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NU‘MÂN b. MUHAMMED Skip to content Ebû Hanîfe Nu‘mân b. Muhammed b. Mansûr el-Kādî et-Temîmî el-Kayrevânî (ö. 363/974)
İsmâilî doktrininin kurucularından, Fâtımî başkadısı ve başdâîsi.
III. (IX.) yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Kayrevan’da doğdu. Babası Mâlikîler’in önde gelen fakihlerindendi. Hayatının ilk dönemleri hakkında bilgi bulunmayan Nu‘mân’ın da Mâlikî fıkhını öğrendiği, Tunus’ta Fâtımî Devleti’nin kuruluşundan sonra İsmâilî mezhebine geçtiği rivayet edilir. İsmâilîlik’ten önceki mezhebinin Hanefîlik yahut İmâmiyye olduğu konusunda da görüşler bulunmakta, hatta mezhep değiştirenin babası olduğu, kendisinin İsmâilîliği benimseyerek yetiştiği ileri sürülmektedir (Poonawala, BSOAS, XXXVII [1974], s. 572-579). Tarihçiler onu Hanefî mezhebinin imamından ayırt etmek için Kadı Nu‘mân veya Ebû Hanîfe eş-Şiî diye anmaktadır. 312 (924-25) yılında başşehir Mehdiye’de ilk Fâtımî Halifesi Mehdî-Billâh’ın hizmetine giren Nu‘mân, saray kütüphaneciliği ve halifelere şehirdeki günlük olayları rapor etme (sâhibü’l-haber) gibi görevler yaptı, ardından Mansûr-Billâh döneminde Trablus (Trablusgarp) kadılığına tayin edildi. Burada iken yeni başşehir Mansûriye’ye davet edilerek başkadılık ve başdâîlik (dâidduât) makamına getirildi (340/951) ve bu görevlerini ömrünün sonuna kadar sürdürdü. Nu‘mân, Fâtımî kumandanı Cevher tarafından Mısır’ın ele geçirilip Kahire şehrinin kurulmasının ve devlet merkezinin buraya taşınmasının ardından halifenin refakatinde Mısır’a geçti. Mansûriye’de iken davalara bizzat baktığı halde Kahire’ye gidince sadece görevli kadının verdiği kararların denetimini üstlendi; zamanını daha çok İsmâilî doktrininin sistemleştirilmesi ve yerleşmesi için faaliyetlerde bulunarak geçirdi. 29 Cemâziyelâhir veya 1 Receb 363 (27 veya 28 Mart 974) tarihinde vefat etti. Cenaze namazı Halife Muiz-Lidînillâh tarafından kıldırıldı. Ölümünden sonra yerine oğlu getirildi ve yarım asra yakın bir süre onun ailesinden olan kişiler Mısır’da kādılkudâtlık makamında bulundu.
Kadı Nu‘mân, üst düzeydeki resmî görevleri yanında halifelere yakınlığı dolayısıyla siyasî bakımdan da güçlü bir konum elde ettiğinden Fâtımîler arasında büyük bir otoriteye sahipti. Zehebî ve İbnü’l-İmâd gibi bazı Sünnî tarihçileri tarafından mürted ve zındık olarak nitelendirilen Kadı Nu‘mân, İsmâilî doktrininin kurucularından ve te’vil konusundaki otoritelerinden biri, Fâtımîler’in en meşhur fakihi ve devletin resmî tarihçisiydi. Halka açık toplantılar ve dersler aracılığıyla İsmâilî düşüncesinin geniş kitleler arasında yayılmasında ve Fâtımî Devleti’nin hukuk sisteminin oluşmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Çağdaş İsmâilî yazarları da onu İsmâilî fıkhını sistematik hale getirerek müstakil bir fıkıh mezhebine dönüştüren kurucu şahsiyet olarak görmektedir. Fâtımî Devleti’nin teşekkülünden önceki şartlarda gelişen ve daha çok devrimci bir hareket olan İsmâilî daveti, Sünnî Abbâsî hilâfetine alternatif Şiî karakterli yeni bir devlet yapısına dönüşünce Nu‘mân tarafından bu devletin ihtiyaçları dikkate alınarak sistem yeniden gözden geçirilip önemli ölçüde değiştirilmiştir. Nu‘mân’ın eserlerinde bu yeni davetin bâtınî olmaktan çok zâhirî bir görünüm arzettiği, te’vil konusunda diğer İsmâilî dâîlerinin “setr” devresinde yazdıklarına göre daha mutedil bir yol izlendiği, Kur’an ve Sünnet’in esaslarına bağlı kalmaya çalışıldığı ve imâmet teorisinin daha çok tarihî bakış açısıyla ele alındığı görülür. Nu‘mân’ın düşünceleri etkisini İsmâilî toplumu üzerinde günümüze kadar sürdürmüş olup eserleri hâlâ İsmâilî mezhebinin doktrini ve tarihi açısından en önemli başvuru kaynakları arasında yer almaktadır.
