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NEZÎR HÜSEYİN Skip to content (1805-1902)
Hindistanlı hadis âlimi ve Ehl-i hadîs hareketinin lideri.
Bihâr eyaletine bağlı Mongîr şehrinin Surecgarh beldesinde doğdu. Hz. Hüseyin’in soyundan geldiği için Seyyid Nezîr Hüseyin diye anılır. Birçok âlimin yetiştiği bir aileye mensup olmakla birlikte tahsil hayatına geç bir dönemde on altı yaşında iken başladı. İlk eğitimini babası Cevâd Ali’den aldı. Patna’ya bağlı Sâdıkpûr beldesine giderek Şah Muhammed Hüseyin’den Mişkâtü’l-Meṣâbîḥ ile Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Urduca tercümesini okudu. Daha sonra Hindistan cihad hareketi liderleri Ahmed-i Birelvî ve İsmâil Şehîd ile Patna’da karşılaştı (1236/1821). Seyyid Ahmed Şehîd’in vaazından etkilenip hem tahsilini tamamlamak hem de Abdülazîz ed-Dihlevî’den istifade etmek için Delhi’ye gitmeye karar verdi. Bu yolculuk sırasında Gāzîpûr, Benâres ve İlâhâbâd şehirlerinde bazı âlimlerden faydalandı. 1828’de Delhi’ye geldiğinde Abdülazîz ed-Dihlevî vefat ettiği için Abdülhâliḳ ed-Dihlevî, Molla Ahund Şîr Muhammed Kandehârî, Muhammed Bahş Terbiyet Han, Celâleddin el-Herevî, Kerâmet Ali el-İsrâilî, Abdülkādir Râmpûrî gibi âlimlerden beş yıl boyunca aklî ve naklî ilimleri okudu. Tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra Abdülhâliḳ ed-Dihlevî’nin kızıyla evlendi ve Abdülazîz ed-Dihlevî’nin torunu ve halifesi Şah Muhammed İshak ed-Dihlevî’nin ders halkasına katıldı. Muhammed İshak’ın 1258’de (1842) Mekke’ye hicretine kadar onun tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh derslerine iştirak ederek icâzet aldı.
Nezîr Hüseyin, Delhi’de Evrengâbâdî Mescidi’nde müstakil bir ders halkası açarak ders vermeye başladı. Aynı zamanda vaaz, irşad ve fetva faaliyetlerini yürüttü. O zamana kadar hocaları gibi Hanefî mezhebine bağlı olan Nezîr Hüseyin, 1270’te (1854) herhangi bir fıkhî mezhebe bağlı kalmadan Kur’an ve hadisin zâhirine göre hüküm vermeye ve sadece tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh okutmaya yöneldi. Bid‘at ve hurafelere karşı sert tavrından etkilendiği Ahmed-i Birelvî’nin bu yöndeki tutumunu daha da ileri götürerek Hint altkıtasında Ehl-i hadîs olarak anılacak olan Selefî hareketinin temellerini atmış oldu. Uzun süre yaşaması ve altmış yıl boyunca ders okutması sebebiyle silsilesi büyük bir yaygınlık kazanan Nezîr Hüseyin “şeyhü’l-kül” lakabıyla tanındı. Yetiştirdiği binlerce öğrenciden bir kısmı sonraları bu hareketin önde gelen liderleri olmuştur. Ebû Dâvûd’un es-Sünen’i için ʿAvnü’l-maʿbûd adıyla bir şerh kaleme alan Azîmâbâdî, Tirmizî’nin es-Sünen’ine Tuḥfetü’l-aḥveẕî adlı şerhi yazan Mübârekpûrî, İşâʿatü’s-sünne adlı Ehl-i hadîs dergisini çıkaran Muhammed Hüseyin Mevlevî, temel hadis kitaplarını Urduca’ya tercüme eden Vahîdüzzaman Han gibi şahsiyetler onun talebelerinden bazılarıdır.
