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NİFAS Skip to content Doğum sebebiyle kadının döl yolundan gelen ve bazı dinî hükümleri bulunan kan anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “kadının doğurması, doğumun ardından rahmin ve üreme organlarının normal hale dönmesi için gerekli olan süre” anlamındaki nifâs kelimesi, fıkıhta doğum sebebiyle kadının döl yolundan gelen kanı ve doğum sonrasında kadının bazı özel hükümlere tâbi olmasını ifade eden bir terimdir. Bu durumdaki kadına nüfesâ denir. Arap dilinde nifas kelimesinin bazı kullanımları kadının âdet görmesini ifade eder (hadislerdeki örnekleri için bk. Hattâbî, I, 82-83; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, I, 402-403). Türkçe’de nifas için lohusalık , nifaslı kadın için de lohusa tabirleri kullanılır.
Nifas hakkında Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de özel bir hüküm yer almaz. Hz. Peygamber döneminde doğum yapan kadınların namaz kılmadan ne kadar beklediklerini bildiren ve nifas haliyle ilgili başka açıklamalar içeren rivayetlerle (meselâ bk. Dârimî, “Vuḍûʾ”, 98-99; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 119, “Menâsik”, 9; Nesâî, “Ġusül”, 23) Asr-ı saâdet’ten beri müslümanların uygulamasını dikkate alan âlimler, hayızlı kadın için haram olan şeylerin nifaslıya da haram ve hayızlıdan sâkıt olan hükümlerin nifaslıdan da sâkıt olacağı hususunda fikir birliği etmişlerdir; ancak nifaslı kadınla cinsî temas halinde kefâret gerekip gerekmeyeceği hususu ihtilâflıdır (Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, I, 432). Bu sebeple nifas, tıpkı hayız gibi “bazı ibadetlerin yapılmasına engel olan ve birçok dinî hükümle bağlantısı bulunan hükmî bir kirlilik” diye nitelendirilmiş ve genellikle fıkıh ve hadis eserlerinin “Tahâret” bölümlerinde hayızla birlikte ele alınmıştır. Fıkıh literatüründe özellikle nifasın başlangıcı, doğumdan önce ve doğum sırasında gelen kanın niteliği, nifasın en az ve en çok süreleriyle ilgili olarak yer alan bir kısım bilgi ve hükümler hayızda olduğu gibi naslardan ziyade fakihlerin kendi dönemlerindeki tıbbî bilgilere, fiilî tecrübe ve müşahedelere dayanmaktadır. Doğumun ardından gelen kanın nifas olduğu ittifakla kabul edilmekle birlikte doğumdan önce gelen kan Hanefîler’e göre hastalık kanı (istihâze), Mâlikî ve Şâfiîler’de üstün görülen görüşe göre hayız kanı hükümlerine tâbidir. Hanbelîler’e göre ise sancı vb. doğum emâresiyle birlikte doğumdan üç gün önceden itibaren görülen kan nifas sayılır. Fakat bütün fakihlere göre nifasın süresi doğumdan sonra başlar.
Nifasın en az ne kadar sürdüğü hakkında bir, üç, dört gün gibi süre belirten fakihler bulunmakla birlikte çoğunluğa göre bunun için asgari bir müddet yoktur; fiilî duruma bakılır ve kanın kesilmesiyle nifas halinin sona erdiğine hükmedilir. Nâdir de olsa kadın doğum yaptığı halde hiç kan görmeyebilir. Bu durumda Mâlikîler’e, Hanbelîler’de sahih kabul edilen görüşe ve Hanefîler’den Ebû Yûsuf ve İmam Muhammed’e göre kadın lohusa sayılmadığından gusül yapması gerekmediği gibi oruçlu ise orucu da bozulmaz. Şâfiî mezhebindeki mutemet görüşe ve Hanefî mezhebinde fetvada esas alınan Ebû Hanîfe’nin görüşüne göre ise kanın hükmen var olduğu kabul edilir ve ihtiyaten kadının gusletmesi gerekir. Sezaryen yöntemiyle yapılan doğumda olduğu gibi çocuğun döl yolu dışında bir yerden çıkması halinde eğer döl yolundan kan gelirse bu nifas kanı olup kadın lohusa sayılır.
Her kadın için farklı nifas süreleri olabilir. Bu kadınların fizikî bünyelerine, kalıtım ve çevre şartlarına göre değişir. Ancak doğumdan sonra kadının ibadetlerini ne zaman yapmaya başlayacağının tesbiti açısından buna âzami bir sınır koyma ihtiyacı duyulmuş ve bu konuda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre nifasın en uzun süresi kırk gündür. Hz. Peygamber döneminde doğum yapan kadınların kırk gün beklediklerini bildiren hadislerle Asr-ı saâdet’ten beri bu hususta ittifak edildiğine dair rivayetler bu görüşün dayanağını oluşturur (İbn Mâce, “Ṭahâret”, 128; Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 105; Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, I, 427). Bu süreyi aşan kan Hanefîler’e göre istihâze, Hanbelîler’e göre hayız şartlarını taşırsa hayız, aksi takdirde istihâze sayılır. Şâfiî ve Mâlikîler ile Şa‘bî, Ubeydullah b. Hasan el-Anberî, Haccâc b. Ertât gibi âlimlere göre ise nifasın en uzun süresi altmış gündür. Ancak Şâfiîler’e göre de bu durum genellikle en fazla kırk gün sürer. Bu görüş sahipleri konuya ilişkin rivayetlerin genel ve yaygın durumu dile getirdiğini, az da olsa nifas hali altmış gün süren kadınlara rastlandığını, dolayısıyla bu konuda fiilî durumun esas alınması gerektiğini belirtirler. Nifasın âzami süresinin hayızınkinin dört katı olduğu yönünde fakihlerin genel bir kabulü vardır. Bu sebeple hayzın âzami süresini on gün kabul edenlerin nifasınkini kırk, on beş gün kabul edenlerin altmış gün olarak takdir ettikleri görülmektedir (Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, I, 393).
