart koşar ve İbn Kayyim Ahmed b. Hanbel’den bu yönde yapılan rivayeti daha kuvvetli bulur. Zâhirîler ve İmâmiyye ile İbâzıyye’de üstün kabul edilen görüş de bu istikamettedir. Züfer dışındaki Hanefîler ise zifaf veya halveti şart koşmaksızın nikâh akdinin varlığını yeterli saymışlardır (bk. Ali M. Yûsuf Muhammedî, s. 66-73; esasen Hanefîler’in de eşlerin bir araya gelebilmelerini şart koştukları, ancak aklî imkânı yeterli saydıkları yönünde bir açıklama ve bu görüş hakkında bir değerlendirme için bk. Zekiyyüddin Şa‘bân, s. 568-570). 3. Zifaf, halvet veya akidden sonra hamileliğin asgari süresinin dolmuş olması. Bu sürenin altı ay olduğu hususunda fakihler arasında görüş birliği vardır. Kadının bu süreden önce dünyaya getirdiği çocuğun nesebi evlilik yoluyla sabit olmaz. Fakat koca bunun -zina mahsulü olduğunu söylememek şartıyla- kendisinden olduğunu kabul ederse çocuğun menfaatinin ve aile şerefinin korunması ve iyi niyetin esas alınması düşüncesiyle daha önce aralarında başka sahih veya fâsid bir akid bulunduğu yahut şüpheye binaen birleşme vâki olduğu yorumu yapılarak nesebi kendisine bağlanır. 4. Kocanın vefatı veya boşamadan sonra hamileliğin âzami süresinin aşılmamış olması. Fıkıh eserlerinde bu sürenin dokuz ay, bir, iki, üç, dört, beş sene, hatta daha fazla olduğuna dair görüşlere yer verilir. Âyet ve hadislerin açıkça süre belirtmediği bu konuda, Hz. Âişe’den nakledilen ceninin anne karnında iki yıldan fazla kalamayacağı rivayeti bir tarafa bırakılırsa bu görüşlerin daha çok gözleme ve o dönemin tıbbî bilgilerine dayandığı, dört, beş yıl gibi uzun sürelerden söz edilmesinin ise bazı nâdir olaylar veya duyumlar yanında özellikle ihtiyat ilkesini dikkate almaktan kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Günümüzde İslâm ülkelerinde yapılan yasal düzenlemelerde genellikle bu süre mûtat gebelik müddetine biraz ihtiyat payı eklenerek 365 gün şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Zifaf veya halvetten sonra erkek vefat eder yahut ister ric‘î ister bâin talâkla karısını boşarsa nesebin kendisine bağlanması doğumun vefat veya talâk tarihinden itibaren hamileliğin âzami süresi içinde olması şartına bağlıdır. Hanefîler, kadının iddetinin bittiğini bildirip bildirmemesi durumlarını ayırt ederek henüz iddetinin bittiğini bildirmemişse hamileliğin âzami süresi içinde, ric‘î talâkta ise kocanın talâktan döndüğü kabul edilerek bu süreden sonra bile olsa doğum yapması halinde çocuğun nesebinin kocaya ait olacağına hükmetmişlerdir (kadının iddetinin bittiğini bildirmemiş olması durumlarıyla ilgili hükümler için bk. a.g.e. , s. 574-579).
Fâsid nikâhın ancak evliliğin fiilen başlamış olması halinde sonuç doğurabileceği kabul edildiğinden nesebin sübûtu için nikâh akdi yeterli olmayıp Hanefîler’de fetvada esas alınan görüşe göre zifaf, Mâlikîler’e göre zifaf veya halvet şarttır. Zifaf veya Mâlikîler’e göre zifaf yahut halvetin ardından en az altı ay sonra yahut tarafların ayrılmasını takiben hamileliğin âzami süresi içinde doğan çocuğun nesebi kocaya bağlanır. Nikâh şüphesiyle birleşmede de nesebin sübûtu için birleşmeden itibaren yukarıda belirtilen asgari ve âzami hamilelik süreleri dikkate alınır.