İlmî açıdan cihad hareketi çizgisini benimseyen Nezîr Hüseyin’in siyasî anlamda silâhlı mücadele fikrine katılmadığı anlaşılmakta, 1857’deki sipahi ayaklanmasında onun ve öğrencilerinin İngiliz hükümetine karşı cephe almayışı da bunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, cihad hareketinin Sâdıkpûr kanadını temsil eden Emîr Vilâyet Ali ekibinin İngilizler’e karşı 1864 yılında Embâlâ’da başlattığı isyanın ardından Ehl-i sünnet çizgisinden ayrılıp idarecilere karşı geldiği ithamıyla tutuklanarak Ravalpindi’de bir yıl süreyle hapsedildi. Suçsuz olduğu anlaşılıp serbest bırakıldıktan sonra tedris ve irşad faaliyetlerini sürdürdü. Ancak dile getirdiği görüşler itibariyle kendisi ve temsil ettiği hareket bu defa Vehhâbîlik iddiasıyla eleştirildi. Nitekim 1883’te hacca gittiğinde burada Nevşehrevî’nin kaydına göre üç gün boyunca vaaz ve nasihatte bulundu. Bundan rahatsız olan Hint kökenli bazı kişiler onun Ehl-i sünnet’ten ayrılıp Vehhâbî olduğunu, ticaret mallarından zekât verilmesini gerekli görmediğini, domuz etini helâl saydığını, teyze ve hala ile evlenmeyi câiz gördüğünü ileri sürerek kendisini Mekke Valisi Osman Nûri Paşa’ya şikâyet ettiler. Bu iddialar üzerine bizzat Osman Nûri Paşa tarafından sorgulandıktan sonra serbest bırakıldı (Terâcim, I, 149-150).
Nezîr Hüseyin hac ziyaretinin ardından Hindistan’a dönerek ders, irşad ve vaaz faaliyetleriyle görüşlerini yaymaya devam etti. 1897’de kendisine İngiliz hükümeti tarafından verilen “şemsü’l-ulemâ” lakabını benimsemediği, bunun yerine hocası Muhammed İshak’ın ve Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî ailesinin lakabı olan “miyân sâhib”i tercih ettiği kaydedilir (a.g.e., I, 151). Nezîr Hüseyin’in, hocasının ilmî ve mânevî mirasına vâris olduğu görüşü, Hanefî mezhebine bağlı kaldığı 1854 yılına kadar doğru kabul edilse bile taklidi reddettiği daha sonraki yılları için isabetli değildir. Bu sebeple müntesipleri tarafından, Mekke’ye hicretinden sonra hocasının Delhi’de halifesi ve Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî ekolünün temsilcisi olarak kaldığı yönündeki iddialar da (Mübârekfûrî, I, 52; İrşâdülhak Eserî, s. 31) özellikle ekolün diğer takipçileri Diyûbendîler tarafından eleştirilmiştir (Rahmân Ali, s. 409-410, mütercimin ilâveleri; Metcalf, s. 276). Onun Selefî yaklaşımına aykırı olarak Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî hakkında hürmetkâr bir tavır takınması, Muhammed İshak ve Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî ekolünden aldığı ilmî ve tasavvufî terbiyeye bağlanmaktadır (Muhammed İkrâm, s. 69). Buna rağmen Birelviyye’nin kurucusu Ahmed Rızâ Han tarafından tekfir edilmekten kurtulamamıştır (İhsan İlâhî Zahîr, s. 174).
Düşünceleri ve hadis okutma faaliyetiyle Hint altkıtasında hadisin yaygınlaşmasına önemli katkılar sağlayan Nezîr Hüseyin ed-Dihlevî 13 Ekim 1902’de Delhi’de vefat etti ve burada toprağa verildi. 1894 yılında derslerine katılan Abdülhay el-Hasenî onu zühd ve takvâ sahibi, doğruyu söylemekten çekinmeyen bir âlim diye nitelemektedir (Nüzhetü’l-ḫavâṭır, VIII, 498-499). Nezîr Hüseyin’in öğretim hayatı boyunca özellikle fikrî dönüşüm yaşadığı 1854’ten sonraki devirde hadis okutması ve hadise bağlılık faaliyetleri sonucunda Ehl-i hadîs cemaati teşekkül etmiş, öğrencileri ve bağlıları tarafından açılan birçok medresede bu doğrultuda hadis öğretimi çalışmaları sürdürülmüştür. Bugün Ehl-i hadîs Hindistan, Pakistan ve Bengladeş’te birçok müntesibi, kurumları, üniversite ve medreseleri bulunan büyük bir cemaat konumundadır. Nezîr Hüseyin’in hayatı ve eserleri hakkında öğrencilerinden Fazl Hüseyin Muzafferpûrî’nin el-Ḥayât baʿde’l-memât adlı bir biyografisi bulunmaktadır (Agra 1908). Azîmâbâdî de Sünenü Ebî Dâvûd üzerine kaleme aldığı Ġāyetü’l-maḳṣûd adlı geniş şerhinin önsözünde (Delhi, ts.) hocasının hayatına dair ayrıntılı bilgi vermiştir.