Eserleri. Klasik dönemde İdrîs İmâdüddin, modern dönemde Ivanow, Wladimir Fyzee, Poonawala, Fuad Sezgin, Muhammed el-Hüseynî el-Celâlî, Ferhad Defterî (Farhad Daftary) gibi araştırmacılar Kadı Nu‘mân’ın eserlerinin toplu listesini vermişlerdir. Nu‘mân’a çeşitli konularda altmış civarında eser nisbet edilmiş, bunlardan önemli bir kısmı günümüze ulaşmıştır. 1. İḫtilâfü uṣûli’l-meẕâhib (nşr. Şem‘ûn Tayyib Lûkhenduâlâ [Lokhandwalla], Simlâ 1972; nşr. Mustafa Gālib, Beyrut 1973, 1983). Sünnî fıkıh mezheplerinin ihtilâf, taklid, icmâ, nazar, kıyas, istihsan, ictihad ve re’y konularındaki yaklaşımları ile bunlara karşı olan Zâhirîler’in istidlâl yöntemini eleştiren bir usul kitabıdır. Eserde İbn Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî’den yapılan iktibasların çokluğu dikkate alındığında eleştirilerinde önemli ölçüde ondan faydalanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu sebeple kitap ilk dönem Zâhirî düşüncesi bakımından da önemlidir. Ayrıca Muiz-Lidînillâh’ın Nu‘mân’ı Mansûriye kadılığına getirdiğinde bizzat kaleme aldığı 343 (954) tarihli ahidnâme sûreti eserde aktarılmış olup türünün günümüze ulaşan en eski örneklerindendir (s. 46-51). İbn Hallikân’ın İḫtilâfü’l-fuḳahâʾ adıyla kaydettiği eserle (Şerḥu’l-aḫbâr, neşredenin girişi, I, 44) Kitâbü’l-İttifâḳ ve’l-iftirâḳ ismiyle anılan eserin bu eserle aynı olabileceği ileri sürülmüştür. 2. Deʿâʾimü’l-İslâm ve ẕikrü’l-ḥelâl ve’l-ḥarâm ve’l-ḳaḍâyâ ve’l-aḥkâm ʿan ehli beyti Resûlillâh ʿaleyhi ve ʿaleyhim efḍalü’ṣ-ṣalât. İlk İsmâilî doktrininde görülen zâhirin kıymetini düşürme ve bâtını öne çıkarma düşüncesine karşı Fâtımîler’in her ikisini aynı derecede değerlendirmesi İsmâilî fıkhın gelişimine zemin hazırlamış, Deʿâʾimü’l-İslâm, Halife Muiz-Lidînillâh’ın görevlendirmesi ve danışmanlığında 349 (960) yılı civarında yazılmıştır. Müellifin fıkha dair son eseri olduğu söylenen bu çalışma daha baştan itibaren İsmâilî fıkhının en önemli kaynağı haline gelmiş, Fâtımî Devleti’nde resmî kanunnâme vazifesi görmüştür. Halen zâhiri ve bâtını eşit derecede benimseyen Tayyibî İsmâilîler tarafından fıkhî meselelerde en güvenilir kaynak diye kabul edilmektedir. İsnâaşeriyye Şîası eseri kendi mezheplerinin erken dönem klasikleri arasında zikreder. Dürzîliğin kurucusu Vezir Hamza b. Ali de bu kitabı ruhanî şeriatın ana kaynağı olarak görür. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Makdisî eserin akaid konularının çoğunluğunda Mu‘tezile ile aynı çizgide olduğunu (Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm, s. 238; krş. el-Mecâlis ve’l-müsâyerât, s. 380), Vedâd el-Kādî ise açık şekilde Sünnî-Mâlikî bir görünüm arzettiğini ifade eder. Kitabın başındaki velâyet bölümü, İsmâilîler’in akaide dair görüşlerini içeren en eski metin olması bakımından önemlidir. Bir ilmihal kitabı niteliği taşıyan I. cilt velâyetten başka ibadetler ve cihad bölümlerini içermekte, II. cilt, muâmelât ve ceza hukuku alanına