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NUSAYBİN Skip to content Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde Mardin iline bağlı ilçe merkezi.
Mardin-Midyat eşiği adı verilen dağlık kütleden (eski coğrafyacıların verdiği isimle Tur Abdin) inen Çağçağa suyunun (Eskiçağ’daki adı Mygdonios olan Çağçağa suyu Fırat’ın kolu olan Habur çayına Suriye topraklarında kavuşur) Türkiye sınırını terkettiği kesimde deniz seviyesinden 500 m. yüksekte düz bir alanda kurulmuştur. Şehrin adının Asurlular döneminde Nasibina şeklinde olduğu bilinmektedir. Büyük bir ihtimalle Sâmî dile ait olan bu isim eski sikkeler üzerinde NEΣIBI şeklini korumuş olduğu gibi çeşitli kaynaklarda Nitibin, Nitibeni, Nizzibi, Nsepi, Nsebin, Nisibis, Nesebis vb. şekillerde geçer. Arap kaynaklarındaki Nasîbîn imlâsı Türkçe’de Nusaybin’e dönmüştür. Bazı yayınlarda, daha kuzeybatıda bulunan başka bir Nusaybin (Fırat nehri kenarında günümüz idarî taksimatında Şanlıurfa ili sınırları içinde Siverek ilçesine bağlı Nisibin/Azıklı köyü) ile burasının birbirine karıştırıldığı dikkati çeker. Bundan dolayı eski kaynaklarda bu ikincisi Nasîbînü’r-Rûm (Nasîbînü’s-sagīr) adıyla anılarak Nusaybin’den ayırt edilmiştir.
Adına ilk defa Asur krallarından II. Adad Nirari döneminde (m.ö. 912-889) rastlanan Nusaybin, Basra körfezi üzerinden gelen yolların hiçbir doğal engelle karşılaşmadan ulaştığı, buradan itibaren ikiye ayrılıp Mezopotamya’yı Batı Anadolu’ya, Suriye limanlarına ve Diyarbakır havzasıyla Anadolu’nun başka noktalarına bağlayan bir mevkide yer alıyordu. Asur’un merkezi Ninevâ’yı Anadolu ticaret merkezlerine ulaştıran bu önemli ticaret yolu üzerinde konaklama merkezi olarak gelişme gösteren Nusaybin milâttan önce 852-715 yılları arasında Asurlular’a bağlı bir eyaletin merkeziydi. Milâttan önce 612’de Asurlular’ın Bâbilliler ve Medler’e karşı yaptıkları savaşlardan sonra Med, Bâbil ve ardından Pers egemenlikleri altında yaşadı. Milâttan önce 331’de Büyük İskender’in Anadolu’da Pers hâkimiyetine son vermesi üzerine Makedonyalılar’ın eline geçti. İskender’in kumandanlarından ve haleflerinden olan Selevkos buraya bir Makedon kolonisi yerleştirdi. Selevkoslar’ın daha sonraki krallarından IV. Antiochos zamanında (m.ö. 175-164) burada sikke darbedildi. Ardından Partlar’ın eline geçen şehir Partlar’la Ermeniler ve Partlar’la Romalılar arasında birkaç defa el değiştirdi. Bu el değiştirmelerden biri Roma İmparatoru Traianus döneminde (98-117) imparatorun bizzat katıldığı seferler esnasında gerçekleşti. Fakat Nusaybin’in kesin olarak Roma topraklarına katılması 195 yılında oldu. Septimius Severus burasını Roma’nın yeni bir sınır eyaletinin merkezi yaptı (Septimia Nesibi Colonia Metropolis). Şehir ülkenin doğu sınırının güçlü bir askerî istihkâmı haline geldi. Ardından önemli bir Hıristiyanlık merkezi oldu (300’de piskoposluk, 410’da başpiskoposluk). 338, 346 ve 350 yıllarında Sâsânîler tarafından kuşatılan şehir 363’te zaptedildi ve halkının bir kısmı Âmid’e (Diyarbakır), bir kısmı da Nasîbînü’s-sagīr’e göç etmek zorunda kaldı. 489’da Edessa’da (Urfa) bulunan Nestûrî metropolitliği Nusaybin’e nakledildi ve Nusaybin Nestûrîliğin merkezi olma özelliği kazandı.