Günümüz İslâm âlimlerince (bk. İslâm Konferansı Teşkilâtı’na bağlı İslâm Fıkıh Akademisi’nin Amman’da 11-16 Ekim 1986’daki toplantısında aldığı 4 nolu karar) ihtiyaç halinde kocadan alınan spermin karısının rahmine şırınga edilmesi yoluyla yapay döllenmenin gerçekleştirilmesine ve kocadan alınan spermin karısının yumurtası ile dışarıda döllendirilerek karısının rahmine yerleştirilmesine (sperm, yumurta ve rahim unsurları eşlere ait olan tüpbebek yönteminin uygulanmasına) cevaz verilmiş olup bu durumlar nesebin sübûtu bakımından evlilik içi birleşmenin hükümlerine tâbidir.
Nesebin yukarıda belirtilen hukukî sebepleri nesebin sübûtunun tabii yolları olup bunların ispatıyla nesebin de ispatı sağlanmış olur. Nesebin ispatında diğer bir yol da kişinin başkasıyla kendisi arasında nesep bağı bulunduğunu beyan etmesidir (ikrar). Özellikle Mâlikîler’in “istilhak” terimiyle ifade ettikleri bu tür ikrar ve içerdiği iddia “di‘ve” diye de anılır. İkrar, nesep bağını kuran bir sebep değil bunun ispatına ve ortaya çıkarılmasına yarayan bir vasıta olması yanında bazı sonuçları bakımından da evlât edinme işleminden ayrılır. Fıkıh terminolojisinde “tebennî” adı verilen bu işlemle oluşturulan ve günümüz hukuk dilinde “sunî nesep” şeklinde nitelenen nesep türü İslâm teşrîinde kabul görmemiştir (bk. EVLÂT EDİNME ). Geçerli bir ikrardan rücû edilemeyeceğinden bu yolla sabit olan nesebin inkârı mümkün değildir.
Nesep ikrarı doğrudan veya dolaylı kan bağı iddiası içerebilir. Bir şahsın kendisinin oğlu veya babası olduğunu belirtmek birinci gruba girer. Hanefîler’e göre böyle bir iddiayla nesebin sabit olabilmesi için çocuğun nesebinin meçhul olması, babayla çocuk arasında uygun bir yaş farkının bulunması, çocuğun zina mahsulü olduğunun söylenmemesi, mümeyyizse çocuğun -veya baba olduğu iddia edilen kişinin- bu beyanı kabul etmesi gerekir. Ayrıntılarda bazı görüş ayrılıkları bulunmakla birlikte bu şartları genellikle diğer mezhepler de arar. Liân sonucunda çocuğun liân yapan kocayla nesep ilişkisi kesilse de kocanın bu konudaki beyanının gerçeğe aykırı olduğunu kabullenme ihtimali varlığını koruduğu için böyle bir çocuğun nesebi meçhul sayılıp başka bir erkek tarafından onun hakkında ikrarda bulunulamaz (buluntu çocukla ilgili nesep iddiası hakkında bk. LAKĪT ).
Dolaylı kan bağı iddiası içeren ikrarda ise başkasına nesep yüklendiği için hakkında ikrarda bulunulan kişinin bunu kabul etmesi nesebin sübûtu için yeterli olmayıp önce nesebin yüklendiği şahıs tarafından tasdik edilmesi gerekir. Meselâ bir kimsenin, “Oğlumun oğludur, kardeşimdir, amcamdır …” dediği şahsın bunu kabul etmesiyle -başka bazı hukukî sonuçlar doğsa da- aralarında nesep ilişkisi sabit olmaz; bu tür ikrarla nesebin sübût bulabilmesi için ya beyyine getirilmesi ya da aleyhine ikrarda bulunulan (dolaylı olarak baba olduğu iddia edilen) şahsın veya ölmüşse en az iki vârisinin bunu tasdik etmesi gerekir.