giren diğer konularla ilgili olup yirmi beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Günümüzde Hint alt kıtasında İsmâilî topluluklarında şahıs ve aile hukuku alanlarında, mahkemelerde el kitabı olarak kullanılan eserin muhtelif neşirleri ve tercümeleri bulunmaktadır (nşr. Muhammed Abdülgaffâr, Kahire, ts.; nşr. Âsaf Ali Asgar Feyzî, Kahire 1951-1961, 1963-1967, 1969, 1985; nşr. Ârif Tâmir, Beyrut 1995; Feyzî tarafından yapılan kısmî yayın ve tercümeleri: Kitâbü’l-Cihâd, Kahire 1370/1951; İngilizce tercümesiyle birlikte Kitâbü’l-Veṣâyâ: The Ismaili Law of Wills, London-Bombay 1933; Kitâbü’l-Velâye’nin İngilizce tercümesi: The Book of Faith, Bombay 1974). Feyzî’nin önce Journal of Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society ve Bombay Law Report’ta kısmen (1929, 1931), daha sonra The Pillars of Islam adıyla tamamını İngilizce’ye çevirdiği “Kitâbü’l-Cihâd” bölümünü (s. 350-368) (Bombay 1974; aynı tercümenin Poonawala tarafından tamamen gözden geçirilip notlar ilâvesiyle neşri, New Delhi 2002-2004), Gerard G. Salinger hazırladığı doktora tezi içinde İngilizce olarak yayımlamış (Colombia Üniversitesi, 1953; “A Muslim Mirror for Princes”, MW, XLVI [1956], s. 24-39) Abdullah Ümîdvâr Farsça’ya (Tahran 1372 hş./1993) ve Yûnus Şekîb Mübârekpûrî Urduca’ya (Sûret 1964-1967) tercüme etmiştir. Azim Nanji, “An Ismāʿīlī Theory of Walāyah in the Daʿāʾim al-Islām of Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān” adlı makalesinde bu eseri esas alarak İsmâilîler’in velâyet anlayışını ortaya koymuştur (Essays on Islamic Civilization, ed. Donald P. Little, Leiden 1976, s. 260-273). Vedâd el-Kādî de “Kitâbü’l-Cihâd” bölümünde bulunan, İsmâilî siyaset belgesi niteliğindeki ahdi konu alan bir makale yazmıştır (“An Early Fātimid Political Document”, St.I, XLVIII [1978], s. 71-108). 3. Kitâbü’l-İḫtiṣâr li-ṣaḥîḥi’l-âs̱âr ʿani’l-eʾimmeti’l-aṭhâr (yazmaları için bk. Gacek, I, 77-78; Cortese, Ismaili and Other Arabic Manuscripts, s. 53-54; Arabic Ismaili Manuscripts, s. 120-121). İsmâilîler’ce Deʿâʾimü’l-İslâm’dan sonra en güvenilir kaynak kabul edilen ve müellifin diğer fıkıh eserlerinden farklı olarak ilim hakkında bir bölümle başlayan eser daha çok Muḫtaṣarü’l-âs̱âr ve İḫtiṣârü’l-âs̱âr adlarıyla tanınır. Bu çalışma kadılar, yöneticiler ve öğrenciler için bir el kitabı niteliğindedir. 4. Teʾvîlü’d-Deʿâʾim. Terbiyetü’l-müʾminîn bi’t-tevḳīf ʿalâ ḥudûdi bâṭıni ʿilmi’d-dîn adıyla da bilinen kitap müellifin verdiği haftalık derslerinden oluşur. Eser her biri on ders (meclis) içeren on iki cüzden meydana gelmiş olup velâyet, tahâret, namaz ve diğer ibadetlerin bâtınî yorumlarına yer vermesi itibariyle bir bakıma zâhir fıkhı ele alan Deʿâʾimü’l-İslâm’ın mukabili konumundadır (nşr. Muhammed Hasan el-A‘zamî, Kahire 1967-1972, 1985; nşr. Ârif Tâmir, Beyrut 1995; nşr. Âdil el-Avvâ, Münteḫabât İsmâʿîliyye içinde, Dımaşk 1958, s. 3-75 [kısmî neşir]). 