Nifasın âzami süresi dolmadan kan tamamen kesilir ve tekrar görülmezse lohusalık sona erer; kadın yıkanır ve ibadetlerini yapar. Bir süre kesildikten sonra nifasın âzami müddeti içinde tekrar kan gelmesi halinde Mâlikîler’e, Şâfiîler’deki mutemet görüşe, Hanefîler’den Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed’e göre aradaki temizlik süresi on beş gün ve daha fazla olursa nifas hali sona erer, daha sonra gelen kan hayızdır. Ebû Hanîfe’ye ve Şâfiîler’den Ebü’l-Abbas İbn Süreyc’e göre ise ne kadar sürerse sürsün nifasın âzami süresi içinde görülen temizlik nifas kabul edilir. Hanefî mezhebinde fetva bu görüş doğrultusunda verilmiştir. Hanbelîler’e göre kesildikten sonra tekrar başlayan kanın nifas mı yoksa hastalık kanı mı olduğu şüpheli sayıldığından kadın oruç tutar, namaz kılar; fakat orucu daha sonra kaza eder (konuya ilişkin farklı durumlar ve başka görüşler için bk. Mv.F , XLI, 8-10).
Doğum yapmış kadının önceki doğumunda kanın devam ettiği süre nifastaki âdeti kabul edilir. Hanefîler’e göre yeni doğumda gelen kan nifasın âzami süresini aşarsa âdet süresi esas alınır, aşan kısım istihâze olur. Kan âdet süresini geçmekle birlikte nifasın âzami süresini aşmazsa kadının nifas âdetinin değiştiğine hükmedilir ve tamamına nifas hükmü uygulanır. Kadının nifasla ilgili bir âdeti yoksa âzami süreye kadar gelen kan nifas, aşan kısım istihâze kanı sayılır. Mâlikîler’de mutemet sayılan görüşe göre kadının bir âdeti olsa bile altmış günü aşan kan istihâzedir. Şâfiî mezhebi içindeki üç ayrı görüşten daha güçlü olanına göre de bu hususta kadının kanlar arasında bilgi ve tecrübesiyle yaptığı ayırım, bu mümkün değilse kadının nifas âdeti, bu da yoksa nifasın en az süresi (bir anlık kan gelmesi) veya genellikle devam ettiği süre (kırk gün) esas alınır. Hanbelîler’e göre kırk günü aşan kan hayız olmaya elverişli ise hayız, değilse istihâze kabul edilir.
Bazı organları belirmiş ceninin düşmesiyle nifas hali meydana gelir. Bu durumdan önceki düşüklerde de nifas hükümlerinin uygulanacağına dair görüşlere rastlanmaktadır (a.g.e. , XLI, 14-15). İkiz veya çoklu doğumlarda fakihlerin ekseriyetine göre tek bir nifas hükmü uygulanır. Arada fâsıla bulunması halinde nifasın hangi doğumla başlamış sayılacağı hakkında değişik görüşler öne sürülmüştür.
Nifas hali kadının vücûb ve edâ ehliyetini etkilemez; sadece lohusa olan kadın için bazı özel hükümler söz konusudur. Bunlar şöylece özetlenebilir: Nifaslı kadın namaz kılamaz, tilâvet ve şükür secdesinde bulunamaz, oruç tutamaz, mushafı eline alamaz, -bazı mezheplerde kabul edilen istisnaî durumlar dışında- Kur’an okuyamaz, mescide giremez, Kâbe’yi tavaf edemez, cinsel ilişkide bulunamaz. Bu sürede geçirdiği namazları kazâ etmez, fakat tutamadığı farz ve vâcip oruçları kazâ eder. Lohusalığı sona eren kadının gusletmesi farzdır. Gusletmedikçe belirtilen ibadetleri edâ edemez. Cinsel ilişkinin cevazı için nifas kanı kesildikten sonra kadının gusletmesi veya Hanefîler’e göre bir namaz vakti kadar sürenin geçmesi gerekir. Bütün bu hususlarda hayızlı için tanınan ruhsatlar lohusa için de geçerlidir (bk. HAYIZ ). Nifasın hayızdan farklı olduğu hususlar ise şunlardır: Hayız ve nifasın asgari ve âzami süreleri farklıdır. Hayız îlâ müddetinden sayılırken nifas sayılmaz. Hayzın aksine nifas bulûğ, iddet ve istibrâ için ölçü değildir. Hanefîler’e ve Şâfiîler’deki bir görüşe göre nifas hayzın aksine kefâret orucunu kesip peş peşe olma özelliğini ortadan kaldırır. Hanefîler’e göre nifas sünnî ve bid‘î boşama arasında ayırım sağlamaz; halbuki bir hayız döneminde birden fazla boşama bid‘î boşama kabul edilir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 79-81 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.