Nusaybin’in İslâm topraklarına katılması, Hz. Ömer devrinde İyâz b. Ganm kumandasındaki seferler sonunda mukavemetsiz bir şekilde gerçekleşti (18 [639] veya 19 [640]). İslâm idaresi altında Nusaybin, el-Cezîre vilâyetinin Diyârırebîa âmilliğinin merkeziydi. Bu dönemde şehrin hayatındaki önemli olaylardan biri, 98’de (717) meydana gelen ve şehre zarar veren depremle 315’te (927) çevredeki başka yerlerle birlikte buraya da yönelen Karmatî akınlarıdır. Şehir 331’de (942) Bizanslılar’ın eline geçti, ancak ardından Hamdânîler’in idaresine girdi. 362’de (972) bir defa daha Bizans saldırısına uğradı. Hamdânîler’den sonra Mervânî ve Ukaylî egemenliğinde kalan Nusaybin’e XI. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru Türk akınları başladı. 435’te (1043) Tuğrul Bey burayı hasara uğrattı. Zaman zaman da Urfa Haçlı Kontluğu’nun tehdidinde kalan Nusaybin bu dönemlerde de önemli bir ticaret ve konaklama merkezi olma durumunu korudu.
514’te (1120) Artuklu Necmeddin İlgazi’nin, daha sonra Musul Atabegi İmâdüddin Zengî ve Eyyûbîler’den Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin hâkimiyetinde kaldı. Bu dönemlerde Nusaybin’den söz eden Arap tarihçi ve coğrafyacıları zengin bahçeler arasında bulunan şehrin güzel evlerinden, görkemli hamamlarından ve günümüzde kalıntıları görülmeyen 6500 adım uzunluğundaki surlarından bahseder. Şehrin içinden geçen Hirmas suyu (günümüzdeki Çağçağa suyu) üzerindeki köprüden, hastahanesinden (Artuklu Veziri Cemâleddin’in yaptırdığı hastahane, Turan, s. 13), çeşitli okullar yanında akreplerinin çokluğu, sağlığa zararlı rutubeti gibi olumsuz yanlarından da söz edilir. 1230 yılında ilk Moğol istilâsına uğrayan, yüzyılın ortalarında Hülâgû tarafından işgal edilen şehir ardından Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu ve Safevî hâkimiyetine girdi. Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Çaldıran seferi sonunda girişilen Doğu Anadolu harekâtı sırasında muhtemelen İdrîs-i Bitlisî’nin bölgedeki faaliyetleri neticesinde 921 (1515) yılı sonlarında Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı.
XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Osmanlı idarî teşkilâtında Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliği sınırları içinde bir nahiye merkezi olarak yer alan Nusaybin bu yüzyılın ortalarına doğru kaza merkezi, daha sonra sancak merkezi oldu. 927’de (1521) burada 114’ü müslüman, 98’i hıristiyan 212 hâne mevcuttu. 932’de (1526) bu sayı 183’ü müslüman, 151’i hıristiyan olmak üzere 334 hâneye yükseldi (toplam 1500 kişi). 947’de (1540) iki mahalleli bir yerleşme iken (Zeynelâbidin ve Doğan mahalleleri) 975’te (1567) mahalle sayısı yediye yükseldi, nüfusu da artış gösterdi. Bu yüzyılda Mardin sancağı sınırları içinde bulunan üç kaleden biri Nusaybin’deydi. Nusaybin XVII. yüzyılın başlarında Diyarbekir eyaletine bağlı voyvodalık olarak yönetiliyordu. Nitekim bu yüzyılın ortalarında Evliya Çelebi, Nâsibîn-i Irâkeyn diye andığı şehre halkın Nîsibîn dediğini, ayrıca buraya Hamîd-i Nâsibîn adının da verildiğini, içinde muhafızların yer aldığı kalesinin düz yerde eskimiş surlarla çevrili olduğunu, içinde 700 ev bulunduğunu yazar (Seyahatnâme, IV, 331-332). Bugün izlerine rastlanmayan kalesinden XVIII. yüzyılda ancak birkaç taş kaldığını seyyah Niebuhr belirtir. 1830’larda Mısır isyanı sırasında inşa edilmiş olan kışladan da günümüze hiçbir iz kalmamıştır. Kışlanın adı günümüzde Nusaybin’in mahallelerinden birinin adında yaşamaktadır (Kışla mahallesi). XVI. yüzyılda 2000’e ulaşmayan şehrin nüfusu XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında 10.000 civarında idi.
Nusaybin XX. yüzyılın başlarında demiryoluna kavuşmuştur. I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından tamamlanabilen Haydarpaşa-Bağdat demiryolu 1917’de Nusaybin’e ulaşmıştı. Mütareke döneminde önce İngiliz, ardından Fransız kuvvetleri tarafından işgal edilen şehir 21 Ekim 1921’de imzalanan Ankara Muahedesi ile Türkiye’ye iade edildi. Mütareke yıllarında şehri etkileyen bir olay da Ali Batî isimli bir aşiret reisinin ayaklanarak (11 Mayıs 1919) Nusaybin’de hapishaneyi ve hükümet konağını ele geçirmesidir. Üç ay kadar süren bu isyan 18 Ağustos 1919’da bastırılabildi.