5-9. Kitâbü’l-Îżâḥ. Müellifin Deʿâʾimü’l-İslâm’dan önce yazdığı fıkha dair en kapsamlı eseri olan bu kitapta râvilerin icmâ ettiği sahih senedlerle rivayet edilen fıkhî konular açıklanmaktadır. el-Urcûzetü’l-münteḫabe’de belirtildiğine göre 220 cüzden oluşan eserin günümüze yalnızca “Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣalât” bölümünün bir kısmı ulaşmıştır (Poonawala, Biobibliyography, s. 51-52). Madelung bu yazmayı esas alarak “Sources of Ismā‘īlī Law” adıyla bir makale yazmıştır (JNES, XXXV [1976], s. 29-40). Nu‘mân bu eseri için birçok muhtasar kaleme almıştır. Mehdî-Billâh döneminde ihtisar ettiği, bugün mevcudiyeti bilinmeyen Muḫtaṣarü’l-Îżâḥ dışında dört muhtasarı daha bulunmaktadır. a) Kitâbü’l-İḫbâr [Aḫbâr] fi’l-fıḳh. İcmâ ve ihtilâf edilen temel fıkıh meselelerinin delilsiz olarak zikredildiği iki ciltlik bu eserin ibadetler ve cihad bölümünü içeren ilk cildi mevcuttur (yazması için bk. Cortese, Ismaili and Other Arabic Manuscripts, s. 51; Şerḥu’l-aḫbâr, neşredenin girişi, I, 43). b) el-Urcûzetü [el-Ḳaṣîdetü]’l-münteḫabe (yazması için bk. Gacek, I, 135; Cortese, Ismaili and Other Arabic Manuscripts, s. 59). 3800 civarında beyit içermekte olan bu manzume, Halife Kāim-Biemrillâh zamanında öğrencilerin fıkıh kaidelerini ezberlemelerini kolaylaştırmak için yazılmıştır. Eser Emîncî b. Celâl tarafından şerhedilmiştir (yazması için bk. Gacek, I, 117-118). c) Kitâbü’l-İḳtiṣâr. Daha geniş bir okuyucu kitlesi için senedler hazfedilerek yazılan eser tamamının mevcut olması dolayısıyla Kitâbü’l-Îżâḥ’ın muhtevası konusunda değerli bilgiler sağlamaktadır (nşr. Muhammed Vahîd Mirzâ, Dımaşk 1957; nşr. Ârif Tâmir, Beyrut 1996). İsmâilîler arasında yaygın bir müracaat kaynağı olan Teḳāvîm[Taḳvîm]ü’l-aḥkâmi’ş-şerʿiyye adlı anonim eser Kitâbü’l-İḳtiṣâr esas alınarak hazırlanmıştır. d) Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭahâre[Ṭahârât] ve’ṣ-ṣalât (yazmaları için bk. Gacek, I, 50; Cortese, Ismaili and Other Arabic Manuscripts, s. 56; Arabic Ismaili Manuscripts, s. 82-83). 10. Risâletü Ẕâti’l-Beyân fi’r-red ʿalâ İbn Ḳuteybe. İbn Kuteybe ed-Dîneverî’nin fıkıh konularındaki görüşlerini eleştirmek için kaleme alınan eserin sekiz cüzlük ilk yarısının mevcut olduğu bilinmektedir (yazması için bk. Cortese, Arabic Ismaili Manuscripts, s. 156-157). 11. Ecvibetü’l-Ḳāḍî en-Nuʿmân. Berberî Zevâve kabilesi reisi Hattâb b. Vesîm’in sorduğu fıkha dair sorulara cevaptır (yazmaları için bk. Cortese, Ismaili and Other Arabic Manuscripts, s. 48, 112, 122). İbn Kâmil’in bu eserle Kitâbü’l-Îżâḥ’tan ihtisar ettiği bir çalışması bulunmaktadır (Mesâʾil fıḳhiyye mimmâ iḫteṣarahû İbn Kâmil mine’l-Îżâḥ ve min Mesâʾili’l-Ḫaṭṭâb b. Vesîm, yazma nüshası için bk. a.g.e., s. 53). 12. el-Urcûzetü’l-muḫtâre. 