Kocanın evlilik içinde doğan çocuğun kendisinden olmadığını iddia etmesi halinde eşlerin mahkeme önünde karşılıklı yeminleşmelerini içeren özel bir prosedür uygulanır (bk. LİÂN ). Nesep ikrarında bulunan kişilerin birden fazla olması, kocanın veya vârislerinin kadına zina isnadında bulunmaksızın kadının doğum yapmadığı (başkasının çocuğunu kendisinin gibi takdim ettiği), doğurduğu çocuğun gösterdiği çocuk olmadığı, onun iradesi dışında maddî hata meydana geldiği iddiasında bulunmaları gibi durumlarda nesep bağını (babanın kim olduğunu veya olmadığını), doğum olayını veya doğan çocuğun hangisi olduğunu ispat için muhâkeme hukukundaki delillerden yararlanılması gündeme gelir. Nesebin ispatında beyyine yoluna başvurulması genel kabul gören bir husus olmakla birlikte bu bağlamda beyyine kavramı daha çok tanıklık veya tanıklar anlamında kullanılır (tanıkların nisabıyla ilgili görüşler için bk. Ali M. Yûsuf Muhammedî, s. 283-288; ayrıca bk. ŞAHİT ). Bu konuda fizyonomik ve fizyolojik özelliklerden hareketle insanlar arasındaki benzerlikleri tesbit etmede uzmanlık kazanmış kişilerin bilirkişiliğine müracaat edilmesi ve bu bilginin delil değeri fakihlerce tartışılmıştır (bk. KIYÂFE ). Günümüzde neseple ilgili davalarda kan tahlilinden de yararlanılmaktadır. Fakat bu, babanın kim olduğunu değil bir erkeğin ihtilâf konusu olaydaki çocuğun babası olmadığını belirlemeye yöneliktir. Zira kan muayenesi neticesinde çocuğun kanında annenin veya baba olduğu ileri sürülen erkeğin ya da her ikisinin kanının özelliklerinin bulunmadığı görülürse çocuğun babasının o kişi olmadığı kesin biçimde anlaşılmış olmaktadır. Öte yandan antrobiyoloji ve kalıtım biyolojisi alanındaki gelişmeler sayesinde çocuğun babası katiyete yakın bir gerçeklikle tesbit edilebilmekte ve özellikle babalık davalarında bu kapsamdaki testlere de başvurulmaktadır (Oğuzman – Dural, s. 206-207; Akıntürk, s. 349, 377).
Kadının doğum yaptığı iddiasını ispat edebilmesi için aranan şartlar evliliğin devam ediyor olması, kadının ric‘î talâk, bâin talâk veya vefat iddeti içinde bulunması hallerine göre değişir. Bu durumlarda da kocanın yahut vârislerinin kadının hamile olduğuna dair beyanının bulunup bulunmaması veya doğumdan önce hamile olduğunun çevresinde açıkça farkedilmiş olup olmaması aranan şartları etkileyen bir husustur. Hanefî, Hanbelî ve Zeydiyye mezhepleri, hamileliğin ikrarı veya açıkça bilinmesi halleriyle ihtilâfın doğum olayı değil doğan çocukla ilgili olması halinde diğer mezheplere göre ispatı daha kolay bir prosedüre bağlamışlar, mezhep içi bazı farklılıklar bulunsa da duruma göre kadının beyanını, tek şahidin veya doğumu yaptıranın tanıklığını yeterli saymışlardır (Zekiyyüddin Şa‘bân, s. 561-565; Abdülkerim Zeydân, IX, 371-380).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Mehmet Şener, “Nesep”, İslam’da İnanç, İbadet ve Günlük Yaşayış Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1997, III, 471-473.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 573-575 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.