Cumhuriyet dönemine Mardin vilâyeti içinde bir kaza merkezi olarak giren Nusaybin’in nüfusu ilk nüfus sayımında (1927) henüz 3000’i bulmuyordu (2851 nüfus). Ardından gerileyen nüfus (1935’te 1931) 1940’ta 2000’i (2074), 1955’te 3000’i (3161) aşmış, daha sonraki yıllarda nüfus artışı hızlanarak 1980’de 30.000’i geçmiş (30.981), 2000 yılındaki sayımda 74.110’a ulaşmıştır. Nusaybin’in eski mahalleleri demiryolu ile Türkiye-Suriye sınırı arasında kalmıştır. Arkeolojik buluntular ve az sayıda geleneksel mimariyi yansıtan evlerle sokaklar bu kesimdedir (Zeynelâbidîn Camii ve Mor Yâkub Kilisesi gibi eserler).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda), s. 251, 252, 256; İbn Cübeyr, Endülüsten Kutsal Topraklara (trc. İsmail Güler), İstanbul 2003, s. 175, 176; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân, V, 288, 289; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil (trc. Ahmet Ağırakça – Abdülkerim Özaydın), İstanbul 1987, XII, 463; Urfalı Mateos Vekayi-nâmesi (952-1136) ve Papaz Grigor’un Zeyli (1136-1162) (nşr. ve trc. H. Andreasyan), Ankara 1962, s. 181, 286; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme (Dağlı), IV, 331-332; J.-B. Tavernier, Tavernier Seyahatnamesi (ed. Stefanos Yerasimos, trc. Teoman Tunçdoğan), İstanbul 2006, s. 203, 204, 205; G. A. Olivier, Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, l’Egypte et la Perse, Paris 1804, II, 344-346; Helmuth von Moltke, Türkiye Mektupları (trc. Hayrullah Örs), İstanbul 1969, s. 166, 174; Cuinet, II, 508, 509, 510; İbrahim Artuk, Artuk Oğulları Tarihi, İstanbul 1944, s. 29, 36, 70; M. Halil Yınanç, Türkiye Tarihi, Selçuklular Devri I: Anadolu’nun Fethi, İstanbul 1944, s. 24, 41; Fikret Işıltan, Urfa Bölgesi Tarihi, İstanbul 1960, s. 2, 9, 22, 24-25, 53, 112; L. Dillemann, Haute Mésopotamie Orientale et Pays Adjacents, Paris 1962, s. 65, 191, 297, 322; Nejat Göyünç, XVI. Yüzyılda Mardin Sancağı, İstanbul 1969, s. 49, 58-59; a.mlf., “XVI. Yüzyılda Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun Ekonomik Durumu”, Türkiye İktisat Tarihi Semineri (haz. Osman Okyar – Ünal Nalbantoğlu), Ankara 1975, s. 92, 97; a.mlf. – W.-D. Hütteroth, Land an der Grenze, Istanbul 1997, s. 61-64; E. Honigmann, Bizans Devletinin Doğu Sınırı (trc. Fikret Işıltan), İstanbul 1970, s. 140; a.mlf. – [B. Darkot], “Nasîbin”, İA, IX, 99-103; a.mlf. – [C. E. Bosworth], “Naṣībīn”, EI2 (Fr.), VII, 983-985; Osman Turan, Doğu Anadolu Türk Devletleri Tarihi, İstanbul 1973, s. 13, 98, 146, 177, 179, 181-182; Işın Demirkent, Urfa Haçlı Kontluğu Tarihi: 1098-1118 , İstanbul 1974, s. 102, 109, 148; a.mlf., “Ortaçağ’da Mardin”, Taşın Belleği Mardin (haz. Filiz Özdem), İstanbul 2005, s. 78, 79, 86, 87; Oktay Akşit, Roma İmparatorluk Tarihi (M.Ö. 27-M.S. 192), İstanbul 1976, s. 187; Ramazan Şeşen, Salâhaddîn Devrinde Eyyûbîler Devleti, İstanbul 1983, s. 49, 201, 214, 219, 221; Utkan Kocatürk, Atatürk ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Kronolojisi: 1918-1938, Ankara 1983, s. 35-36; Gülay Öğün Bezer, Begteginliler (Erbil’de Bir Türk Beyliği), İstanbul 2000, s. 56, 59, 63, 73, 100, 105; Ahmet Mümtaz Maden, Olivier’ye Göre Anadolu: Birecik, Şanlıurfa, Mardin, Nusaybin (yüksek lisans tezi, 2001), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 32-38; Suavi Aydın v.dğr., Mardin, İstanbul 2001, s. 10, 26, 44, 45; Nevin Soyukaya, “Nusaybin, Mazıdağı, Ömerli, Yeşilli”, Taşın Belleği Mardin, s. 265-282; Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm, VI, 4580-4581.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 33. cildinde, 269-270 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.