2375 beyit olup Arap edebiyatı tarihinde en uzun urcûzelerdendir. Kāim-Biemrillâh zamanında telif edilen eser imâmet konusunu ele alır; imâmetin Hz. Ali’den Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’a kadar Ehl-i beyt imamlarının, daha sonra Fâtımî Devleti’ni kuran Abdullah el-Mehdî ve halefi Kāim’in hakkı olduğu ileri sürülerek muhaliflerden Mürcie (Ehl-i sünnet), Mu‘tezile ve Hâricîler ile Şîa’dan çeşitli grupların görüşleri eleştirilir. İmâmet konusunda en eski Fâtımî kaynaklarından olması ve değişik fırkaların imâmet anlayışlarını nakletmesi bakımından önemli bir kaynaktır (nşr. İsmâil Kurbân Hüseyin Pûnâvâlâ [Poonawala], Montreal 1970; nşr. Yûsuf el-Bikāî, Beyrut 1999). Şiî âlimlerinden Hasan b. Nûh el-Behrûcî, el-Ezhâr ve mecmaʿu’l-envâr adlı eserinin beşinci cüzünün başında manzumenin tamamını kaydetmiştir. Tilman Nagel eser hakkında bir makale yazmıştır (“Die Urğuza al-Muhtara des Qadı an-Nuʿman”, WI, XV/1-4 [1974], s. 96-128). 13. el-Mecâlis ve’l-müsâyerât. İlk dört Fâtımî halifesinin faaliyetleri ve biyografilerine dair anekdotlar, Kuzey Afrika ve Mısır’da devletin organizasyonuna dair önemli bilgiler içeren eser, dinî meseleler ve devlet işleriyle ilgili olarak Nu‘mân ile Halife Muiz-Lidînillâh arasında geçen konuşmaları da ihtiva etmekte, bu bakımdan erken dönem Fâtımî tarihi açısından önemli bir kaynak teşkil etmektedir (nşr. Habîb el-Fakī [Habîb Fekī] v.dğr., Tunus 1978; Beyrut 1997). Muhammed Ya‘lâvî eserle ilgili bir makale yazmıştır (“Ḳażâyâ luġaviyye fî kitâbi’l-Mecâlis ve’l-müsâyerât”, Eştât fi’l-luġa ve’l-edeb ve’n-naḳd, Beyrut 1992, s. 183-194). 14. Şerḥu’l-aḫbâr fî feżâʾili’l-eʾimmeti’l-aṭhâr (Kum 1409-1412/1988-1992; Beyrut 1414/1994). Nu‘mân’ın son eserlerinden olan kitap Muiz-Lidînillâh tarafından gözden geçirilip onaylanmıştır. On altı bölümde müellife göre hepsi de meşhur ve sahih olan 1460 civarında hadis içerir. Eserin üçte ikisi Hz. Ali’nin, geri kalan kısmı Ehl-i beyt ve Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın oğlu İsmâil’e kadar gelen imamların biyografilerine dairdir. On beş ve on altıncı bölümler Kuzey Afrika’da İsmâilî davetin başlangıcı ve Abdullah el-Mehdî’nin zuhuruyla ilgilidir. Eser, Sünnî ve Şiî kaynaklarından rivayetlerin tahrîci yapılarak Muhammed el-Hüseynî el-Celâlî tarafından üç cilt halinde neşredilmiştir. el-Cüzʾü’l-evvel min Kitâb Şerḥi’l-aḫbâr adlı kısmî neşri de (Sûret, ts.) bulunan kitabın on beşinci cüzü Ivanow tarafından İngilizce tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Ismaili Tradition, metin: s. 1-34; tercüme: s. 99-122). 15. Esâsü’t-teʾvîl (nşr. Ârif Tâmir, Beyrut 1960). Peygamber kıssalarının İsmâilî te’vilini ve Hz. Ali’nin vasî olarak rolünü konu alan eser, Müeyyed fi’d-dîn eş-Şîrâzî tarafından Bünyâd-ı Teʾvîl adıyla Farsça’ya tercüme edilmiştir (tercümenin bilinen iki yazma nüshası için bk. Daftary, s. 143). Habîb el-Fakī et-Teʾvîl: Üsesühû ve meʿânîhi fi’l-meẕhebi’l-İsmâʿîlî adıyla bir çalışma yapmıştır (Tunus 1982). 