Eserleri. 1. Miʿyârü’l-ḥaḳ. İsmâil Şehîd’in Îżâḥu’l-ḥaḳḳı’ṣ-ṣarîḥ ve Tenvîrü’l-ʿayneyn fî is̱bâti refʿi’l-yedeyn adlı kitaplarını eleştirmek üzere Hanefî âlimi Nevvâb Kutbüddin Han Bahadır’ın kaleme aldığı Tenvîrü’l-ḥaḳ isimli esere reddiye olarak yazılmıştır. İlk defa 1916’da neşredilen ve daha sonra da basılan (Lahor 1988) eser için Hanefî âlimleri reddiyeler kaleme almıştır. 2. Fetâvâ-yı Neẕîriyye. Müellifin hayatı boyunca verdiği fetvalardan bir kısmının öğrencisi Mübârekpûrî tarafından derlenmesiyle meydana gelmiştir (I-II, Delhi 1913; I-III, Lahor 1971). Nezîr Hüseyin’in bunlardan başka Urduca yazdığı Vâḳıʿatü’l-fetvâ ve dâfiʿatü’l-belvâ, S̱übûtü’l-ḥaḳḳi’l-ḥaḳīḳ, Risâle fî teḥalli’n-nisâʾ bi’ẕ-ẕeheb, el-Mesâʾilü’l-erbaʿa, ed-Delîlü’l-ḥakem ʿalâ nefyi es̱eri’l-ḳadem; Farsça olarak kaleme aldığı Felâḥu’l-velî bi’t-tibâʿi’n-nebî, Mecmûʿatü’l-fetâvâ ve Arapça olarak yazdığı Risâle fî ibṭâli ʿameli’l-mevlid adlı risâleleri yayımlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî, İtḥâfü’n-nebîh fîmâ yaḥtâcü ileyhi’l-muḥaddis̱ ve’l-faḳīh (nşr. M. Atâullah Hanîf), Lahor 1389/1969, neşredenin girişi, s. 24-29; Abdülhay el-Hasenî, Nüzhetü’l-ḫavâṭır, VIII, 497-501; Rahmân Ali, Teẕkire-i ʿUlemâʾey Hind (trc. M. Eyyûb Kādirî), Karaçi 1961, s. 392, 409-410, 560, 590, 595; Mübârekfûrî, Muḳaddimetü Tuḥfeti’l-aḥveẕî (nşr. Abdurrahman M. Osman), Kahire 1386-87/1967, I, 52-53; ayrıca bk. Abdüssemî‘ el-Mübârekfûrî’nin yazdığı müellifin biyografisi, II, 191-192, 210-211; Ebû Yahyâ İmâm Han Nevşehrevî, Hindustân meyn Ehl-i Ḥadîs̱ ki ʿİlmî Ḫidmât (nşr. M. Hanîf Yezdânî), Lahor 1391/1971, s. 19-21, 71, 115, 205; a.mlf., Terâcim-i ʿUlemâ-i Ḥadîs̱-i Hind, Lahor 1992, I, 132-159; Ubeydullah es-Sindî, et-Temhîd li-taʿrîfi eʾimmeti’t-tecdîd (nşr. Gulâm Mustafa el-Kāsımî), Haydarâbâd 1976, s. 76-81, 105; Muhammed İshak, ʿİlm-i Ḥadîs̱ me Pâk u Hind kâ Ḫiṣṣa (trc. Şâhid Hüseyin Rezzâkī), Lahor 1977, s. 202-203; B. D. Metcalf, Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband 1860-1900, Princeton 1982, s. 205-206, 276-295, 309; İhsan İlâhî Zahîr, el-Birelviyye: ʿAḳāʾid ve Târîḫ, Lahor 1984, s. 174-178; Ubeydullah Fehd Fellâhî, Târîḫ-i Daʿvet ve Cihâd, Karaçi 1986, s. 199-200; Yûnus eş-Şeyh İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî, ʿUlemâʾü’l-ʿArab fî şibhi’l-ḳārreti’l-Hindiyye, Bağdad 1986, s. 875-876; Hâlid Mahmûd, Âs̱ârü’l-ḥadîs̱, Lahor 1988, II, 366-380; İrşâdülhak Eserî, Pâk u Hind meyn ʿUlemâʾey Ehl-i Ḥadîs̱ ki Ḫidmât-ı Ḥadîs̱, Faysalâbâd 1990, s. 31-33; Muhammed İkrâm, Mevc-i Kevs̱er, Lahor 1979, s. 68-70; J. M. S. Baljon, “Nadhir Husain”, Dictionnaire biographique des savants et grandes figures du monde musulman périphérique du XIXe siècle à nos jours (ed. M. Gaborieau v.dğr.), Paris 1992, I, 20-21; Halid Zaferullah Daudi, Pakistan ve Hindistan’da Şâh Velîyullah ed-Dehlevî’den Günümüze Kadar Hadis Çalışmaları, İstanbul 1995, s. 170, 195-198; Abdülhamit Birışık, Hind Altkıtası Düşünce ve Tefsir Ekolleri, İstanbul 2001, s. 83, 113-117.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 73-74 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.