16. Risâletü [Kitâbü] İftitâḥi’d-daʿve (Risâle fî ẓuhûri’d-daʿveti’l-ʿUbeydiyyeti’l-Fâṭımiyye, İftitâḥi’d-daʿve ve ibtidâʾü’d-devle, nşr. Vedâd el-Kādî, Beyrut 1970, 1975; nşr. Ârif Tâmir, Beyrut 1996; Fransızca bir giriş ve tahlil ile nşr. Ferhât ed-Deşrâvî, Tunus 1975). Arşiv belgelerine ve biyografik kaynaklara dayanılarak 346 (957) yılında kaleme alınan eser İsmâilî davetin başlangıcı ile Fâtımî Devleti’nin kuruluşuna dair en eski kaynaktır. Fâtımîler’in güçlenmeye başladığı dönemin sosyal ve siyasal şartlarına dair önemli bilgiler içermekte olup sonraki tarihçiler için ana kaynak haline gelmiştir. Tilman Nagel eser üzerine Frühe Ismailiya und Fatimiden im Lichte der Risalat iftitāh adda‘wa (Bonn 1972) adıyla bir kitap, Poonawala da bir makale (“The Beginning of the Ismaili Da‘wa and the Establishment of the Fatimid Dynasty as Commemorated by al-Qadi al-Nu‘man”, Culture and Memory in Medieval Islam: Essays in Honour of Wilferd Madelung, ed. Farhad Daftary – Josef W. Meri, London 2003, s. 338-363) yazmıştır. Daha önce bir bölümü Ivanow tarafından İngilizce tercümesiyle birlikte neşredilen eseri (Ismaili Tradition, metin: s. 40-46; tercüme: s. 224-231) Hamid Haji notlar ekleyerek Founding the Fatimid State: The Rise of an Early Islamic Empire ismiyle İngilizce’ye çevirmiştir (London 2006). 17. et-Tevḥîd ve’l-imâme min ḫuṭabi emîri’l-müʾminîn (Şerḥu’l-ḫuṭab elletî li-emîri’l-müʾminîn, yazma nüshası için bk. Cortese, Ismaili and Other Arabic Manuscripts, s. 56). Hz. Ali’nin hutbeleri esas alınarak Allah’ın birliğine dair yazılmış önemli bir eserdir. Halife Muiz-Lidînillâh’ın emriyle kaleme alınan kitap onun tasvibinden geçmiştir. 18. el-Menâḳıb ve’l-mes̱âlib (nşr. Mâcid b. Ahmed el-Atıyye, Beyrut 2002). el-Menâḳıb li-ehli beyti Resûlillâhi’n-nücebâʾ ve’l-mes̱âlib li-Benî Ümeyyeti’l-lüʿanâʾ ve menâḳıbü Benî Hâşim ve mes̱âlibü Ümeyye [ʿAbdişems] adlarıyla da anılan bu eserle İftitâḥu’d-daʿve 346 (957) yılında Muiz-Lidînillâh’ın emriyle yazılmıştır (el-Mecâlis ve’l-müsâyerât, s. 117-118). 19. Kitâbü’l-Himme fî âdâbi etbâʿi’l-eʾimme (nşr. Muhammed Kâmil Hüseyin, Kahire 1948; nşr. Mustafa Gālib, Beyrut 1979; Muhammed Şerîf Ali el-Yemenî el-Harâzî, Beyrut 1996). Eserin ideal bir dâîde aranan niteliklerin açıklandığı son bölümü önemli bilgiler içermektedir. Ivanow “The Organization of the Fatimid Propaganda” adlı makalesinde bir bölümünü (Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, new series, XV [Bombay 1939], s. 15-17), Jawad Muscati ve Khan Bahadur A. M. Moulvi, Selections from Qazi Noaman’s Kitab-ul-Himma fi Adabi Ataba-el-aʾemma or Code of Conduct for the Followers of Imam ismiyle bazı bölümlerini İngilizce’ye tercüme etmiştir (Karaçi 1950; Mombasa, ts.). Gucerâtî-İngilizce seçmeleri de yayımlanan eserin (Bombay 1977) tamamı Gucerâtî diline Sayarâb Abuturâbî Rajkotî tarafından çevrilmiştir (Bombay 1978). 20. Mefâtîḥu’n-niʿme (nşr. Mühtedî Mustafa Gālib, Selemiye 1992). Ebü’l-Hasan el-Bağdâdî adlı bir kişiye cevap olarak yazılan bu küçük eserde imama itaatin vâcip olduğu açıklanmaktadır.
Bunların dışında kaynaklarda Kadı Nu‘mân’a şu eserler nisbet edilmektedir: Ḥudûdü’l-maʿrife fî tefsîri’l-Ḳurʾân ve’t-tenbîh ʿale’t-teʾvîl (yetmiş cüz), Nehcü’s-sebîl ilâ maʿrifeti ʿilmi’t-teʾvîl, İs̱bâtü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ fî maʿrifeti tevḥîdi’l-ḫâliḳ, Kitâb fi’l-İmâme, Kitâbü’l-İttifâḳ ve’l-iftirâḳ (fukahanın ihtilâf ettiği, Ehl-i beyt’in görüşüne uygun görüşler hakkında yetmiş cüzlük bir fıkıh eseri), Kitâbü’l-Muḳteṣar (önceki eserin muhtasarı), Kitâbü Yevm ve leyle (farz namazlara dair), er-Risâletü’l-Mıṣriyye fi’r-red ʿale’ş-Şâfiʿî, er-Red ʿalâ Aḥmed b. Süreyc el-Baġdâdî, et-Teʿaḳḳub ve’l-intiḳād, et-Taḳrîʿ ve’t-taʿnîf li-men lem yaʿlemi’l-ʿilme feteʿâta’t-taṣnîf, Keyfiyyetü’ṣ-ṣalât ʿale’n-nebî, Kitâbü’l-Ḥulî ve’s̱-s̱iyâb, Kitâbü’ş-Şürûṭ, Meʿâlimü’l-Mehdî, el-Urcûzetü’l-mevsûme bi-ẕâti’l-minen (Muiz-Lidînillâh’ın biyografisine dair), el-Urcûzetü’l-mevsûme bi-ẕâti’l-miḥan (İbâzî-Hâricîler’den Ebû Yezîd en-Nükkârî’nin biyografisine dair), Dâmiġu’l-mûcez fi’r-red ʿale’l-ʿUtekî [el-ʿUtbî?], Risâle ilâ Mürşid ed-Dâʿî fî Mıṣr fî terbiyeti’l-müʾminîn, Müʾâzeretü’t-teʾvîl li-taʿbîri’r-rüʾyâ (Teʾvîlü’r-rüʾyâ, bu eserden bir iktibas için bk. İdrîs İmâdüddin, s. 732-734), Menâmâtü’l-eʾimme, Kitâbü’d-Duʿâʾ. Müellifin ayrıca Hz. Hüseyin için yazdığı uzunca bir mersiyesi bulunmakta (yazması için bk. Gacek, I, 72), bizzat kendisi, Halife Mansûr’un emriyle Kur’an’ın başından Mâide sûresine kadar 600 yaprağı aşan bir tefsir yazdığını ve onun ölümü üzerine eseri tamamlayamadığını kaydetmektedir (el-Mecâlis ve’l-müsâyerât, s. 135).
Halife Muiz-Lidînillâh’a nisbet edilen Teʾvîlü’ş-şerîʿa adlı eserin de Kadı Nu‘mân tarafından derlenmiş olduğu tahmin edilmektedir (yazması için bk. Gacek, I, 129; Cortese, Arabic Ismaili Manuscripts, s. 184-185). Fyzee, Lokhandwalla ve Poonawala gibi çağdaş İsmâilî yazarlar, İdrîs İmâdüddin’in Kadı Nu‘mân’a nisbet ettiği Kitâbü’l-Yenbûʿ adlı fıkıh eserinin ona ait olamayacağını belirtir. Yine Nu‘mân’a izâfe edilen er-Râḥa ve’t-tesellî, Minhâcü’l-ferâʾiż, el-Belâġu’l-ekber ve’n-nâmûsü’l-aʿẓam fî uṣûli’d-dîn adlı eserlerin ona ait olmadığı ifade edilmektedir. Ârif Tâmir’in Ḫamsü resâʾil İsmâʿîliyye içinde Kadı Nu‘mân’a nisbet ederek yayımladığı er-Risâletü’l-müẕhibe’nin (Selemiye 1956) yine Ârif Tâmir tarafından bulunan yeni bir nüshasından Fâtımî Veziri İbn Killis’e ait olduğu belirlenmiş ve eserin dördüncü bir bölümü bulunduğu tesbit edilerek tamamı neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1988).
Günümüzde bilhassa şarkiyatçı çevrelerinde artan ilgi ve İsmâilîler’in gayretleri sonucunda İsmâilî mezhebi ve Fâtımî Devleti üzerine yapılan araştırmalara paralel biçimde Kadı Nu‘mân hakkındaki çalışmalar da artmıştır. 12-15 Ağustos 1975 tarihleri arasında Tunus’un Mehdiye şehrinde I. Kadı Nu‘mân Festivali düzenlenmiş, burada sunulan bildiriler Sicillü’l-buḥûs̱ ve’l-münâḳaşât elletî dâret fî mültaḳa’l-Ḳāḍî en-Nuʿmân adıyla bir araya getirilmiş (Tunus 1977), yine bu münasebetle Tunus Millî Kütüphanesi tarafından özel bir sayı hazırlanarak Fâtımîler hakkında araştırmaları ve dokümanları içeren Merâciʿ muḫtâre ʿani’l-Ḳāḍî en-Nuʿmân ve medîneti’l-Mehdiyye eyyâme’d-devleti’l-Fâṭımiyye isimli çalışma yayımlanmıştır (Tunus 1975). Sumaiya A. Hamdani, Between Revolution and State: The Path to Fāṭimid Statehood: al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān and the Construction of Fāṭimid Legitimacy (London 2006) adlı bir eser kaleme almıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Nu‘mân b. Muhammed, el-Mecâlis ve’l-müsâyerât (nşr. Habîb el-Fıkī v.dğr.), Tunus 1978, s. 5-17, 51, 57-60, 69-70, 78-81, 117-118, 135, 301-302, 306, 348-353, 359-361, 380; a.mlf., İḫtilâfü uṣûli’l-meẕâhib (nşr. Mustafa Gālib), Beyrut 1983, s. 46-51; a.mlf., Şerḥu’l-aḫbâr fî feżâʾili’l-eʾimmeti’l-aṭhâr (nşr. Muhammed el-Hüseynî el-Celâlî), Beyrut 1414/1994, neşredenin girişi, I, 17-82; Makdisî, Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm, s. 238; İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât, V, 415-417; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, XVI, 150-151; a.mlf., el-ʿİber, II, 117; Makrîzî, el-Muḳaffa’l-kebîr (nşr. Muhammed el-Ya‘lâvî), II, 173, 175; V, 197; İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân, VI, 167; a.mlf., Refʿu’l-iṣr ʿan Ḳuḍâti Mıṣr (nşr. Ali Muhammed Ömer), Kahire 1418/1998, s. 247, 250, 328-329, 445-446; İdrîs İmâdüddin, Târîḫu’l-ḫulefâʾi’l-Fâṭımiyyîn bi’l-Maġrib: el-Ḳısmü’l-ḫâṣ min Kitâbi ʿUyûni’l-aḫbâr (nşr. Muhammed el-Ya‘lâvî), Beyrut 1985, s. 490-495, 509-510, 524, 526, 553-569, 729, 732-735; İbn Tağrîberdî, en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire, IV, 106-107; İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât, III, 47; İsmâil b. Abdürresûl el-Üceynî, Fehresetü’l-kütüb ve’r-resâʾil (nşr. Ali Nakī Münzevî), Tahran 1344 hş./1966, s. 16-37, 50-53, 65-72, 82, 96-97, 111-112, 134-136, 187, 383; W. Ivanow, Ismaili Tradition Concerning the Rise of the Fatimids, Calcutta 1942, metin: s. 1-34, 40-46; tercüme: s. 6-7, 12-13, 61, 97-122, 224-231; a.mlf., Ismaili Literature, Tahran 1963, s. 32-37; Brockelmann, GAL, I, 187-188; Suppl., I, 324-325; Sezgin, GAS (Ar.), I/III, s. 355, 363-367; Ismail K. Poonawala, Biobibliography of Ismāʿīlī Literature (ed. T. Joseph), Malibu 1977, s. 48-68; a.mlf., “Al-Qādī al-Nuʿmān and Ismāʿīlī Jurisprudence”, Mediaeval Isma‘ili History and Thought (ed. Farhad Daftary), Cambridge 1996, s. 117-143; a.mlf., “A Reconsideration of al-Qādī al-Nuʿmān’s Madhhab”, BSOAS, XXXVII (1974), s. 572-579; A. Gacek, Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the Institute of Ismaili Studies, London 1984, I, 50, 52, 72, 77-78, 87, 117-118, 129, 135, 157; H. Halm, The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids (trc. M. Bonner), Leiden-New York 1996, s. 427, 446; D. Cortese, Ismaili and Other Arabic Manuscripts: A Descriptive Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Library of the Institute of Ismaili Studies, London 2000, s. 47-59, 112, 122, 156; a.mlf., Arabic Ismaili Manuscripts: The Zāhid ʿAlī Collection in the Library of the Institute of Ismaili Studies, London 2003, s. 82-84, 118-119, 156-157, 184-185, 207; Farhad Daftary, Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies, London-New York 2004, s. 21-22, 30-31, 43, 94, 142-146; R. Gottheil, “A Distinguished Family of Fatimide cadis (al-Nu.mān) in the Tenth Century”, JAOS, XXVII/2 (1906), s. 217-296; Asaf A. A. Fyzee, “Qadi an-Nuʿmān, the Fatimid Jurist and Author”, JRAS, I (1934), s. 1-32; a.mlf., “Nûmân”, İA, IX, 349-350; Y. Marquet, “Le Qādī Nu‘mān a propos des heptades d’imām”, Arabica, XXV, Leiden 1978, s. 225-232; Farhat Dachraoui, “al-Nuʿman”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 117-118.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 237-240 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.